Stock identity of elasmobranchs in the Northeast Atlantic in relation to assessment and management

Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science

Volumn 35, Issue , 2005, Pages 173-193

  Pawson, M G ^a   Ellis, J R ^a  

^a CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Assessment; Elasmobranchs; Management units; NE Atlantic; Stock identity

Indexed keywords

FISHERY; FISHERY MANAGEMENT; STOCK ASSESSMENT; STOCK IDENTIFICATION;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTHEAST); OCEANIC REGIONS; WORLD;

ELASMOBRANCHII;

EID: 24744447408     PISSN: 02506408     EISSN: 18131859     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2960/J.v35.m480     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. AASEN, O. 1960. Norwegian dogfish tagging. Ann. Biol. (Cph), (1958) 15: 76.
2. AASEN, O. 1962. Norwegian dogfish tagging. Ann. Biol. (Cph), (1960) 17: 106-107.
3. AASEN, O. 1966. Blahaien, Prionace glauca (Linnaeus). 1758. Fisken og Havet, 1: 1-10.
4. ADAMSON, M. L., G. B. DEETS, and G. W. BENZ. 1987. Description of male and redescription of female Phlyctainophora squali Mudry and Dailey, 1969 (Nematoda; Dracunculoidea) from elasmobranchs. Can. J. Zool., 65(12): 3006-3010.
5. ANON. 2003. Development of Elasmobranch Assessments, DELASS. DG Fish Study Contract 99/055: 708 p.
6. BACKUS, R. H. 1957. Notes on western North Atlantic sharks. Copeia, 1957(3): 246-248.
7. BAS, C. 1964. Aspectos del crecimiento relativo de Scyliorhinus canicula. Investig. Pesq., 27: 3-12.
8. BELLOC, G. 1929. Poissons de chalut. Etude monographique du Merlu. (Merluccius merluccius L.) 2° partie. Rev. Trav. Off. Pêches, 2: 231-288.
9. BENZ, G. W., and K. S. DUPRE. 1987. Spatial distribution of the parasite Kroyeria carchariaeglauci Hesse, 1979 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Kroyeriidae) on gills of the blue shark ( Prionace glauca (L., 1758)). Can. J. Zool., 65(5): 1275-1281.
10. BEVERTON, R. J. H., and B. C. BEDFORD. 1963. The effect on the return rate of condition of fish when tagged. ICNAF Spec. Publ., 4: 106-116.
11. BIGELOW, H. B., and W. C. SCHROEDER. 1948. Sharks. In: Fishes of the Western North Atlantic Part One. Memoir one, Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University, 576 p.
12. BLACHE, J., J. CADENAT, and A. STAUCH. 1970. Clés de détermination des poissons de mer signalés dans l' átlantique oriental. Faune Tropicale ORSTOM, Paris, 18: 479 p.
13. BLAKE, B. 1976. Polymorphic forms of eye lens protein in the ray Raja clavata (Linnaeus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 54B: 441-442.
14. BRANDER, K., and D. PALMER. 1985. Growth rate of Raja clavata in the Northeast Irish Sea. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 42: 124-128.
15. BORCEA, I. 1907. Observations sur quelques Raies de la baie de Naples. Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy, 4: 180-186.
16. BOUSTANY, A. M., S. F. DAVIS, P. PYLE, S. D. ANDERSON, B. J. LE BOEUF, and B. A. BLOCK. 2002. Satellite tagging: expanded niche for white sharks. Nature, 412(6867): 35-36.
17. BUCKLEY, A. A., and J. D. METCALFE. 2002. The movement and behaviour of thornback ray, Raja clavata, in the Thames Estuary. Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the European Elasmobranch Association, 191.
18. CAIRA, J. N. 1990. Metazoan parasites as indicators of elasmobranch biology. In: Elasmobranchs as living resources: Advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries. H. L. Pratt, S. H. Gruber and T. Taniuchi (eds.). U.S. Dept. Comm., NOAA Tech. Rep., No. NMFS 90: 71-96.
19. CAPAPÉ, C. 1976. Contribution à la biologie des Rajidae des côtes tunisiennes III. Raja clavata Linné, 1758: Répartition géographique et bathymétrique, sexualité, reproduction et fécondite. Bull. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Natur., 3e Ser., No. 393: 907-922.
20. CAPAPÉ, C. 1977. Contribution a la biologie des Scyliorhinidae des côtes tunisiennes S. canicula (L. 1978). Repartition gèographique et bathymètrique, sexualite, reproduction, fècondité. Bull. Off Natn. Pêche. Tunisie, 1: 83-101.
21. CAPAPÉ, C., J. A. TOMASINI, and J. L. BOUCHEREAU. 1991. Observations sur la biologie de la reproduction de la petite roussette Scyliorhinus canicula (L. 1758) (Pisces, Scyliorhinidae) du Golfedu Lion (France Meridiona). Ichtyophysiol. Acta, 14: 87-109.
22. CAREY, F. G., and J. V. SCHAROLD. 1990. Movements of blue sharks (Prionace glauca) in depth and course. Mar. Biol., 106 (3): 329-342.
23. CARVALHO, G. R., and L. HAUSER. 1994. Molecular genetics and the stock concept in fisheries. Rev. Fish. Biol. Fish., 4(3): 326-350.
24. CASTRO, J. A., and J. MEJUTO. 1995. Reproductive parameters of the blue shark, Prionace glauca, and other sharks in the Gulf of Guinea. Mar Freshw. Res., 46: 967-973.
25. CLARK, R. S. 1922. Rays and Skates (Raiae) No. I: Egg capsules and young. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 12: 577-643.
26. CLARK, R. S. 1926. Rays and skates. A revision of the European species. Fish. Bd. Scotland, Sci. Investiga., 1: 1-66.
27. CLARKE, M. W., P. L. Connolly, and J. J. Bracken. 2001. Aspects of reproduction of the deepwater sharks Centroscymnus coelolepis and Centrophorus squamosus from west of Ireland and Scotland. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 81: 1019-1029.
28. CLARKE, M. W., P. L. CONNOLLY, and J. J. BRACKEN. 2002. Age estimation of the exploited deepwater shark Centrophorus squamosus from the continental slopes of the Rockall Trough and Porcupine Bank. J. Fish Biol., 60: 501-514.
29. COLLENOT, G. 1966. Observations relatives au developpement au laboratoire d'embryons et d'individus juveniles de Scyliorhinus canicula L. Cah. Biol. Mar., 7: 319-330.
30. COMPAGNO, L. J. V. 1984a. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop., 125(1): 1-249.
31. COMPAGNO, L. J. V. 1984b. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the World: an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2: Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop., 125(2): 251-655.
32. CRUMMEY, C., M. RONAN, and E. FAHY. 1991. Blue shark Prionace glauca (L.) in Irish waters. Ir. Nat. J., 23(11): 454-456.
33. CURRAN, S., and J. N. CAIRA. 1995. Attachment site specificity and the tapeworm assemblage in the spiral intestine of the blue shark (Prionace glauca). J. Parasitol., 81(2): 149-157.
34. DRAGANIK, B., and W. PELCZARSKI. 1984. The occurrence of the blue shark, Prionace glauca (L.), in the North Atlantic. Prace Morski Instytut Rybacki w Gdynia (Report of the Sea Fisheries Institute, Gdynia), 19: 61-75.
35. DUTIL, J-D, B. LEGARE, and C. DESJARDINS. 1985. Discrimination d'un stock de poisson, l'anguille (Anguilla rostrata), basee sur la presence d'un produit chimique de synthese, le mirex. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 42: 455-458.
36. ELLIS, J. R., A. CRUZ-MARTINEZ, B. D. RACKHAM, and S. I. ROGERS. 2004. The distribution of chondrichthyan fishes around the British Isles and implications for conservation. J. Northw. Atl. Sci., 35: 195-213 (this volume).
37. ELLIS, J. R., and S. E. SHACKLEY. 1995a Observations on egg laying in the thornback ray, Raja clavata. J. Fish Biol., 46: 903-904.
38. ELLIS, J. R., and S. E. SHACKLEY. 1995b. Ontogenic changes and sexual dimorphism in the head, mouth and teeth of the lesser spotted dogfish. J. Fish Biol., 47: 155-164.
39. ELLIS, J. R., and S. E. SHACKLEY. 1997. The reproductive biology of Scyliorhinus canicula in the Bristol Channel, U.K. J. Fish Biol., 51: 361-372.
40. FAHY, E. MS 1988. Recent developments in the Irish fisheries for spurdog, Squalus acanthias (L.). ICES C.M. Doc., No. 1988/ H:6, 12 p.
41. FAHY, E. MS 1989. The spurdog Squalus acanthias (L.) fishery in south-west Ireland. Irish Fish. Investig. Series B (Mar.), 32, 22 p.
42. FAHY, E. and O'REILLY, R. 1990. Distribution patterns of rays (Rajidae, batoidei) in Irish waters. Ir. Nat. J., 23(8): 316-320.
43. FAURE-FREMIET, E. 1942. Notes sur la biologie sexuelle de S. canicula. Bull. Biol. Fr. Belg., 76: 244-249.
44. FERNANDEZ, A, C. RODRIGUEZ-CABELLO, I. OLASO, and F. SANCHEZ. MS 2001. Survival of lesser spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula, L.) discarded by trawlers. ICES C.M. Doc., No. 2001/N:06.
45. FIGUEIREDO, I., M. J. FIGUEIREDO, and O. MOURA. 1995. Distribution, abundance and size composition of blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus) and small spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) on the slope of the Portuguese South and Southwestern coast. ICES C.M. 1995/G:9, 38 p.
46. FITZMAURICE, P. 1974. Size distribution and food of Thornback rays (Raja clavata L.) caught on rod and line on the Mayo coast. Ir. Fish. Investig. Series B, 11: 18 p.
47. FITZMAURICE, P., and P. GREEN. 2000. Results from tagging of blue shark in Irish waters. Ir. Scientist Yearbook, 3: 51 p.
48. FORD, E. 1921. A contribution to our knowledge of the life histories of the dogfishes landed at Plymouth. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 12: 468-505.
49. GARDNER, M. G., and R. D. WARD. 1998. Population structure of the Australian gummy shark (Mustelus antarcticus Gunther) inferred from allozymes, mitochondrial DNA and vertebrae counts. Mar. Freshw. Res., 49(7): 733-745.
50. GAULD, J. A. MS 1979. Reproduction and fecundity of the Scottish Norwegian stock of Spurdogs, Squalus acanthias (L.). ICES C.M. Doc., No. 1979/H:54, 15 p.
51. GAULD, J. A. MS 1989. Recordings of porbeagles landed in Scotland, with observations on the biology, distribution and exploitation of the species. DAFS, Edinburgh, Scott. Fish. Res. Rep., 45: 1-13.
52. GILBERT, P. W, and G. W. HEATH. 1972. The clasper-siphon sac mechanism in Squalus acanthias and Mustelus canis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 42A: 97-119.
53. GIRARD, M. 2000. Distribution et reproduction de deux espèces de requins de grands fonds, les «osikis», Centrophorus squamosus et Centroscymnus coelolepis exploités dans l'Atlantique Nord-Est. Rennes: L'Ecole Nationale Superieure Agronomique de Rennes, These de Docteur, 214 p.
54. GORDON, J. D. M. MS 1999. Management considerations of deep-water shark fisheries. In: Case studies of the management of elasmobranch fisheries. R. Shotton (ed.). FAO Fish. Tech. Pap., 378: 774-818.
55. GRANT, W. S., and F. M. UTTER. 1984. Biochemical population genetics of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 41: 856-864.
56. GUBANOV, E. P. 1976. Sharks of the equatorial zone of the Indian Ocean. Candidates Abstract, Institute of Biology of the Southern Sea, 27 p. (in Russian).
57. HARDEN JONES, F. R. 1968. Fish migration. Edward Arnold Ltd, London, 325 p.
58. HAREIDE, N.-R., and G. GARNES. 2001. The distribution and catch rates of deep water fish along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from 43 to 61°N. Fish. Res., 51: 297-310.
59. HARRIS, J. E. 1952. A note of the breeding season, sex ratio and embryonic development of the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula (L.). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 31: 269-274.
60. HAZIN, F. H. V., R. LESSA, M. ISHINA, K. OTSUKA, and K. KIHARA. 1991. Morphometric description of the blue shark, Prionace glauca, from the southwestern equatorial Atlantic. J. Tokyo Univ. Fish., 78 (2): 137-144.
61. HEIST, E. J. 1999. A Review of Population Genetics in Sharks. In: Life in the Slow Lane: Ecology and Conservation of Long-Lived Marine Animals. J. A. Musick (ed.). Amer. Fish. Soc. Sym., 23: 161-168.
62. HEIST, E. J., and J. R. GOLD. 1999. Genetic identification of sharks in the U.S. Atlantic large coastal shark fishery. Fish. Bull., 97 (1): 53-61.
63. HEIST, E. J., J. A. MUSICK, and J. E. GRAVES. 1996a. Genetic population structure of the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) inferred from restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 53(3): 583-588.
64. HEIST, E. J., J. A. MUSICK, and J. E. GRAVES. 1996b. Mitochondrial DNA diversity and divergence among sharpnose sharks, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae, from the Gulf of Mexico and Mid-Atlantic Bight. Fish. Bull., 94(4): 664-668.
65. HENDERSON, A. C., and A. CASEY. 2001. Reproduction and growth in the lesser-spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula (Elasmobranchii: Scyliorhinidae), from the west coast of Ireland. Cah. Biol. Mar., 42(4): 397-405
66. HEUPELL, M. R., and M. B. BENNETT. 1997. Histology of dart tag insertion sites in the epaulette shark. J. Fish Biol., 50: 1034-1041.
67. HICKLING, C. F. 1930. A contribution towards the life-history of the spurdog. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 16: 529-576.
68. HISAW, F. L., and A. ALBERT. 1947. Observations on the reproduction of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias. Biol. Bull., 92: 187-199.
69. HJERTENES, P. O. MS 1980. The spurdogs (Squalus acanthias) in the North Sea area: The Norwegian fishery and observations on changes in migration pattern. ICES C.M. Doc., No. 1980/H:60: 18 p.
70. HOLDEN, M.J. 1965. The stocks of spurdogs (Squalus acanthias L.) in British waters and their migrations. Fish. Investiga., Series II, 24(4), MAFF, London, 20 p.
71. HOLDEN, M.J. 1967a. Transatlantic movement of a tagged spurdogfish. Nature, 214: 1140-1141.
72. HOLDEN, M.J. 1967b. Spurdogs. MAFF Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft, Lab. Leaflet (New Series), 23 p.
73. HOLDEN, M.J. 1968. The rational exploitation of the Scottish-Norwegian stock of spurdogs (Squalus acanthias L.). Fish. Investig., Series II, 25(8), MAFF, London, 27 p.
74. HOLDEN, M.J. 1972 The growth rates of Raja brachyura, R. clavata and R. montagui as determined from tagging data. ICES J. Con., 34: 161-168.
75. HOLDEN, M.J. 1975 The fecundity of Raja clavata in British waters. ICES J. Con., 36: 110-118.
76. HOLDEN, M. J., and MEADOWS, P.S. 1962. The structure of the spine of the spurdog fish (Squalus acanthias L.) and its use for age determination. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 42: 179-197.
77. HOLDEN, M. J. and MEADOWS, P.S. 1964. The fecundity of the spurdog (Squalus acanthias L.). ICES J. Con., 28: 418-424.
78. HOLDEN, M. J., D. W. ROUT, and C. N. HUMPHREYS. 1971. The rate of egg laying by three species of ray. ICES J. Con., 33: 335-339.
79. IHSSEN, P. E., H. E. BOOKE, J. M. CASSLEMAN, J. MCGLADE, N. R. PAYNE, and F. M. UTTER. 1981. Stock identification: materials and methods. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 38: 1838-1855.
80. JAMIESON, A. 1974. Genetic 'tags' for marine fish stocks. In: Sea Fisheries Research. F. R. Harden Jones (ed.). Elek Science, London, p. 91-99.
81. JARDAS, I. 1973. A contribution to our knowledge of the biology and ecology of thornback ray (Raja clavata L.) and brown ray (Raja miraletus) in the Adriatic. Acta Adriatica, 15(3): 1-42.
82. JARDAS, I. 1975. The morphometry and population diagnosis of thornback ray, Raja clavata L., in the Adriatic. Acta Adriatica, 17 (5): 1-25.
83. JARDAS, I. 1979. Morphological, biological and ecological characteristics of the lesser spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758) population in the Adriatic Sea. Institut Oceanogr. Ribar. Split. Biljeske, IV(2-3).
84. JENNINGS, S., S. P. R. GREENSTREET, and J. D. REYNOLDS. 1999. Structural change in an exploited fish community: a consequence of differential fishing effects on species with contrasting life histories. J. Anim. Ecol., 68: 617-627.
85. KABATA, Z. 1979. Parasitic Copepoda of British Fishes. The Ray Society, London, 468 p. (+ plates).
86. KETCHEN, K. S. 1972. Size at maturity, fecundity and embryonic growth of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) in British Columbia waters. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 29: 1717-1723.
87. KIRNOSOVA, I.P. 1989. Reproduction of spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias in the Black Sea. J. Ichthyol., 29(3): 21-26.
88. KNIJN, R. J., T. W. BOON, H. J. L. HEESSEN, and J. R. G. HISLOP. 1993. Atlas of North Sea fishes. ICES Cooper. Res. Rep., 194.
89. KOHLER, N. E., J. G. CASEY, and P. A. TURNER. 1998. NMFS cooperative shark tagging program, 1962-1993: An atlas of shark tag and recapture data. Mar. Fish. Rev., 60(2): 1-87.
90. KOHLER, N. E., and P. A. TURNER. 2001. Shark tagging: a review of conventional methods and studies. Env. Biol. Fishes, 60: 191-223.
91. LAM, T. J. 1983. Environmental influences on gonadal activity in fish. In: Fish Physiology Volume IX, Part B: Reproduction. W. S. Hoar, D. J. Randall and E. M. Donaldson (eds.). Academic Press. New York. London.
92. LAVERY, S., and J. B. SHAKLEE. 1989. Population genetics of two tropical sharks, Carcharhinus tilstoni and C. sorrah, in northern Australia. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 40(5): 541-557.
93. LEAH, R., S. EVANS, and M. JOHNSON. 1991a. Mercury in muscle tissue of lesser-spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) from the Northeast Irish Sea. Sci. Total Envir., 108: 215-224.
94. LEAH, R. T., S. J. EVANS, M. S. JOHNSON, and S. COLLINGS. 1991b. Spatial patterns in accumulation by fish from the NE Irish Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 22(4): 172-175.
95. LELOUP, J., and M. OLIVEREAU. 195 1. Donnèes biomètriques comparatives sur la rousette (Scyllium canicula L.) de la Manche et de la Mèditerranèe. Vie et Milieu, 2: 2 p.
96. LESTER, R. J. G. 1990. Reappraisal of the use of parasites for fish stock identification. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 41: 855-864.
97. LITVINOV, F. F. 1982. Two forms of teeth in blue shark, Prionace glauca (Carcharhinidae). J. Ichthyol., 22(4): 154-156.
98. MACKENZIE, K., and P. ABAUNZA. 1998. Parasites as biological tags for stock discrimination of marine fish: a guide to procedures and methods. Fish. Res., 38: 45-56.
99. MACNAUGHTON, R., E. ROGAN, V. HERNANDEZ-GARCIA, and C. LORDAN. MS 1998. The importance of cephalopods in the diet of blue shark (Prionace glauca) south and west of Ireland. ICES C.M. Doc., No. 1998/ M:7: 12 p.
100. MAGNÚSSON, J., J. V. MAGNÚSSON, and K. B. JAKOBS-DÓTTIR. 2000. Deep-sea fishes, Icelandic contributions to the deep water research project, EC Fair Project CT 95-0655, 1996-1999. Hafrannsóknastofnun Fjïlrit NR. 76: 164 p.
101. MCEACHRAN, J. D., and S. BRANSTETTER. 1989. Squalidae. In: Fishes of the Northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Vol. 1, P. J. P.Whitehead, M.-L.Bauchot, J.-C.Hureau, J. Nielsen, and E. Tortonese (eds.). UNESCO, Paris, 128-147.
102. MCKENZIE, R. A. and S. N. TIBBO. 1964. A morphometric description of blue shark (Prionace glauca) from Canadian Atlantic waters. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 21(4): 865-866.
103. MCVICAR, A. H. 1977. Intestinal helminth parasites of the ray Raja naevus in British waters. J. Helminthol., 51: 11-21.
104. MEJUTO, J. MS 1985. Associated catches of sharks, Prionace glauca, Isurus oxyrinchus and Lamna nasus, with NW and N Spanish swordfish fishery in 1984. ICES C.M. Doc., No. 1985/H:42: 16 p.
105. MELLINGER, J., and F. WRISEZ. 1984. Caractéres biomètriques distintifs de l'embryon et des ses annexes chez la roussette de la Manche, comparèe a celle de la Mediterraneet determination precise. Cah. Biol. Mar., 25: 305-317.
106. MERRET, N. R., R. L. HAEDRICH, J. D. M. GORDON, and M. STEHMANN. 1991. Deep demersal fish assemblage structure in Porcupine Seabight (Eastern north Atlantic): slope sampling by three different trawls compared. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 71: 359-374.
107. METCALFE, J. D., and G. P. ARNOLD. 1997.Tracking fish with electronic tags. Nature, 387: 665-666.
108. MOORE, A. B. M. 2001. Metazoan parasites of the lesser-spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula and their potential as stock discrimination tools. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 81: 1009-1013.
109. MORENO, J. A. 1995. Guía de tiburones de aguas ibéricas, Atlántico Nororiental y Mediterráneo. S. A. Pirámide (ed.). 310 p.
110. MUÑOZ-CHAPULI, R. 1984. Ethologie de la reproduction chez quelques requins de l'Alantique nord-est. Cybium, 8: 1-14.
111. MUÑOZ-CHAPULI, R., J. M. GARCIA GUZMAN, and A. V. De ANDRES. 1984. Scyliorhinus canicula en el Atlántico y Mediterráneo. Introducción a un estudio de poblaciones. Butll. Soc. Ictio. Herp., 9: 4-9.
112. MUNOZ, P. D., and E. R. MARCOTE. 2001. The Spanish multi-species deep-sea fishery on Hatton Bank (North East Atlantic): 1996-2000. NAFO SCR Doc., No. 120, Serial No. N4508, 20 p.
113. NAMMACK,M.F.,J.A. MUSICK,and J.A. COLVOCORESSES. 1985. Life-history of spiny dogfish off the Northeastern United States. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 114(3): 367-376.
114. NOTTAGE, A. S., and E. J. PERKINS. 1983. Growth and maturation of roker, Raja clavata L. in the Solway Firth. J. Fish Biol., 23: 43-48.
115. OLSEN, A. M. 1984. Synopsis of biological data on the school shark Galeorhinus australis (Macleay 1881). FAO Fish. Synop., No. 139, 42 p.
116. PARDINI, A. T., C. S. JONES, L. R. NOBLE, B. KREISER, H. MALCOLM, B. D. BRUCE, J. D. SEVENS, G. CLIFF, M. C. SCHOLL, M. FRANCIS, C. A. J. DUFFY, and A. P. MARTIN. 2001. Sex-biased dispersal of great white sharks. Nature, 412(6843): 139-140.
117. PARKER, R. R., E. C. BLACK, and P. A. LARKIN. 1963. Some aspects of fish-marking mortality. ICNAF Spec. Pub., 4: 117-122.
118. PARSONS, G. R. 1993. Geographic variation in reproduction between two populations of the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo. In: The reproduction and development of sharks, skates, rays and ratfishes. J. P. Wourms and L. S. Demski (eds.). Environ. Biol. Fish., 38 (1-3): 25-35.
119. PASTOORS, M. A. 2004. Stock assessments of elasmobranchs in the Northeast Atlantic: making the most of the data. J. Northw. Atl. Sci., 35: xx-xx (this volume).
120. PAWSON, M. G., and S. JENNINGS. 1996. Mini review: A critique of methods for stock identification in marine capture fisheries. Fish. Res., 25: 203-217.
121. PAWSON, M. G., D. F. KELLEY, and G. D. PICKETT. 1987. The distribution and migrations of bass Dicentrarchus labrax L. in waters around England and Wales as shown by tagging. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 67: 183-217.
122. PRATT, H.L. 1979. Reproduction in the blue shark, Prionace glauca. Fish. Bull., 77(2): 445-470.
123. QUERO, J.-C., J. DARDIGNAC, and J. J. VAYNE. 1989. Les poissons du Golfe de Gascogne. IFREMER. Brest. 229 p.
124. QUINTERO, A. P. 1990. Helmintos parásitos de peces de las costas gallegas. Tesis doctoral. Universdad de Santiago. Facultad de Farmacia. Departamento de Microbiologia y Parasitologia.
125. RODRIGUEZ-CABELLO, C., F. DE LA GANDARA, and F. SANCHEZ. 1997. Preliminary results on growth and movements of dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Cantabrian Sea. Oceanolog. Acta, 21: 363-370.
126. RODRIGUEZ-CABELLO, C., F. VELASCO, and I. OLASO. 1998. Reproductive biology of lesser spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula (L., 1758) in the Cantabrian Sea. Sci. Mar., 62: 187-191.
127. RODRIGUEZ-CABELLO, C., F. SANCHEZ, A. FERNANDEZ, and I. OLASO. MS 2001. Is the lesser spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) from the Cantabrian sea, a unique stock? ICES C.M. Doc., No. 2001/O:06.
128. ROKICKI, J., and D. BYCHAWSKA. 1991. Parasitic copepods of Carcharhinidae and Sphyridae (Elasmobranchia) from the Atlantic Ocean. J. Nat. Hist., 26(6): 1439-1448.
129. ROUSSET, J. 1990. Population structure of Thornback Rays Raja clavata and their movements in the Bay of Douarnenez. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 70: 261-268.
130. RYLAND, J. S., and T. O. AJAYI. 1984. Growth and population dynamics of three Raja species (Batoidei) in Carmarthen Bay, British Isles. ICES J. Con., 41: 111-120.
131. RYMAN, N. 1991. Conservation genetics considerations in fisheries management. J. Fish Biol., 39(Suppl. A): 211-224.
132. RYMAN, N., U. LAGERCRANTZ, L. ANDERSSON, R. CHAKRABORTY, and R. ROSENBERG. 1984. Lack or correspondence between genetic and morphological variability in patterns in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus). Heredity, 53: 687-704.
133. SANCHEZ, F. 1993. Las comunidades de peces de la plataforma del Cantabrico. Publ. Esp. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr., 13: 137 p.
134. SANCHEZ, F., F. De LA GANDARA, and R. GANCEDO, R. 1995. Atlas de los peces demersales de Galicia y Cantábrico. Otoño 1991-1993. Publ. Esp. Inst. Español de Ocean., 20: 100 p.
135. SANMARTIN, M. L., P. QUINTEIRO, and F. M. UBEIRA. 1989. Nematode parasites of commercially important fish in NW Spain. Dis. Aquat. Org., 7: 75-77.
136. SCHOLZ, T., L. EUZET, and F. MORAVEC. 1998. Taxonomic status of Pelichnibothrium speciosum Monticelli, 1889 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea), a mysterious parasite of Alepisaurus ferox Lowe (Teleostei: Alepisauridae) and Prionace glauca (L.) (Euselachii: Carcharinidae). Syst. Parasitology, 41(1): 1-8.
137. SEBER, G. A. F. 1973. The estimation of animal abundance. Griffen, London, 506 p.
138. SIMS, D. W., E. J. SOUTHALL, A. J. RICHARDSON, P. C. REID, and J. D. METCALFE. 2003. Seasonal movements and behaviour of basking sharks from archival tagging: no evidence of winter hibernation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 248: 187-196.
139. SMITH, P. J. 1986. Low genetic variation in sharks (Chondrichthyes). Copeia, 1986(1): 202-207.
140. SOSINSKI, J. 1977. Polish investigations on the Scottish Norwegian spurdog (Squalus acanthias) in 1974. Ann. Biol.(Cph), 1975, 32: 178-179.
141. SPRINGER, V. G., and J. A. F. GARRICK. 1964. A survey of vertebral numbers in sharks. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 116: 73-96.
142. STEHMANN, M., and D. L. BÜRKEL. 1989. Rajidae. In: Fishes of the Northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. P. J. P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bouchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen, and E. Tortonese (eds.), UNESCO, Paris, p. 163-196.
143. STEVEN, G. A. 1932. Rays and skates of Devon and Cornwall II Study of the fishery; with notes on the occurrence migrations and habits of the species J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 18: 1-33.
144. STEVEN, G. A. 1933 Rays and Skates of Devon and Cornwall III. The proportions of the sexes in nature and in commercial landings, and their significance to the fishery. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 18: 611-625.
145. STEVEN, G. A. 1934. Observations on the growth of the claspers and cloaca in Raja clavata Linnaeus. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K.., 19: 887-899.
146. STEVEN, G. A. 1936. Migrations and growth of the thornback ray (Raja clavata L.). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 20: 605-614.
147. STEVENS, J. D. 1974. The occurrence and significance of tooth cuts on the blue shark (Prionace glauca L.) from British waters. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 54: 373-378.
148. STEVENS, J. D. 1975. Vertebral rings as a means of age determination in the blue shark (Prionace glauca). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 55: 657-665.
149. STEVENS, J. D. 1976a. First results of shark tagging in the Northeast Atlantic, 1972-1975. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 56: 929-937.
150. STEVENS, J. D. 1976b. The Ecology of the Blue Shark (Prionace glauca L.) in British Waters. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of London.
151. STEVENS, J. D. 1990. Further results from a tagging study of pelagic sharks in the Northeast Atlantic. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 70 (4): 707-720.
152. STRASBURG, D. W. 1958. Distribution, abundance and habits of pelagic sharks in the central Pacific Ocean. Fish. Bull. Fish Wildl. Ser., 58: 335-261.
153. SUDA, A. 1953. Ecological studies on the blue shark (Prionace glauca). South Sea Area Fish. Res. Lab. Rep., 26: 1-11 (in Japanese).
154. SUMPTER, J. P., and J. M. DODD. 1979. The annual reproductive cycle of the female lesser spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula L., and its endocrine control. J. Fish Biol., 15: 687-695.
155. SUNDSTRÖM, L. F., S. H. GRUBER, S. M. CLERMONT, J. P. S. CORREIA, J. R. C. DE MARIGNAC, J. F. MORRISSEY, C. R. LOWRANCE, L. THOMASSEN, and M. T. OLIVEIRA. 2001. Review of elasmobranch behavioural studies using ultrasonic telemetry with special reference to the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris, around Bimini Islands, Bahamas. Environ. Biol. Fish., 60(1-3): 225-250.
156. TANAKA, T., G. M. CAILLIET, and K. G. YUDIN. 1990. Differences in growth of the blue shark, Prionace glauca: Technique or population? In: Elasmobranchs as living resources: Advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries. H. L. Pratt, S. H. Gruber and T. Taniuchi (eds.). U.S. Dept. Comm., NOAA Tech. Rep., No. NMFS 90: 177-187.
157. TANIUCHI, T. and H. TACHIKAWA. 1999. Geographical variation in age and growth of Squalus mitsukurii (Elasmobranchii: Squalidae) in the North Pacific. In: Proceedings of the 5th Indo-Pacific Fish conference, Noumea, New Caledonia, 3-8 November 1997. B. Seret, and J. Y. Sire(eds.). Societe Francaise d'Ichtyologie, Paris (France), p. 321-328.
158. TEMPLEMAN, W. 1954. Migrations of spiny dogfish tagged in Newfoundland waters. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 11(4): 351-354.
159. TEMPLEMAN, W. 1976. Transatlantic migrations of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 33: 2605-2609.
160. TEMPLEMAN, W. 1984. Migrations of spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, and recapture success from tagging in the Newfoundland area, 1963-65. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci., 5(1): 47-53.
161. TSANG, P. C. W., and I. P. CALLARD. 1987. Morphological and endocrine correlates of the reproductive cycle of the aplacental viviparous dogfish, Squalus acanthias. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 66(2): 182-189.
162. TUCKER, D. W., and C. T. NEWNHAM. 1957. The blue shark Prionace glauca (L.) breeds in British seas. Ann. Magaz. Nat. Hist., 10: 673-687.
163. UTTER, F. M. 1991. Biochemical genetics and fishery management: an historical perspective. J. Fish Biol., 39(Suppl. A): 1-20.
164. VAS, P. 1995. The status and conservation of sharks in Britain. Aquat. Conserv.: Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems, 5: 67-79.
165. VERISSIMO, A., L. GORDO, and I. FIGUEIREDO. 2003. Reproductive biology and embryonic development of Centroscymnus coelolepis in Portuguese mainland waters ICES J. Mar. Sci., 60(6): 1335-1341.
166. VINCE, M. R. 1991. Stock identity in spurdog (Squalus acanthias L.) around the British Isles. Fish. Res., 12: 341-354.
167. WALKER, P. A. 1998 to 1999. Fleeting images: Dynamics of North Sea Ray populations. PhD Thesis, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 145 p.
168. WALKER, P. A., and H. J. L. HEESSEN. 1996. Long-term changes in ray populations in the North Sea. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 53: 1085-1093.
169. WALKER, P. A., G. HOWLETT, and R. MILLNER. 1997. Distribution, movement and stock structure of three ray species in the North Sea and eastern English Channel. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 54: 797-808.
170. WATSON, D. E., and T. B. THORSON. 1976.Helminths from elasmobranchs in Central American fresh waters. In: Investigations of the chthyofauna of Nicaraguan lakes. T. B. Thorson (ed.). University of Nebraska, Lincoln, p. 629-640.
171. WEST, G. J., and J. D. STEVENS. 2001. Archival tagging of school shark, Galeorhinus galeus in Australia: initial results. Env. Biol. Fishes, 60: 283-298.
172. WHEELER, A. 1978. Key to the fishes of northern Europe. Frederick Warne, London. 350 p.
173. WILLIAMS, H. H., K. MACKENZIE, and A. M. MCCARTRY 1992. Parasites as biological indicators of the population biology, migrations, diet, and phylogenetics of fish. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish., 2: 144-176.
174. WISE, J. P. 1963. Factors affecting number and quality of returns from tagging cod with different tags and using different methods of capture in ICNAP Divisions 4X and 5Y in 1957. ICNAF Spec. Pub., 4: 101-105.
175. ZUPANOVIC, S. 1961. Contribution a la connaissance de la biologie des poissons d l'Adriatique. Acta Adriatique 9: 84 p.
176. XIAO, Y., L. P. BROWN, T. I. WALKER, and A. E. PUNT. 1999. Estimation of instantaneous rates of tag shedding for school shark, Galeorhinus galeus, and gummy shark, Mustelus antarcticus, by conditional likelihood, Fish. Bull., 97: 170-184.