Visually Controlled Locomotion: Its Dependence on Optic Flow, Three-Dimensional Space Perception, and Cognition

Ecological Psychology

Volumn 10, Issue 3-4, 1998, Pages 271-285

  Loomis, Jack M ^a   Beall, Andrew C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2542619945     PISSN: 10407413     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/s15326969eco103&4_6     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Beall, A. C. (1998). Visual control of the base-to-final turn in fixed wing aircraft. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara.
2. Beall, A. C., & Loomis, J. M. (1996). Visual control of steering without course information. Perception, 25, 481-494.
3. Beall, A. C., & Loomis, J. M. (1997). Optic flow and visual analysis of the base-to-final turn. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 7, 201-223.
4. Calvert, E. S. (1954). Visual judgments in motion. Journal of the Institute of Navigation, 7, 233-251.
5. Crowell, J. A., & Banks, M. S. (1993). Perceiving heading with different retinal regions and types of optic flow. Perception & Psychophysics, 53, 325-337.
6. Cutting, J. E. (1986). Perception with an eye for motion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
7. Cutting, J. E., Springer, K., Braren, P. A., & Johnson, S. H. (1992). Wayfinding on foot from information in retinal, not optical flow. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121, 41-72.
8. Cutting, J. E., Vishton, P. M., & Braren, P. A. (1995). How we avoid collisions with stationary and moving obstacles. Psychological Review, 102, 627-651.
9. Dickmanns, E. D. (1992). A general dynamic vision architecture for UGV and UAV. Journal of Applied Intelligence, 2, 251-270.
10. Flach, J. M., Stanard, T., & Smith, M. R. H. (in press). Perception and control of collisions: An alternative to the tau hypothesis. In M. McBeath (Ed.), Spatial navigational principles used by humans, animals, and machines. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
11. Flach, J. M., Warren, R., Garness, S. A., Kelly, L., & Stanard, T. (1997). Perception and control of altitude: Splay and depression angles. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23, 1764-1782.
12. Fukusima, S. S., Loomis, J. M., & Da Silva, J. A. (1997). Visual perception of egocentric distance as assessed by triangulation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23, 86-100.
13. Gibson, J.J. (1950). The perception of the visual world. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
14. Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
15. Gibson, J. J. (1986). The ecological approach to visual perception. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. (Original work published 1979)
16. Gibson, J. J. (this issue). Visually controlled locomotion and visual orientation in animals. British Journal of Psychology, 49, 182-194. (Original work published 1958)
17. Gibson, J. J., & Crooks, L. E. (1938). A theoretical field-analysis of automobile driving. American Journal of Psychology, 51, 453-471.
18. Gibson, J.J., Olum, P., & Rosenblatt, F. (1955). Parallax and perspective during aircraft landings. American Journal of Psychology, 68, 372-385.
19. Gillingham, K. K., & Wolfe, J. W. (1986). Spatial orientation in flight (Tech. Rep. USAFSAM-TR-85-31). Brooks Air Force Base, TX: USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Aerospace Medical Division.
20. Grosz, J., Ryskyk, R. T., Bootsma, R. J., Mulder, J. A., van der Vaart, J. C., & van Wieringen, P. C. W. (1995). Perceptual support for timing of the flare in the landing of an aircraft. In P. Hancock, J. M. Flach, J. Caird, & K. J. Vicente (Eds.), Local applications of the ecological approach to human-machine systems, Vol. 2, Resources for ecological psychology (pp. 104-121). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
21. Johnson, W. W., Tsang, P. S., Bennett, C. T., & Phatak, A. V. (1989). The visually guided control of altitude. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 60, 152-156.
22. Kaiser, M. K., & Mowafy, L. (1993). Optical specification of time-to-passage: Observers' sensitivity to global tau. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 19, 1028-1040.
23. Land, M., & Horwood, J. (1995). Which parts of the road guide steering. Nature, 377, 339-340.
24. Land, M. F., & Lee, D. N. (1994). Where we look when we steer. Nature, 369, 742-744.
25. Lee, D. N. (1976). A theory of visual control of braking based on information about time-to-collision. Perception, 5, 437-459.
26. Lee, D. N., & Lishman, R. (1977). Visual control of locomotion. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 18, 224-230.
27. Lee, D. N., & Thomson, J. A. (1982). Vision in action: The control of locomotion. In D. J. Ingle, M. A. Goodale, & R. J. W. Mansfield (Eds.), Analysis of visual behavior. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
28. Lintern, G., & Walker, M. B. (1991). Scene content and runway breadth effects on simulated landing approaches. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 1, 117-132.
29. Loomis, J. M. (in press). Locomotion and navigation: Control by stimulation and internal representation. In M. McBeath (Ed.), Spatial navigational principles used by humans, animals, and machines. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
30. Loomis, J. M., Da Silva, J. A., Fujita, N., & Fukusima, S. S. (1992). Visual space perception and visually directed action. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 906-921.
31. Loomis, J. M., & Philbeck, J. W. (in press). Is the anisotropy of perceived 3-D shape invariant across scale? Perception & Psychophysics.
32. McRuer, D. T., Allan, R. W., Weir, D. H., & Klein, R. H. (1977). New results in driver steering control models. Human Factors, 19, 381-397.
33. Owen, D. H., & Warren, R. (1987). Perception and control of self-motion: Implications for visual simulation of vehicular locomotion. In L. S. Mark, J. S. Warm, & R. L. Huston (Eds.), Ergonomics and human factors: An approach to cognitive engineering (pp. 40-70). New York: Elsevier.
34. Philbeck, J. W., & Loomis, J. M. (1997). Comparison of two indicators of perceived egocentric distance under full-cue and reduced-cue conditions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23, 72-85.
35. Philbeck, J. W., Loomis, J. M., & Beall, A. C. (1997). Visually perceived location is an invariant in the control of action. Perception & Psychophysics, 59, 601-612.
36. Proffitt, D. R., Bhalla, M., Gossweiler, R., & Midgett, J. (1995). Perceiving geographical slant. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2, 409-428.
37. Riemersma, J. B. (1981). Visual control during straight road driving. Acta Psychologica, 48, 215-225.
38. Rieser, J. J., Ashmead, D. H., Talor, C. R., & Youngquist, G. A. (1990). Visual perception and the guidance of locomotion without vision to previously seen targets. Perception, 19, 675-689.
39. Royden, C. S., Crowell, J. A., & Banks, M. S. (1994). Estimating heading during eye movements. Vision Research, 34, 3179-3214.
40. Schiff, W., & Detwiler, M. L. (1979). Information used in judging impending collision. Perception, 8, 647-658.
41. Simmel, M. L. (1966). Developmental aspects of the body scheme. Child Development, 37, 83-96.
42. Thomson, J. A. (1983). Is continuous visual monitoring necessary in visually guided locomotion? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 9, 427-443.
43. Tresilian, J. R. (1991). Empirical and theoretical issues in the perception of time to contact. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17, 865-871.
44. Turvey, M. T., & Remez, R. E. (1979). Visual control of locomotion in animals: An overview. In L. Harmon (Ed.), Interrelations of the communicative senses (pp. 275-295). Washington, DC: National Science Foundation.
45. Warren, R. (1988). Visual perception in high-speed low altitude flight. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 59, 116-124.
46. Warren, R., & Wertheim, A. H. (1990). Perception & control of self-motion. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
47. Warren, W. H. (1984). Perceiving affordances: Visual guidance of stair climbing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 683-703.
48. Warren, W. H. (1988). Action modes and laws of control for the visual guidance of action. In O. G. Meijer & K. Roth (Eds.), Complex movement behaviour: The motor-action controversy (pp. 339-380). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
49. Warren, W. H., & Hannon, D. J. (1990). Eye movements and optical flow. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 7, 160-169.
50. Warren, W. H., & Kay, B. A. (1997, November). Control law switching during visually guided walking. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Philadelphia.
51. Warren, W. H., Morris, M. W., & Kalish, M. (1988). Perception of translational heading from optical flow. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17, 28-43.
52. Warren, W. H., & Whang, S. (1987). Visual guidance of walking through apertures: Body-scaled information for affordances. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 13, 371-383.
53. Yilmaz, E. H., & Warren, W. H. (1995). Visual control of braking: A test of the tau-dot hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 996-1014.
54. Zacharias, G. L., Caglayan, A. K., & Sinacori, J. B. (1985). A visual cueing model for terrain-following applications. Journal of Guidance, 8, 201-207.