Privacy and electronic monitoring in the workplace: A model of managerial cognition and relational trust development

Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 173-189

  Tabak, Filiz ^a   Smith, William P ^a  

^a TOWSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognition; Electronic monitoring; Privacy; Trust

Indexed keywords

EID: 25144450794     PISSN: 08927545     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10672-005-6940-z     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Aguilar, F. J. (1998). Corporations, ethics in. Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, Vol. 1.
2. Alder, G. S. (2001). Employee reactions to electronic performance monitoring: A consequence of organizational culture. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 12, 323-342. 10.1016/ S1047-8310(01)00042-6
3. Alge, B. J., Ballinger, G., & Smithson, H. (2001). Internet Surveillance: The Effects of Notification Policies on Privacy and Procedural Justice. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Washington, DC.
4. Ambrose, M. L., & Alder, G. S. (2000). Designing, implementing, and utilizing computerized performance monitoring: Enhancing organizational justice. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 18, 187-219.
5. Ambrose, M. L., Alder, G. S., & Noel, T. W. (1998). Electronic performance monitoring: A consideration of rights. In Schminke, M. (Ed.), Managerial Ethics: Moral Management of People and Processes. Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates.
6. American Management Association, "2001 AMA Survey: Workplace Monitoring and Surveillance." http://www.amanet.org/research/pdfs/Email_Policies_Practices.pdf.
7. American Management Association, "2003 AMA Survey: Email Policies, Rules and Practices" http://www.amanet.org/research/pdfs/Email_Policies_Practices.pdf.
8. American Management Association, "2004 AMA Survey: Workplace E-mail and Instant Messaging." http://www.amanet.org/research/index.htm.
9. Argandona, A. (1999). Sharing out in alliances: Trust and ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 21, 217-228. 10.1023/A:1006206812389
10. Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14, 20-40.
11. Ashforth, B. E., & Saks, A. M. (1996). Socialization tactics: Longitudinal effects on newcomer adjustment. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 149-179.
12. Bohach v. City of Reno, 932F. Supp. 1232 (D. Nev. 1996).
13. S. D. Boon & J. G. Holmes 1991 The dynamics of interpersonal trust: Resolving uncertainty in the face of risk. In: R. A. Hinde & J. Groebel (Eds.) Cooperation and Pro-social Behavior Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK
14. Bordwin, M. (1993). Timing is everything. Small Business Reports, November, 43-51.
15. Brown, W. S. (1996). Technology, workplace privacy, and personhood. Journal of Business Ethics, 15, 1237-1248. 10.1007/BF00412822
16. Brown, D. R., & Gray, G. R. (1988). A positive alternative to employment at will. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 53, 13-16.
17. Bylinski, G. (1991). How companies spy on employees. Fortune, November 4, 131-140.
18. Center for Business Ethics at Bentley College. (2003). Survey " Yous've Got Mail ... And the Boss Knows."
19. J. S. Coleman 1990 Foundations of Social Theory Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA
20. Cottone, E. R. (2002). Employee protection from unjust discharge: A proposal for judicial reversal of the terminable at will doctrine. Santa Clara Law Review, 42, 1259.
21. DS'Art, D., & Turner, T. (2003). Independent collective representation: Providing effectiveness, fairness, and democracy in the employment relationship. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 15, 169-181. 10.1023/B:ERRJ.0000004056.14207.ce
22. David, I. (2004). Privacy concerns regarding the monitoring of instant messaging in the workplace: Is it big brother or just business? Nevada Law Journal, 5, 319-347.
23. Douthitt, E. A., & Aiello, J. R. (2001). The role of participation and control in the effects of computer monitoring on fairness perceptions, task satisfaction, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 867-874. 10.1037//0021-9010.86.5.867
24. Etzioni, A. (1997). Some privacy, please, for e-mail. New York Times, November 23, BU12.
25. Fairweather, N. B. (1999). Surveillance in employment: The case of teleworking. Journal of Business Ethics, 22, 39-49. 10.1023/ A:1006104017646
26. Fazekas, C. P. (2004). 1984 is still fiction: Electronic monitoring in the workplace and U.S. privacy law. Duke Law and Technology Review, 15.
27. Feldman, C. D. (1981). The multiple socialization of organization members. Academy of Management Review, 6, 309-319.
28. Fischer v. Mt. Olive Lutheran Church, 207 F. Supp. 2d 914, 922, 928 (W. D. Wis. 2002).
29. Foti, R. J., & Lord, R. G. (1987). Prototypes and scripts: The effects of alternative methods of processing information on rating accuracy. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39, 318-341. 10.1016/0749-5978(87)90027-6
30. Gabel, J. T. A., & Mansfield, N. R. (2003) The information revolution and its impact on the employment relationship: An analysis of the cyberspace workplace. American Business Law Journal, 40, 301-353.
31. Garrison, M. J., & Stevens, C. D. (2003). Sign this agreement not to compete or yous're fired! Non-compete agreements and the public policy exception to employment at will. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 15, 103-126. 10.1023/A:1024761308024
32. George, J. M. (1990). Personality, affect, and behavior in groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 107-116. 10.1037//0021-9010.75.2.107
33. G. S. Green 1997 Occupational Crime 2nd ed. Nelson-Hall Chicago
34. Greenberg, E. R., Canzoneri, C., & Annamma, J. (2000). Workplace testing, monitoring and surveillance: Summary of key findings. American Management Association. Accessed via Internet at http://www.amanet.org/research/pdfs/monitr_surv.pdf.
35. Greenlaw, P. S., & Prundeanu, C. (1997). The impact of federal legislation to limit electronic monitoring. Public Personnel Management, 26, 227-244.
36. Harmon, A. (1997). On the office PC, bosses opt for all work, and no play. New York Times, September 22, A1, D11.
37. Hart, P., & Saunders, C. (1997). Power and trust: Critical factors in the adoption and use of electronic data interchange. Organization Science, 8, 23-42.
38. Hebert, L. C. (2002). Methods and extent of employer use of electronic monitoring and surveillance. Employee Privacy Law, 1: Section 8A:1.
39. Hodson, T. J., Englander, F., & Englander, V. (1999). Ethical, legal, and economic aspects of employer monitoring of employee electronic mail. Journal of Business Ethics, 19, 99-108. 10.1023/ A:1006110324652
40. J. G. Holmes 1991 Trust and the appraisal process in close relationships. In: W. H. Jones & D. Perlman (Eds.) Advances in Personal Relationships, Vol. 2 Jessica Kingsley London 57-104
41. Hovorka-Mead, A., Ross, W. H., Whipple, T., & Brenchin, M. B. (2002). Watching the detectives: Seasonal student employee reactions to electronic monitoring with and without advance notification. Personnel Psychology, 55, 329-362.
42. Kallman, E. (1993). Electronic monitoring of employees: Issues and guidelines. Journal of Systems Management, June, 17-21.
43. King, N. J. (2003). Electronic monitoring to promote national security impacts workplace privacy. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 15, 127-147. 10.1023/A:1024713424863
44. Konop v. Hawaiian Airlines, 302 F. 3d 868, 870 (9th Cir. 2002).
45. R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler 1996 Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research Sage Thousand Oaks, CA
46. Laabs, J. J. (1992). Surveillance: Tool or trap? Personnel Journal, June, 96-104.
47. Leahy, M. C. M. (2002). Recovery and reconstruction of electronic email as evidence. American Jurisprudence Proof of Facts (3d.), 41, 1.
48. R. J. Lewicki & B. B. Bunker 1995 Trust in relationships: A model of trust development and decline. In: B. B. Bunker & J. Z. Rubin (Eds.) Conflict, Cooperation and Justice Jossey-Bass San Francisco
49. R. J. Lewicki & B. B. Bunker 1996 Developing and maintaining trust in work relationships. In: R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.) Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research Sage Thousand Oaks, CA
50. R. G. Lord & R. J. Foti 1986 Schema theories, information processing, and organizational behavior. In: H. P. Sims Jr. & D. A. Gioia (Eds.) The Thinking Organization Jossey-Bass San Francisco, CA
51. Marx, G. T., & Sherizen, S. (1987). Corporations that spy on their employees. Business and Society Review, 60, 32-37.
52. Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20, 709-734.
53. McKnight, D. H., Cummings, L. L., & Chervany, N. L. (1998). Initial trust formation in new organizational relationships. Academy of Management Review, 23, 473-490.
54. McLaren v. Microsoft Corporation, 1999 WL 339015 (Tex. App. 1999) (unpublished opinion).
55. J. R. Meindl C. Stubbart & J. F. Porac 1996 Cognition Within and Between Organizations Sage Thousand Oaks, CA
56. Mello, J. A. (2003). The evolving nature of the employment relationship: Reconsidering employee responsibilities and rights. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 15, 99-101. 10.1023/A:1024751023954
57. Mervis, C. B., & Rosch, E. (1981). Categorization of natural objects. Annual Review of Psychology, 32, 89-115. 10.1146/ annurev.ps.32.020181.000513
58. Muhl, C. J. (2003). Workplace e-mail and Internet use: Employees and employers beware. Monthly Labor Review, 126, 36-46.
59. National Workrights Institute (2004). Report "Privacy Under Siege: Electronic Monitoring in the Workplace".
60. Nissenbaum, H. (2004), Symposium: Technology, values, and the justice system: Privacy as contextual integrity. Washington Law Review, 79, 119-157.
61. Nussbaum, M. A. (2003). New kind of snooping arrives at the office. New York Times, July 13, 3.12
62. Oz, E., Glass, & Behling. (1999). Electronic workplace monitoring: What employees think. Omega, 27, 167-177. 10.1016/S0305-0483(98)00037-1
63. Picard, M. (1994). February. Working under an electronic thumb. Training, 31, 47-51.
64. Radin, T. J., & Werhane, P. H. (2003). Employment-at-will, employee rights, and future directions for employment. Business Ethics Quarterly, 13, 113-130.
65. Ring, P. S., & Van de Ven, A. H. (1994). Developmental processes of cooperative inter-organizational relationships. Academy of Management Review, 19, 90-118.
66. Rogerson, S. (1998). Computer and information ethics. Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, Vol. 1.
67. Rosch, E. (1975). Cognitive reference points. Cognitive Psychology, 1, 532-547. 10.1016/0010-0285(75)90021-3
68. E. Rosch 1978 Principles of categorization. In: E. Rosch & B. Lloyd (Eds.) Cognition and Categorization Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ 27-47
69. Rosenberg, R. S. (1999). The workplace on the verge of the 21st century. Journal of Business Ethics, 22, 3-14. 10.1023/A:1006133732667
70. Rothstein, L. E. (2000). Privacy or dignity: Electronic monitoring in the workplace. New York Law Journal of International and Comparative Law, 19, 379.
71. Rotter, J. B. (1967). A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust. Journal of Personality, 35, 615-665.
72. Rousseau, D. M., Sitkin, S. B., Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23, 393-404.
73. Rustad, M. L., & Koenig, T. H. (2003) Cybertorts and legal lag: An empirical analysis. Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, 13, 77-140.
74. Shapiro, D., Sheppard, B. H., & Cheraskin, L. (1992). Business on a handshake. Negotiation Journal, 8, 365-377. 10.1007/BF01000396
75. Smyth v. Pillsbury Co., 914 F. Supp. 97 (E. D. Pa. 1996).
76. Stoney, A. (2001). Employee reactions to electronic performance monitoring: A consequence of organizational culture. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 12, 323-342. 10.1016/ S1047-8310(01)00042-6
77. Traub, S. H. (1996). Battling employee crime: A review of corporate strategies and programs. Crime and Delinquency, 42, 244-252.
78. T. T. Tyler & R. M. Kramer 1996 Whither trust? In: R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.) Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research Sage Thousand Oaks, CA
79. U.S. v. Simmons, 206 F. 3d 392 (4th Cir. 2000).
80. M. G. Velasquez 2002 Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases 5th ed. Prentice-Hall Upper Saddle River
81. Werhane, P. H. (1999). Justice and trust. Journal of Business Ethics, 21, 237-249. 10.1023/A:1006262930136
82. P. H. Werhane & T. J. Radin 1996 Employment-at-will and due process. In: T. Donaldson & P. H. Werhane (Eds.) Ethical Issues in Business: A Philosophical Approach Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ
83. Westin, A. F. (1992). Two key factors that belong in a macro ergonomics analysis of electronic performance monitoring: Employee perceptions of fairness and the climate of organizational trust or distrust. Applied Ergonomics, 23, 35-42. 10.1016/0003-6870(92)90008-J
84. Whitener, E. M., Brodt, S. E., Korsgaard, M. A., & Werner, J. M. (1998). Managers as initiators of trust: An exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy behavior. Academy of Management Review, 23, 513-530.
85. P. Worchel 1979 Trust and distrust. In: W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.) The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations Wadsworth Belmont, CA