The therapeutic potential of melatonin: A review of the science

MedGenMed Medscape General Medicine

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2004, Pages

  Malhotra, Samir ^a   Sawhney, Girish ^a   Pandhi, Promila ^a  

^a POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; AGOMELATINE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ARGIPRESTOCIN; ASCORBIC ACID; CORTICOSTEROID DERIVATIVE; FLUOXETINE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; INTERLEUKIN 2; MELATONIN; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NORADRENALIN; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER INHIBITION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON CANCER; COLORECTAL CANCER; DELAYED PUBERTY; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DROWSINESS; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG ERUPTION; FIBROCYSTIC BREAST DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPOGONADISM; IMMUNITY; INSOMNIA; JET LAG; KIDNEY DISEASE; MAJOR DEPRESSION; NARCOLEPSY; NIGHTMARE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PINEAL BODY; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER; SEIZURE; SLEEP DISORDER; STOMACH DISEASE; STRESS; WELLBEING; ANIMAL; DRUG EFFECT; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; MENTAL DISEASE; NEOPLASM; PHYSIOLOGY;

AGING; ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DISEASES; HUMANS; MELATONIN; MENTAL DISORDERS; NEOPLASMS; SLEEP DISORDERS;

EID: 25144440003     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Bubenik GA. Localization, physiological significance and possible clinical implications of gastrointestinal melatonin. Biol Signals Recept. 2001;10:350-366.
2. Arendt J. Melatonin. Clin Endocrinol. 1998;29:205-229.
3. Bubenik GA. Gastrointestinal melatonin: localization, function, and clinical relevance. Dig Dis Sci. 2002; 47:2336-2348.
4. Illnerova H, Buresova M, Presl J. Melatonin rhythm in human milk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77:838-841.
5. Dubbels R, Reiter RJ, Goebel A, et al. Melatonin in edible plants identified by radioimmunoassay and by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pineal Res. 1995;18:28-31.
6. Miles A, Philbrick DRS. Melatonin and psychiatry. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;23:405-425.
7. Romijn HJ. The pineal: a tranquilizing organ? Life Sci. 1978;23:2257-2274.
8. Rosenthal NE, Jacobsen FM, Sack DA, et al. Atenolol in seasonal affective disorder: a test of the melatonin hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:52-56.
9. Armstrong SM, Redman JR. Melatonin: a chronobiotic with anti-aging properties? Med Hypotheses. 1991;34:300-309.
10. Lieberman HR. Behavior, sleep and melatonin. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1986;21:233-241.
11. Petrie K, Conaglen JV, Thompson L, Chamberlain K. Effect of melatonin on jet lag after long haul flights. Br Med J. 1989;298:705-707.
12. Herxheimer A, Petrie KJ. Melatonin for prevention and treatment of jet lag. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;2:CD001520.
13. Petrie K, Dawson AG, Thompson L, Brook R. A double-blind trial of melatonin as a treatment for jet lag in international cabin crew. Biol Psychiatry. 1993;33:526-530.
14. Parry BL. Jet lag: minimizing its effects with critically timed bright light and melatonin administration. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002;4:463-466.
15. Riemann D, Klein T, Rodenbeck A, et al. Nocturnal cortisol and melatonin secretion in primary insomnia. Psychiatry Res. 2002;113:17-27.
16. Dahlitz M, Alvarez B, Vignau J, English J, Arendt J, Parkes JD. Delayed sleep phase syndrome response to melatonin. Lancet. 1991;337:1121-1124.
17. Alvarez B, Dahlitz M, Vignau J, Parkes JD. The delayed sleep phase syndrome: clinical and investigative findings in 14 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55:665-670.
18. Cardinali DP, Gvozdenovich E, Kaplan MR, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled study on melatonin efficacy to reduce anxiolytic benzodiazepine use in the elderly. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002;23:55-60.
19. Pavel S, Goldstein R, Petruscu M. Vasotocin, melatonin and narcolepsy: possible involvement of the pineal gland in its patho-physiological mechanism. Peptides. 1980;1:281-284.
20. Lieberman HR, Garfield G, Waldhauser F, Lynch HJ, Wurtman RJ. Possible behavioral consequences of light-induced changes in melatonin availability. N Y Acad Sci Ann. 1985;453:242-252.
21. Vollrath L, Semm P, Gammel G. Sleep induction by intranasal application of melatonin. Adv Biosci. 1981;9:327-329.
22. Jan JE, Espezel H, Appleton RE. The treatment of sleep disorders with melatonin. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:97-107.
23. Juszczak M, Stempniak B. Melatonin inhibits the substance-P induced secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin from the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system: in vitro studies. Brain Res Bull. 2003;59:393-397.
24. Forsling ML, Williams AJ. The effects of exogenous melatonin on stimulated neurohypophysial hormone release in man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;57:615-620.
25. Vaughan MK, Vaughan GM, Reiter RJ, Benson B. Effect of melatonin and other pineal indoles on adrenal enlargement produced in male and female mice by pinealectomy, unilateral adrenalectomy, castration, and cold stress. Neuroendocrinology. 1972;10:139-154.
26. Wetterberg L. The relationship between the pineal gland and the pituitary-adrenal axis in health, endocrine and psychitric conditions. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1983;8:75-80.
27. Beck-Friis J, Kjellman BF, Aperia B, et al. Serum melatonin in relation to clinical variables in patients with major depressive disorder and a hypothesis of a low melatonin syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1985;71:319-330.
28. Maestroni GJM, Conti A, Pierpaoli W. Role of the pineal gland in immunity: circadian synthesis and release of melatonin modulates the antibody response and antagonizes the immunosuppressive effect of corticosterone. J Neuroimmunol. 1986;13:19-30.
29. Mori W, Aoyama H, Mori N. Melatonin protects rats from injurious effects of a glucocorticoid, dexamethasone. Jpn J Exp Med. 1984;54:255-261.
30. Sorenson D. An adventitious role of cortisol in degenerative processes due to decreased opposition by insulin: implications for aging. Med Hypotheses. 1981;7:315-331.
31. Maestroni GJM, Conti A. Beta-endorphin and dynorphin mimic the circadian immunoenhancing and anti-stress effects of melatonin. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1989;11:333-340.
32. Paparrigopoulos T. Melatonin response to atenolol administration in depression: indication of beta-adrenoceptor dysfunction in a subtype of depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002;106:440-445.
33. Maestroni GJM, Conti A. Melatonin and the immune system. In: Touitou, Y, Arendt, J, Pevet, P, eds. Melatonin and the Pineal Gland - From Basic Science to Clinical Application. New York, NY: Elsevier; 1993: 295-302.
34. Lissoni P, Vogore L, Rescaldini R, et al. Neuroimmunotherapy with low-dose subcutaneous interleukin-2 plus melatonin in AIDS patients with CD4 cell number below 200/mm3: a biological phase- II study. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 1995;9:155-158.
35. Sutherland ER, Martin RJ, Ellison MC, Kraft M. Immunomodulatory effects of melatonin in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:1055-1061.
36. Chen Q, Wei W. Effects and mechanisms of melatonin on inflammatory and immune responses of adjuvant arthritis rat. Int Immunopharmacol. 2002;2:1443-1449.
37. Moore CB, Siopes TD. Melatonin can produce immunoenhancement in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) without prior immunosuppression. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2002;129:122-126.
38. Meyer P, Pache M, Loeffler Ku, et al. Melatonin MT-1-receptor immunoreactivity in the human eye. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86:1053-1057.
39. Skwarlo-Sonta K. Melatonin in immunity: comparative aspects. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002;23(suppl 1):67-72.
40. Kerenyi NA, Pandula E, Feuer G. Why the incidence of cancer is increasing: the role of "light pollution." Med Hypotheses. 1990;33:75-78.
41. Regelson W, Pierpaoli MD. Melatonin: A rediscovered antitumor hormone? Its relation to surface receptors; sex steroid metabolism, immunologic response, and chronobiologic factors in tumor growth and therapy. Cancer Invest. 1987;5:379-385.
42. Karasek M, Fraschini F. Is there a role for the pineal gland in neoplastic growth? In: Fraschini, F, Reiter, RJ, ed. Role of Melatonin and Pineal Peptides in Neuroimmunomodulation. New York, NY: Plenum; 1991:243-251.
43. Coleman MP, Reiter RJ. Breast cancer, blindness and melatonin. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1992;28:501-503.
44. Bartsch C, Bartsch H, Fluchter St H, Lippert TH. Depleted pineal melatonin production in primary breast and prostate cancer is connected with circadian disturbances: possible role of melatonin for synchronization of circadian rhythmicity. In: Touitou, Y, Arendt, J, Pevet, P, eds. Melatonin and the Pineal Gland -- From Basic Science to Clinical Application. New York, NY: Elsevier; 1993:311-316.
45. Bartsch C, Bartsch H, Jain AK, Laumas KR, Wetterberg L. Urinary melatonin levels in breast cancer patients. J Neural Transm. 1981;52:281-294.
46. Blask DE, Cos S, Hill SM, Burns DM, Lemus-Wilson A, Grosso DS. Melatonin action on oncogenesis. In: Fraschini, F, Reiter, RJ, eds. Role of Melatonin and Pineal Peptides in Neuroimmunomodulation. New York, NY: Plenum; 1991:233-240.
47. Nowfar S, Treplitzky SR, Melancon K, et al. Tumor prevention by 9-cis-retinioic acid in the N-nitroso-N-methylurea model of mammary carcinogenesis is potentiated by the pineal hormone melatonin. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002;72:33-43.
48. Keifer T, Ram PT, Yuan L, Hill SM. Melatonin inhibits estrogen receptor transactivation and cAMP levels in breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002;71:37-45.
49. Anisimov VN, Alimova IN, Baturin DA, et al. The effect of melatonin treatment regimen on mammary adenocarcinoma development in HER-2/neu transgenic mice. Int J Cancer. 2003;103:300-305.
50. Kos-Kudla B, Ostrowska Z, Kozlowski A, et al. Circadian rhythm of melatonin in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002;23:239-242.
51. Rimler A, Lupowitz Z, Zisapel N. Differential regulation by melatonin of cell growth and androgen receptor binding to the androgen response element in prostate cancer cells. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002;23(suppl 1):45-49.
52. Sandyk R. Is the pineal gland involved in the pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma? Int J Neurosci. 1992;62:89-96.
53. Karasek M, Carillo-Vico A, Guerrero JM, Winczyk K, Pawlikowsky M. Expression of melatonin MT(1) and MT(2) receptors, and ROR alpha(1) receptor in transplantable murine Colon 38 cancer. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002;23(suppl 1):55-60.
54. Bartsch C, Bartsch H, Karasek M. Melatonin in clinical oncology. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002;23(suppl 1):30-38.
55. Pawlikowsky M, Winczyk K, Karasek M. Oncostatic action of melatonin: facts and question marks. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002;23(suppl 1):24-29.
56. Lapin IP, Mirzaev SM, Ryzov IV, Oxenkrug GF. Anticonvulsant activity of melatonin against seizures induced by quinolinate, kainate, glutamate, NMDA, and pentylenetetrazole in mice. J Pineal Res. 1998;24:215-218.
57. Yamamoto H, Tang HW. Antagonistic effect of melatonin against cyanide-induced seizures and acute lethality in mice. Toxicol Lett. 1996;87:19-24.
58. Srivastava AK, Gupta SK, Jain S, Gupta YK. Effect of melatonin and phenytoin on an intracortical ferric chloride model of posttraumatic seizures in rats. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2002;24:145-149.
59. Mevissen M, Ehert U. Anticonvulsant effects of melatonin in amygdala-kindled rats. Neurosci Lett. 1998;257:13-16.
60. Bazil CW, Short D, Crispin D, Zheng W. Patients with intractable epilepsy have low melatonin, which increases following seizures. Neurology. 2000;55:1746-1748.
61. Peled N, Shorer Z, Peled E, Pillar G. Melatonin effect on seizures in children with severe neurological deficit disorders. Epilepsia. 2001;42:1208-1210.
62. Beck-Friis J, von Rosen D, Kjellman BF, Ljunggren J-G, Wetterberg L. Melatonin in relation to body measures, sex, age, season and the use of drugs in patients with major affective disorders and healthy subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1984;9:261-77.
63. McIntyre IM, Judd FK, Marriott PM, Burrows GD, Norman TR. Plasma melatonin levels in affective states. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1989;9:159-164.
64. Brown R, Kocsis JH, Caroff S, et al. Differences in nocturnal melatonin secretion between melancholic depressed patients and control subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142:811-816
65. Souetre E, Salvati E, Belugou JL, et al. Circadian rhythms in depression and recovery: evidence for blunted amplitude as the main chronobiological abnormality. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28:263-278.
66. Eastwood MR, Stiasny S. Psychiatric disorder, hospital admission, and season. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1978;35:769-771.
67. Wehr TA, Rosenthal NE. Seasonality and affective illness. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;146:829-839.
68. Maurizi CP. Disorder of the pineal gland associated with depression, peptic ulcers, and sexual dysfunction. South Med J. 1984;77:1516-1518.
69. Sack RL, Lewy AJ. Desmethylimipramine treatment increase melatonin synthesis in humans. Biol Psychiatry. 1986;21:406-410.
70. Rabe-Jablonska J, Szymanska A. Diurnal profile of melatonin in the acute phase of major depression and in remission. Med Sci Monit. 2001;7:946-952.
71. Weiner N. Drugs that inhibit adrenergic nerves and block adrenergic receptors. In: Gilman, AG, Goodman, LS, Gilman, A, eds. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York, NY: Macmillan; 1980:176-210.
72. Anton-Tay F. Pineal-brain relationships. In: Wolstenholme, GEW, Knight, J, eds. The Pineal Gland. London, England: Churchill Livingstone; 1971:213-227.
73. Roy A, Virkkunen M, Linnoila M. Indices of serotonin and glucose metabolism in violent offenders, arsonists and alcoholics. N Y Acad Sci Ann. 1986;487:202-220.
74. Van Praag HM, Plutchik R, Conte H. The serotonin hypothesis of (auto)aggression: a critical appraisal of the evidence. N Y Acad Sci Ann. 1986;487:150-167.
75. Valzelli L. Controlling a neuron bomb [comment]. Behav Brain Sci. 1986;9:345-346.
76. Roy A, Virkkunen M, Linnoila M. Reduced central serotonin turnover in a subgroup of alcoholics? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1987;11:173-77.
77. Van Praag HM, Kahn R, Asnis GM. Therapeutic indications for serotonin-potentiating compounds: a hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry. 1987;22:205-212.
78. Young SN. The clinical psychopharmacology of tryptophan. Nutr Brain. 1986;7:49-88.
79. Hartmann E. Effects of L-tryptophan on sleepiness and on sleep. J Psychiatr Res.1983;17:107-113.
80. Wirz-Justice A. Light therapy for depression: present status, problems, and perspectives. Psychopathology. 1986;19(suppl 2):136-141.
81. Lewy AJ, Sack RL. Phase typing and bright light therapy of chronobiologic sleep and mood disorders. In: Angelos, H, ed. Chronobiology and Psychiatric Disorders. New York, NY: Elsevier; 1987:181-206.
82. Rosenthal NE, James SP, Sack DA, et al. Seasonal affective disorder and phototherapy. N Y Acad Sci Ann. 1985;453:260-269.
83. Carman JS, Post RM, Buswell R, Goodwin FK. Negative effects of melatonin on depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1976;133:1181-1186.
84. Szymanska A, Rabe-Jablonska J, Karasek M. Diurnal profile of melatonin concentrations in patients with major depression: relationship to the clinical manifestation and antidepressant treatment. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2001;22:192-198.
85. Bellipanni G, Bianchi P, Pierpaoli W, Bulian D, Ilyia E. Effects of melatonin in perimenopausal and menopausal women: a randomized and placebo controlled study. Exp Gerontol. 2001;36:297-310.
86. Loo H, Hale A, D'haenen H. Determination of the dose of agomelatine, a melatoninergic agonist and selective 5-HT(2C) antagonist, in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled dose range study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;17:239-247.
87. Grunhaus L, Hirschman S, Dolberg OT, Schreiber S, Dannon PN. Coadministration of melatonin and fluoxetine does not improve the 3-month outcome following ECT. J ECT. 2001;17:124-128.
88. Vollmann J, Berger M. Sleep deprivation with consecutive sleep-phase advance therapy in patients with major depression: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry. 1993;33:54-57.
89. Wilson N. Depression and its relation to light deprivation. Pshychoanal Rev. 2002;89:557-567.
90. Goel N, Terman M, Terman JS. Dimensions of temperament and bright light response in seasonal affective disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2003;119:89-97.
91. Sep-Kowalikowa B. Phototherapy as a supporting treatment in depressive patients. Psychiatr Pol. 2002;36(suppl 6 ):99-108.
92. Lockley SW, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA. High sensitivity of the human circadian melatonin rhythm to resetting by short wavelength light. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:4502-4505.
93. Baydas G, Kutlu S, Naziroglu M, et al. Inhibitory effects of melatonin on neural lipid peroxidation induced by intracerebroventricularly administered homocysteine. J Pineal Res. 2003;34:36-39.
94. Stetinova V, Smetanova L, Grossmann V, Anzenbacher P. In vitro and in vivo assessment of the antioxidant activity of melatonin and related indole derivatives. Gen Physiol Biophys. 2002;21:153-162.
95. Martin V, Sainz RM, Antolin I, Mayo JC, Herrera F, Rodriguez C. Several antioxidant pathways are involved in astrocyte protection by melatonin. J Pineal Res. 2002;33:204-212.
96. Mayo JC, Sainz RM, Antolin I, Herrera F, Martin V, Rodriguez C. Melatonin regulation of antioxidant enzyme gene expression. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2002;59:1706-1713.
97. Antolin I, Mayo JC, Sainz RM, del Brio Mde L, Herrera F, Martin V, Rodriguez C. Protective effects of melatonin in a chronic experimental model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. 2002;943:163-173.
98. Pei Z, Ho HT, Cheung RT. Pre-treatment with melatonin reduces volume of cerebral infarction in a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model in the rat. Neurosci Lett. 2002;318:141-144.
99. Jacob S, Poeggeler B, Weishaupt JH, Haaardeland R, Bahr N, Ehrenreich H. Melatonin as a candidate compound for neuroprotection in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): high tolerabilityu of daily oral melatonin in ALS patients. J Pineal Res. 2002;33:186-187.
100. Kaptanoglu E, Palaoglu S, Demirpence E, Akbiyik F, Solaroglu I, Kilinc A. Different responsiveness of central nervous system tissues to oxidative conditions and to the antioxidant effects of melatonin. J Pineal Res. 2003;34:32-35.
101. Baydas G, Yilmaz O, Celik S, Yasar A, Gursu MF. Effects of certain micronutrients and melatonin on plasma lipid, lipid peroxidation, and homocysteine levels in rats. Arch Med Res. 2002;33:515-519.
102. Liu RY, Zhou JN, van Heerikhuize J, Hofman MA, Swaab DF. Decreased melatonin levels in postmortem cerebrospinal fluid in relation to aging, Alzheimer's disease, and apolipoprotein E-epsilon 4/4 genotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:323-327.
103. Brusco LI, Marquez M, Cardinali DP. Melatonin treatment stabilizes chronobiologic and cognitive symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2000;21:39-423.
104. Pappolla MA, Simovich MJ, Bryant-Thomas T, et al. The neuroprotective activities of melatonin against the beta-protein are not mediated by melatonin membrane receptors. J Pineal Res. 2002;32:135-142.
105. Sahna E, Acet A, Ozer MK, Olmez E. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in rats: reduction of infarct size by either supplemental physiological or pharmacological doses of melatonin. J Pineal Res. 2002;33:234-238.
106. Castagnino HE, Lago N, Centrella JM, et al. Cytoprotection by melatonin and growth hormone in early rat myocardial infarction as revealed by Feulgen DNA staining. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002;23:391-395.
107. Lee YM, Chen HR, Hsiao G, Sheu JR, Wang JJ, Yen MH. Protective effects of melatonin on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo. J Pineal Res. 2002;33:72-80.
108. Sewerynek E. Melatonin and the cardiovascular system Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002;23(suppl 1):79-83.
109. Bonnefont-ousselot D, Cheve G, Gozzo A, et al. Melatonin related compounds inhibit lipid peroxidation during copper or free radical-induced LDL oxidation. J Pineal Res. 2002;33:109-117.
110. Altun A, Yaprak M, Aktoz M, Vardar A, Betul UA, Ozbay G. Impaired nocturnal synthesis of melatonin in patients with cardiac syndrome X. Neurosci Lett. 2002;327:143-145.
111. Bandyopadhyay D, Bandyopadhyay A, Das PK, Reiter RJ. Melatonin protects against gastric ulceration and increases the efficacy of ranitidine and omeprazole in reducing gastric damage. J Pineal Res. 2002;33:1-7.
112. Singh P, Bhargava VK, Garg SK. Effect of melatonin and beta-carotene on indomethacin induced gastric mucosal injury. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002;46:229-234.
113. Abdel-Wahab MH, Arafa HM, El-Mahdy MA, Abdel-Naim AB. Potential protective effect of melatonin against dibromoacetonitrile-induced oxidative stress in mouse stomach. Pharmacol Res. 2002;46:287-293.
114. Jaworek J, Leja-Szpak A, Bonior J, et al. Protective effect of melatonin and its precursor on acute pancreatitis induced by caerulein overstimulation or ischemia/reperfusion. J Pineal Res. 2003;34:40-52.
115. Qi W, Tan DX, Reite RJ, et al. Melatonin reduces lipid peroxidation and tissue edema in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44:2257-2262.
116. Ferraz FF, Kos AG, Janino P, Homsi E. Effects of melatonin administration to rats with glycerol-induced acute renal failure. Ren Fail. 2002;24:735-746.
117. Nava M, Quirozz Y, Vaziri ND, Rodriguez-Iturbe B. Melatonin reduces renal interstitial inflammation and improves hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002;[Epub ahead of print].
118. Karaoz E, Gultekin F, Akdogan M, Oncu M, Gokcimen A. Protective role of melatonin and a combination of vitamin C and vitamin E on lung toxicity induced by chlorpyrifos-ethyl in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2002;54:97-108.
119. Todisco M, Rossi N. Melatonin for refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a report of 3 cases. Am J Ther. 2002; 9:524-526.
120. Parlakpinar H, Sahna E, Ozer MK, Ozugurlu F, Vardi N, Acet A. Physiological and pharmacological concentrations of melatonin protect against cisplatin-induced acute renal injury. J Pineal Res. 2002;33:161-166.
121. Kim Yh, Lee SH, Mun KC. Effect of melatonin on antioxidant status in the plasma of cyclosporin-treated rats. Transplant Proc. 2002;34:2652-2653.
122. Liu X, Chen Z, Chua CC, Ma YS, Youngberg GA, Hamdy R, Chua BH. Melatonin as an effective protector against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002;283:H254-H263.
123. Reiter RJ, Taan DX, Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Lopez-Burrillo S. Melatonin: reducing the toxicity and increasing the efficacy of drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2002;54:1299-1321.
124. Montilla-Lopez P, Munoz-Agueda MC, Feijoo Lopez M, Munoz-Castaneda JR, Bujalance-Arenas I, Tunez-Finana I. Comparison of melatonin versus vitamin C on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity in Alzheimer's disease induced by okadaic acid in neuroblastoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002;451:237-243.
125. Gultekin F, Delibas N, Yasar S, Kilinc I. In vivo changes in antioxidant systems and protective role of melatonin and a combination of vitamin C and vitamin E on oxidative damage in erythrocytes induced by chlorpyrifos-ethyl in rats. Arch Toxicol. 2001;75:88-96.
126. Sener G, Sehirli AO, Ayanoglu-Dulger G. Protective effects of melatonin, vitamin E and N-acetylcysteine against acetaminophen toxicity in mice: a comparative study. J Pineal Res. 2003;35:61-68.
127. Wolfer A, Abuja PM, Linkesch W, Schauenstein K, Liebmann PM. Questionable benefit of melatonin for antioxidant pharmacologic therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:4127-4129.
128. Fowler G, Daroszewska M, Ingold KU. Melatonin does not "directly scavenge hydrogen peroxide": demise of another myth. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003;34:77-83.
129. Rozencwaig R, Grad BR, Ochoa J. The role of melatonin and serotonin in aging. Med Hypotheses. 1987;23:337-352.
130. Reiter R. The ageing pineal gland and its physiological consequences. Bioessays. 1992;14:169-175.
131. Terron MP, Cubero J, Marchena JM, Barriga C, Rodriguez AB. Melatonin and aging: in vitro effect of young and mature ring dove physiological concentrations of melatonin on the phagocytic function of heterophila from old ring dove. Exp Gerontol. 2002;37:421-426.
132. Waldhauser F, Weiszenbacher G, Tatzer E, et al. Alterations in nocturnal serum melatonin levels in humans with growth and aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;66:648-652.
133. Iguchi H, Kato K-I, Ibayashi H. Age-dependent reduction in serum melatonin concentrations in healthy human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982;55:27-29.
134. Friedman M, Green MF, Sharland DE. Assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function in the geriatric age group. J Gerontol. 1969;24:292-297.
135. Karasek M, Reiter RJ. Melatonin and aging. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002;23(suppl 1):14-16.
136. Lehrer S. Blindness increases the life span of male rats: pineal effect on longevity. J Chronic Dis. 1981;34:427-428.
137. Lewy AJ, Emens JS, Sack RL, Hasler BP, Bernert RA. Low, but not high, doses ofelatonin entrained a free-running blind person with a long circadian period. Chronobiol Int. 2002;19:649-658.
138. Barchas J, DaCosta F, Spector S. Acute pharmacology of melatonin. Nature. 1967;214:919-920.
139. Nordlund JJ, Lerner AB. The effects of oral melatonin on skin color and on the release of pituitary hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1977;45:768-774.
140. Papvasiliou PS, Cotzias GC, Duby SE, Steck AJ, Bell M, Lawrence WH. Melatonin and parkinsonism [letter]. JAMA. 1972;221:88.
141. Wright J, Aldhous M, Franey C, English J, Arendt J. The effect of exogenous melatonin in endocrine function in man. Clin Endocrinol. 1986;24:375-382.
142. Puig-Domingo M, Webb SM, Serrano J, et al. Brief report: melatonin-related hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1356-1359.
143. Gwayi N, Bernard RT. The effects of melatonin on sperm motility in vitro in Wistar rats. Andrologia. 2002;34:391-396.
144. Luboshitzky R, Shen-Orr Z, Nave R, Lavi S, Lavie P. Melatonin administration alters semen quality in healthy men. J Androl. 2002;23:572-578.
145. Silman RE. Melatonin: a contraceptive for the nineties. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1993;49:3-9.
146. Mattsson R, Hannsson I, Holmdahl R. Pineal gland in autoimmunity: melatonin-dependent exaggeration of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Autoimmunity. 1994;17:83-86.
147. Sandyk R. Successful treatment of multiple sclerosis with magnetic fields. Int J Neurosci. 1992;66:237-250.
148. Bartsch H, Bartsch C. Effect of melatonin on experimental tumors under different photoperiods and times of administration. J Neural Transm. 1981;52:269-279.
149. Wiechmann AF, O'Steen WK. Melatonin increases photoreceptor susceptibility to light-induced damage. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci. 1992;33:1894-1902.
150. Tailleux A, Torpier G, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, et al. Daily melatonin supplementation in mice increases atherosclerosis in proximal aorta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;293:1114-1123.
151. Crasson M, Kjiri S, Colin A, et al. Serum melatonin and urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004;29:1-12.
152. Gooneratne NS, Metlay JP, Guo W, Pack FM, Kapoor S, Pack AI. The validity and feasibility of saliva melatonin assessment in the elderly. J Pineal Res. 2003;34:88-94.