Prescription of drugs without registered indication. For which drugs and for which psychiatric indications are controlled studies available?;Verabreichung von medikamenten außerhalb der zugelassenen indikationsgebiete ("off-label-use"): Für welche medikamente und psychiatrischen indikationen liegen hinreichend wissenschaftlich fundierte studien vor?

Fortschritte der Neurologie Psychiatrie

Volumn 72, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 245-254

  Wetterling, Tilman ^a  

^a Vivantes Klinikum Hellersdorf   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; CITALOPRAM; CLOZAPINE; DIAZEPAM; FLUOXETINE; GABAPENTIN; GALANTAMINE; HALOPERIDOL; LAMOTRIGINE; LITHIUM; LORAZEPAM; MEMANTINE; NAFTIDROFURYL; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PERAZINE; PIPAMPERONE; PROPRANOLOL; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; RIVASTIGMINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TIAPRIDE; TOPIRAMATE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; VERAPAMIL; ZIPRASIDONE;

AGGRESSION; AKATHISIA; ALCOHOLISM; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEPRESSION; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG USE; EVALUATION; GERMANY; HUMAN; LAW; LEGAL ASPECT; MANIA; MEDICAL PRACTICE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MENTAL DISEASE; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER; PRESCRIPTION; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; PUBLICATION; SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; SIDE EFFECT; SYMPTOM; TIME; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG COMBINATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; MALPRACTICE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NOTE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PUBLIC HEALTH; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL;

DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; GERMANY; HUMANS; MALPRACTICE; MENTAL DISORDERS; NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS;

EID: 2542476851     PISSN: 07204299     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-818383     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Fritze J, Schmauß M. Off-label-use in der Psychopharmakotherapie. Nervenarzt 2002; 73: 796-799
2. Hopf G. "Off-label-use". Urteil schafft Klarheit. Dtsch Ärztebl 2002; 99: B891-B892
3. Bazire S. Psychotropic drug directory 2002. Wilts: M. Allen Publishing Ltd., Dinton, Nr Salisbury, 2002
4. Fritze J, Schmauß M. Off-label-use in der Psychopharmakotherapie. Psycho 2002; 28: 431-439
5. Citrome L, Levine J, Allingham B. Utilization of valproate: extent of inpatient use in the New York State Office of Mental Health. Psychiatr Q 1998; 69: 283-300
6. Weiss E, Hummer M, Koller D, Ulmer H, Fleischhacker WW. Off-label-use of antipsychotic drugs. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20: 695-698
7. Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung. Richtlinien über die Bewertung ärztlicher Untersuchungs- und Behandlungsmethoden gemäß § 135 Abs. 1 SGB V (BUB-Richtlinien). Dtsch Ärztebl 2000; 97: A865
8. Wigge P. Evidenz-basierte Richtlinien und Leitlinien. MedR 2000; 12: 574-585
9. Rote Liste® Service GmbH (Hrsg). Rote Liste® 2003. Aulendorf: Editio Cantor Verlag, 2003
10. Bilder RM, Goldman RS, Volavka J, Czobor P, Hoptman M, Sheitman B, Lindenmayer JP, Citrome L, McEvoy J, Kunz M, Chakos M, Cooper TB, Horowitz TL, Lieberman JA. Neurocognitive effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1018-1028
11. Brieden T, Ujeyl M, Naber D. Psychopharmacological treatment of aggression in schizophrenic patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 2002; 35: 83-89
12. Citrome L, Volavka J, Czobor P, Sheitman B, Lindenmayer JP, McEvoy J, Cooper TB, Chakos M, Lieberman JA. Effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on hostility among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv 2002; 52: 1510-1514
13. Schmahl C, Bohus M. Symptomorientierte Pharmakotherapie bei Borderline- Persönlichkeitsstörung. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2001; 69: 310-321
14. Soloff PH, George A, Nathan RS, Schulz PM, Ulrich RF, Perel JM. Progress in pharmacotherapy of borderline disorders. A double-blind study of amitriptyline, haloperidol, and placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43: 691-697
15. Soloff PH, Cornelius J, George A, Nathan S, Perel JM, Ulrich RF. Efficacy of phenelzine and haloperidol in borderline personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 377-385
16. Wetterling T. Organische psychische Störungen - Hirnorganische Psychosyndrome. Darmstadt: Steinkopff, 2002
17. Battaglia J, Moss S, Rush J, Kang J, Mendoza R, Leedom L, Dubin W, McGlynn C, Goodman L. Haloperidol, lorazepam, or both for psychotic agitation? A multicenter, prospective, double-blind, emergency department study. Am J Emerg Med 1997; 15: 335-340
18. Bieniek SA, Ownby RL, Penalver A, Dominguez RA. A double-blind study of lorazepam versus the combination of haloperidol and lorazepam in managing agitation. Pharmacotherapy 1998; 18: 57-62
19. Salzman C, Solomon D, Miyawaki E, Glassman R, Rood L, Flowers E, Thayer S. Parenteral lorazepam versus parenteral haloperidol for the control of psychotic disruptive behavior. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52: 177-180
20. Fleminger S, Greenwood RJ, Oliver DL. Pharmacological management for agitation and aggression in people with acquired brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; CD003299
21. Tariot PN, Erb R, Podgorski CA, Cox C, Patel S, Jakimovich L, Irvine C. Efficacy and tolerability of carbamazepine for agitation and aggression in dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 54-61
22. Bryden KE, Carrey NJ, Kutcher SP. Update and recommendations for the use of antipsychotics in early-onset psychoses. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2001; 11: 113-130
23. Dorrego MF, Canevaro L, Kuzis G, Sabe L, Starkstein SE. A randomized, double-blind, crossover study of methylphenidate and lithium in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: preliminary findings. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002; 14: 289-295
24. Malone RP, Delaney MA, Luebbert JF, Cater J, Campbell M. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of lithium in hospitalized aggressive children and adolescents with conduct disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 649-654
25. Street JS, Clark WS, Gannon KS, Cummings JL, Bymaster FP, Tamura RN, Mitan SJ, Kadam DL, Sanger TM, Feldman PD, Tollefson GD, Breier A. Olanzapine treatment of psychotic and behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease in nursing care facilities: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The HGEU Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 968-976
26. Coccaro EF, Kavoussi RJ. Fluoxetine and impulsive aggressive behavior in personality-disordered subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 1081-1088
27. Robert PH, Allain H. Clinical management of agitation in the elderly with tiapride. Eur Psychiatry 2001, 16 Suppl 1: 42s-47s
28. Lindenmayer JP, Kotsaftis A. Use of sodium valproate in violent and aggressive behaviors: a critical review. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61: 123-128
29. Sival RC, Haffmans PM, Jansen PA, Duursma SA, Eikelenboom P. Sodium valproate in the treatment of aggressive behavior in patients with dementia - a randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17: 579-585
30. Peuskens J, Möller HJ, Puech A. Amisulpride improves depressive symptoms in acute exacerbations of schizophrenia: comparison with haloperidol and risperidone. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2002; 12: 305-310
31. Adler LA, Peselow E, Rosenthal M, Angrist B. A controlled comparison of the effects of propranolol, benztropine, and placebo on akathisia: an interim analysis. Psychopharmacol Bull 1993; 29: 283-286
32. Dumon JP, Catteau J, Lanvin F, Dupuis BA. Randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled comparison of propranolol and betaxolol in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 647-650
33. Fischel T, Hermesh H, Aizenberg D, Zemishlany Z, Munitz H, Benjamini Y, Weizman A. Cyproheptadine versus propranolol for the treatment of acute neuroleptic-induced akathisia: a comparative double-blind study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001, 21: 612-615
34. Irwin M, Sullivan G, Van Putten T. Propranolol as a primary treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Hillside J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 10: 244-251
35. Müller-Siecheneder F, Müller MJ, Hillert A, Szegedi A, Wetzel H, Benkert O. Risperidone versus haloperidol and amitriptyline in the treatment of patients with a combined psychotic and depressive syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 18: 111-120
36. Chong SA, Remington G. Clozapine augmentation: safety and efficacy. Schizophr Bull 2000; 26: 421-440
37. Freudenreich O, Goff DC. Antipsychotic combination therapy in schizophrenia. A review of efficacy and risks of current combinations. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002; 106: 323-330
38. Lam RW, Wan DD, Cohen NL, Kennedy SH. Combining antidepressants for treatment-resistant depression: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 685-693
39. Miller AL, Craig CS. Combination antipsychotics: pros, cons, and questions. Schizophr Bull 2002; 28: 105-109
40. Potkin SG, Thyrum PT, Alva G, Bera R, Yeh C, Arvanitis LA. The safety and pharmacokinetics of quetiapine when coadministered with haloperidol, risperidone, or thioridazine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 22: 121-130
41. Mayo-Smith MF. Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal. A meta-analysis and evidence-based practice guideline. JAMA 1997; 278: 144-151
42. Garcia-Borreguero D, Bronisch T, Apelt S, Yassouridis A, Emrich HM. Treatment of benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms with carbamazepine. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1991; 241: 145-150
43. Kaendler SH, Volk S, Pflug B. Benzodiazepinentzug mit Carbamazepin. Nervenarzt 1996; 67: 381-386
44. Ries RK, Roy-Byrne PP, Ward NG, Neppe V, Cullison S. Carbamazepine treatment for benzodiazepine withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 536-537
45. Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, McElroy SL, Gyulai L, Wassef A, Petty F, Pope HG Jr, Chou JC, Keck PE Jr, Rhodes LJ, Swann AC, Hirschfeld RM, Wozniak PJ. A randomised, placebo-controlled 12-month trial of divalproex and lithium in treatment of outpatients with bipolar 1 disorder: Divalproex Maintenance Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 481-489
46. Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, Ascher JA, Monaghan E, Rudd GD. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine monotherapy in outpatients with bipolar 1 depression. Lamictal 602 Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60: 79-88
47. Frye MA, Ketter TA, Kimbrell TA, Dunn RT, Speer AM, Osuch EA, Luckenbaugh DA, Cora-Ocatelli G, Leverich GS, Post RM. A placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine and gabapentin monotherapy in refractory mood disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20: 607-614
48. Fassino S, Leombruni P, Daga G, Brustolin A, Migliaretti G, Cavallo F, Rovera G. Efficacy of citalopram in anorexia nervosa: a pilot study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2002; 12: 453-453
49. Attia E, Haiman C, Walsh BT, Flater SR. Does fluoxetine augment the inpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa? Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 548-551
50. Bacaltchuk J, Hay P. Antidepressants versus placebo for people with bulimia nervosa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; 4: CD003391
51. Keck Jr PE, Mendlwicz J, Calabrese JR, Fawcett J, Suppes T, Vestergaard PA, Carbonell C. A review of randomized, controlled clinical trials in acute mania. J Affect Disord 2000; 59 Suppl 1: S31-S37
52. Berk M. Lamotrigine and the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1999; 9 Suppl 4: 119-123
53. Ichim L, Berk M, Brook S. Lamotrigine compared with lithium in mania: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2000; 12: 5-10
54. Segal J, Berk M, Brook S. Risperidone compared with both lithium and haloperidol in mania: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Clin Neuropharmacol 1998; 21: 176-180
55. Chengappa KN, Gershon S, Levine J. The evolving role of topiramate among other mood stabilizers in the management of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2001; 3: 215-232
56. Grunze H, Walden J, Dittmann S, Berger M, Bergmann A, Bräunig P, Dose M, Emrich HM, Gastpar M, Greil W, Krüger S, Möller HJ, Uebelhack R. Psychopharmakotherapie bipolarer affektiver Erkrankungen. Nervenarzt 2002; 73: 4-17
57. Macritchie K, Geddes JR, Scott J, Haslam D, de Lima M, Goodwin G. Valproate for acute mood episodes in bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; CD004052
58. McElroy SL, Keck PE, Stanton SP, Tugrul KC, Bennett JA, Strakowski SM. A randomized comparison of divalproex oral loading versus haloperidol in the initial treatment of acute psychotic mania. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57: 142-146
59. Calabrese JR, Delucchi GA. Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 55 patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 431-434
60. Freeman TW, Clothier JL, Pazzaglia P, Lesem MD, Swann AC. A double-blind comparison of valproate and lithium in the treatment of acute mania. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 108-111
61. Janicak PG, Sharma RP, Pandey G, Davis JM. Verapamil for the treatment of acute mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 972-973
62. Pande AC, Pollack MH, Crockatt J, Greiner M, Chouinard G, Lydiard RB, Taylor CB, Dager SR, Shiovitz T. Placebo-controlled study of gabapentin treatment of panic disorder, J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20: 467-471
63. Cowdry RW, Gardner DL. Pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder. Alprazolam, carbamazepine, trifluoperazine, and tranylcypromine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 45: 111-119
64. Gardner DL, Cowdry RW. Positive effects of carbamazepine on behavioral dyscontrol in borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 519-522
65. Fuente JM de la, Lotstra F. A trial of carbamazepine in borderline personality disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1994; 4: 479-486
66. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR. Olanzapine treatment of female borderline personality disorder patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 849-854
67. Rocca P, Marchiaro L, Cocuzza E, Bogetto F. Treatment of borderline personality disorder with risperidone, J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 241-244
68. Salzman C, Wolfson AN, Schatzberg A, Looper J, Henke R, Albanese M, Schwartz J, Miyawaki E. Effect of fluoxetine on anger in symptomatic volunteers with borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 15: 23-29
69. Hollander E, Allen A, Lopez RP, Bienstock CA, Grossman R, Siever LJ, Merkatz L, Stein DJ. A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex sodium in borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 199-203
70. Pearlstein T. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual dysphoric disorder: the emerging gold standard? Drugs 2002; 62: 1869-1885
71. Greil W, Ludwig-Mayerhofer W, Erazo N, Engel RR, Czernik A, Giedtke H, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Osterheider M, Rudolf GAE, Sauer H, Tegeler J, Wetterling T. Lithium vs carbamazepine in the maintanence treatment of schizoaffective disorder: a randomised study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997; 247: 42-50
72. Volavka J, Czobor P, Sheitman B, Lindenmayer JP, Citrome L, McEvoy JP, Cooper TB, Chakos M, Lieberman JA. Clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in the treatment of patients with chronic schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 255-262
73. Conley RR, Mahmoud R. A randomized double-blind study of risperidone and olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 765-774
74. Tohen M, Zhang F, Keck PE, Feldman PD, Risser RC, Tran PV, Breier A. Olanzapine versus haloperidol in schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type. J Affect Disord 2001; 67: 133-140
75. Tran PV, Tollefson GD, Sanger TM, Lu Y, Berg PH, Beasley Jr CM. Olanzapine versus haloperidol in the treatment of schizoaffective disorder. Acute and long-term therapy. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 174: 15-22
76. Janicak PG, Keck Jr PE, Davis JM, Kasckow JW, Tugrul K, Dowd SM, Strong J, Sharma RP, Strakowski SM. A double-blind, randomized, prospective evaluation of the efficacy and safety of risperidone versus haloperidol in the treatment of schizoaffective disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 21: 360-368
77. Keck Jr PE, Reeves KR, Harrigan EP. Ziprasidone Study Group. Ziprasidone in the short-term treatment of patients with schizoaffective disorder: results from two double- blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter studies. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 21: 27-35
78. Pande AC, Davidson JR, Jefferson JW, Janney CA, Katzelnick DJ, Weisler RH, Greist JH, Sutherland SM. Treatment of social phobia with gabapentin: a placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 19: 341-348
79. Williams PS, Rands G, Orrel M, Spector A. Aspirin for vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; (4): CD001296
80. Erkinjuntti T. Broad therapeutic benefits in patients with probable vascular dementia or Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease after treatment with galantamine. Eur J Neurol 2002; 9: 541-545
81. Kertesz A. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomized trial. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2002; 2: 503-504
82. Marder K. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomized trial. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2002; 2: 389-390
83. Orgogozo JM, Rigaud AS, Stöffler A, Möbius HJ, Forette F. Efficacy and safety of memantine in patients with mild to moderate vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (MMM 300). Stroke 2002; 33: 834-1839
84. Wilcock G, Möbius HJ, Stöffler A. On behalf of the MMM 500 group. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study of memantine in mild to moderate vascular dementia (MMM500). Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 17: 297-305
85. Emeriau JP, Lehert P, Mosnier M. Efficacy of naftidrofuryl in patients with vascular or mixed dementia: results of a multicenter, double-blind trial. Clin Ther 2000; 22: 334-344
86. Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Cazzato G. Rivastigmine in subcortical vascular dementia: a comparison trial on efficacy and tolerability for 12 months follow-up. Eur J Neurol 2001; 8: 361-362
87. Freeman MP, Stoll AL. Mood stabilizer combinations: a review of safety and efficacy. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 12-21
88. Macritchie KA, Geddes JR, Scott J, Haslam DR, Goodwin GM. Valproic acid, valproate and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; (3): CD003196
89. Hilger E, Barnas C. Atypische Antipsychotika in der Behandlung der bipolaren affektiven Störung. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2002; 70: 234-242
90. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Nervenheilkunde. Praxisleitlinien in Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie. Band 5: Behandlungsleitlinie Affektive Erkrankungen. Darmstadt: Steinkopff, 2000: 42
91. Aronson R, Offman HJ, Joffe RT, Naylor CD. Triiodothyronine augmentation in the treatment of refractory depression. A meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 53: 842-848
92. Joffe RT. The use of thyroid supplements to augment antidepressant medication. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59 Suppl 5: 26-29
93. Franz M, Dlabal H, Kunz S, Ulferts J, Gruppe H, Gallhofer B. Treatment of alcohol withdrawal: tiapride and carbamazepine versus clomethiazole. A pilot study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001; 251: 185-192
94. Normann C, Hummel B, Scharer LO, Horn M, Grunze H, Walden J. Lamotrigine as adjunct to paroxetine in acute depression: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 337-344
95. König F, Hippel C von, Petersdorff T, Neuhoffer-Weiss M, Wolfersdorf M, Kaschka WP. First experiences in combination therapy using olanzapine with SSRIs (citalopram, paroxetine) in delusional depression. Neuropsychobiology 2001; 43: 170-174
96. Narendran R, Young CM, Valenti AM, Pristach CA, Pato MT, Grace JJ. Olanzapine therapy in treatment-resistant psychotic mood disorders: a long-term follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 509-516
97. Suppes T, Webb A, Paul B, Carmody T, Kraemer H, Rush AJ. Clinical outcome in a randomized 1-year trial of clozapine versus treatment as usual for patients with treatment-resistant illness and a history of mania. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1164-1169
98. Tohen M, Chengappa KN, Suppes T, Zarate Jr CA, Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, Kupfer DJ, Baker RW, Risser RC, Keeter EL, Feldman PD, Tollefson GD, Breier A. Efficacy of olanzapine in combination with valproate or lithium in the treatment of mania in patients partially nonresponsive to valproate or lithium monotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59: 62-69
99. Vieta E, Reinares M, Corbella B, Benabarre A, Gilaberte I, Colom F, Martinez-Aran A, Gasto C, Tohen M. Olanzapine as long-term adjunctive therapy in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 21: 469-473
100. McIntyre RS, Mancini DA, McCann S, Srinivasan J, Sagman D, Kennedy SH. Topiramate versus bupropion SR when added to mood stabilizer therapy for the depressive phase of bipolar disorder: a preliminary single-blind study. Bipolar Disord 2002; 4: 207-213
101. Bauer M, Zaninelli R, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Meister W. Paroxetine and amitriptyline augmentation of lithium in the treatment of major depression: a double-blind study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 19: 164-171
102. Delbello MP, Schwiers ML, Rosenberg HL, Strakowski SM. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine as adjunctive treatment for adolescent mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41: 1216-1223
103. Sachs GS, Grossman F, Ghaemi SN, Okamoto A, Bowden CL. Combination of a mood stabilizer with risperidone or haloperidol for treatment of acute mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of efficacy and safety. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1146-1154
104. Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Retzow A, Henn FA, Giedke H, Walden J. Valproate as an adjunct to neuroleptic medication for the treatment of acute episodes of mania: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. European Valproate Mania Study Group. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20: 195-203
105. Cheine M, Ahonen J, Wahlbeck K. Beta-blocker supplementation of standard drug treatment for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; 3: CD000234
106. Leucht S, McGrath J, White P, Kissling W. Carbamazepine augmentation for schizophrenia: how good is the evidence? J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 218-224
107. Addington D, Addington J, Patten S, Remington G, Moamai J, Labelle A, Beauclair L. Double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of the efficacy of sertraline as treatment for a major depressive episode in patients with remitted schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 22: 20-25
108. Wassef AA, Dott SG, Harris A, Brown A, O'Boyle M, Meyer WJ 3rd, Rose RM. Randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of divalproex sodium in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20: 357-361
109. Dose M, Hellweg R, Yassouridis A, Theison M, Emrich HM. Combined treatment of schizophrenic psychoses with haloperidol and valproate. Pharmacopsychiatry 1998; 31: 122-125
110. OLG Köln. Urteil vom 30.5.1990. Az. 27 U 169/87 Pharma Recht 1999; 1: 18-23
111. Wetterling T. Psychiatrische Notfälle. In: Braun J, Preuss R (Hrsg). Klinikleitfaden Intensivmedizin. 5. Aufl. München: Urban & Fischer, 2002: S379-396
112. Fegert JM, Häßler F, Rothärmel S. Atypische Neuroleptika in der Jugendpsychiatrie. Dürfen Schutzbestimmungen dazu führen, dass Jugendlichen psychopharmakologischer Fortschritt vorenthalten bleibt? Psychopharmakotherapie 2000; 7: 18-26
113. Walter-Sack H, Haefeli WE. Arzneimittelsicherheit auch für Kinder. Dtsch Ärztebl 2001; 98: A447-A449
114. Aman MG, De Smedt G, Derivan A, Lyons B, Findling RL. Risperidone Disruptive Behavior Study Group. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone for the treatment of disruptive behaviors in children with subaverage intelligence. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1337-1346
115. Buitelaar JK, Gaag RJ van der, Cohen-Kettenis P, Melman CT. A randomized controlled trial of risperidone in the treatment of aggression in hospitalized adolescents with subaverage cognitive abilities. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 239-248
116. Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 314-321
117. Turgay A, Binder C, Snyder R, Fisman S. Long-term safety and efficacy of risperidone for the treatment of disruptive behavior disorders in children with subaverage IQs. Pediatrics 2002; 110: e34
118. Zarcone JR, Hellings JA, Crandall K, Reese RM, Marquis J, Fleming K, Shores R, Williams D, Schroeder SR. Effects of risperidone on aberrant behavior of persons with developmental disabilities: I. A double-blind crossover study using multiple measures. Am J Ment Retard 2001; 106: 525-538
119. Braconnier A, Le Coent R, Cohen D DEROXADO Study Group. Paroxetine versus clomipramine in adolescents with severe major depression: a double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003; 42: 22-29
120. Emslie GJ, Heiligenstein JH, Wagner KD, Hoog SL, Ernest DE, Brown E, Nilsson M, Jacobson JG. Fluoxetine for acute treatment of depression in children and adolescents: a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41: 1205-1215