The prison as metaphor: Recasting the "dilemma" of international relations

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Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 349-371

  Marks, Michael P ^a  

^a WILLAMETTE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 24944437290     PISSN: 03043754     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030437540102600305     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Literature on prisons cited in this article deals primarily with institutions in the United States. Comparative studies of prison communities indicate that conclusions drawn from US penitentiaries can be applied to prisons in other advanced industrial democracies; see Ronald L. Akers, Norman S. Hayner, and Werner Gruninger, "Prisonization in Five Countries: Types of Prison and Inmate Characteristics," Criminology 14 (February 1977): 527-554;
2. Ronald L. Akers, Norman S. Hayner, and Werner Gruninger, "Time Served, Career Phase, and Prisonization: Findings from Five Countries," in Robert G. Leger and John R. Stratton, eds., The Sociology of Corrections (New York: Wiley, 1977), pp. 216-227.
3. Aristotle's observation is quoted in Karsten Harries, "Metaphor and Transcendence," in Sheldon Sacks, ed., On Metaphor (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1978), p. 71.
4. Nelson Goodman, "Metaphor as Moonlighting," in Sacks, note 2, p. 175.
5. "The social reality defined by a culture affects its conception of physical reality. What is real for an individual as a member of a culture is a product both of his social reality and the way in which that shapes his experience of the physical world. Since much of our social reality is understood in metaphorical terms, and since our conception of the physical world is partly metaphorical, metaphor plays a very significant role in determining what is real for us"; George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1980), p. 146.
6. Metaphors We Live By Ibid., p. 230.
7. Mark Johnson, The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987), p. 209 (emphasis in the original).
8. Donald A. Schön, "Generative Metaphor: A Perspective on Problem-Setting in Social Policy," in Andrew Ortony, ed., Metaphor and Thought, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993), p. 138.
9. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. Michael Oakeshott (New York: Collier, 1962), p. 100.
10. Paul A. Chilton, Security Metaphors (New York: Lang, 1996), pp. 16-19, 82ff.
11. Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979), p. 112.
12. On the Hobbesian nature of Waltzian neorealism, see Stephen G. Brooks, "Dueling Realisms," International Organization 51 (Summer 1997): 445-477.
13. On game theory, see Arthur A. Stein, Why Nations Cooperate: Circumstance and Choice in International Relations (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UP, 1990).
14. William Poundstone, Prisoner's Dilemma (New York: Doubleday, 1992), p. 106.
15. See Richard Campbell, "Background for the Uninitiated," in Richard Campbell and Lanning Sowden, eds., Paradoxes of Rationality and Cooperation (Vancouver: U of British Columbia P, 1985), p. 10.
16. Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic, 1984), p. 95.
17. Poundstone, note 12, pp. 8-9.
18. Duncan Snidal, "The Game Theory of International Politics," in Kenneth A. Oye, ed., Cooperation Under Anarchy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton UP, 1986), p. 16.
19. Cooperation Under Anarchy Ibid., p. 41.
20. James Der Derian, "The Scriptures of Security," Mershon International Studies Review 42 (May 1998): 117.
21. Roger Hurwitz, "Strategic and Social Fictions in the Prisoner's Dilemma," in James Der Derian and Michael J. Shapiro, eds., International/ Intertextual Relations: Postmodern Readings of World Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington, 1989), pp. 119-121, 128-130.
22. Gresham M. Sykes, The Society of Captives: A Study of a Maximum Security Prison (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton UP, 1958).
23. Hans Reimer, "Socialization in the Prison Community," Proceedings of the American Prison Association (New York: American Prison Association, 1937), pp. 151-153.
24. Donald Clemmer, The Prison Community (1940; reprint, New York: Rinehart, 1958), p. 294.
25. The Prison Community Ibid., p. 152.
26. Sykes, note 20, chap. 5.
27. Lloyd W. McCorkle and Richard Korn, "Resocialization Within Walls," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 293 (May 1954): 88-98.
28. John Irwin and Donald R. Cressey, "Thieves, Convicts, and the Inmate Culture," Social Problems 10 (Fall 1962): 145.
29. John Irwin, Prisons in Turmoil (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), p. 37.
30. Robert S. Fong, "The Organizational Structure of Prison Gangs: A Texas Case Study," Federal Probation 54 (March 1990): 36-43;
31. Geoffrey Hunt, et al., "Changes in Prison Culture: Prison Gangs and the Case of the 'Pepsi Generation,'" Social Problems 40 (August 1993): 398-409.
32. David A. Ward and Gene G. Kassebaum, Women's Prison: Sex and Social Structure (Chicago: Aldine, 1965), p. 53.
33. Women's Prison: Sex and Social Structure Ibid., p. 68.
34. Rose Giallombardo, Society of Women: A Study of a Women's Prison (New York: Wiley, 1966), pp. 103-104.
35. Esther Heffernan, Making It in Prison: The Square, the Cool, and the Life (New York: Wiley, 1972), p. 85.
36. Making It in Prison: The Square, the Cool, and the Life Ibid., p. 144.
37. Robert Johnson, Hard Time: Understanding and Reforming the Prison (Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole, 1987), p. 100.
38. Sykes, note 20, chap. 5.
39. Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence (Berkeley: U of California P, 1985), p. 269.
40. Charles Stastny and Gabrielle Tyrnauer, Who Rules the Joint? The Changing Political Culture of Maximum-Security Prisons in America (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington, 1982), p. 28.
41. Sykes, note 20, p. 107.
42. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (New York: Columbia UP, 1977), pp. 53-54.
43. "In the last 3,421 years of recorded history only 268 have seen no war." Will and Ariel Durant, The Lessons of History (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1968), p. 81.
44. Donald Clemmer, "Leadership Phenomena in a Prison Community," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 28 (March-April 1938): 870.
45. Richard McCleery, "Communication Patterns as Bases of Systems of Authority and Power," in Richard A. Cloward et al., Theoretical Studies in Social Organization of the Prison (New York: Social Science Research Council, 1960), p. 57.
46. On Bentham's panopticon, see Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Vintage, 1995), pp. 195-228.
47. Ernst B. Haas, When Knowledge Is Power (Berkeley: U of California P, 1990);
48. Peter M. Haas, "Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination," International Organization 46 (Winter 1992): 1-35;
49. Peter M. Haas, ed., Knowledge, Power, and International Policy Coordination (Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 1997);
50. Rodney Bruce Hall, "Moral Authority as a Power Resource," International Organization 51 (Autumn 1997): 591-622.
51. See Markus Fischer, "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992): 427-466.
52. Foucault argues that changes in the nature of penal institutions reflect larger societal transformations; Foucault, note 43, passim.
53. Stastny and Tyrnauer, note 37, p. 27.
54. Craig Haney, Curtis Banks, and Philip Zimbardo, "Interpersonal Dynamics in a Simulated Prison," International Journal of Criminology and Penology 1 (February 1973): 69-97.
55. Campbell, note 13, p. 5.
56. Gresham M. Sykes and Sheldon L. Messinger, "The Inmate Social System," in Cloward et al., note 42, p. 11.
57. The Inmate Social System Ibid., p. 18 (emphasis in the original).
58. Bruce Jackson, "Deviance as Success: The Double Inversion of Stigmatized Roles," in Barbara A. Babcock, ed., The Reversible World: Symbolic Inversion in Art and Society (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UP, 1978).
59. James C. Hsiung, Anarchy and Order: The Interplay of Politics and Law in International Relations (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1997), p. 214.
60. Nicholas Greenwood Onuf, "Everyday Ethics in International Relations," Millennium 27 (1998): 676.
61. Peter B. Evans, Harold K. Jacobson, and Robert D. Putnam, eds., Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics (Berkeley: U of California P, 1993).
62. R. B. J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993), p. 174.
63. Foucault, note 43, passim.
64. James A. Caporaso, "Across the Great Divide: Integrating Comparative and International Politics," International Studies Quarterly 41 (December 1997): 563-592.
65. Lakoff and Johnson, note 4, pp. 29-30.
66. Chilton, note 9, p. 90.
67. Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992): 391-425.