Anxiety disorders in people with learning disabilities

Advances in Psychiatric Treatment

Volumn 11, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 355-361

  Cooray, Sherva Elizabeth ^a,b   Bakala, Alina ^a  

^a Kingsbury Hospital   (United Kingdom)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BUSPIRONE; NORADRENALIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VENLAFAXINE;

ANXIETY DISORDER; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE; LEARNING DISORDER; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PANIC; PATIENT COUNSELING; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; RELAXATION TRAINING; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SELF CARE; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL PHOBIA; STANDARDIZATION; SYMPTOMATOLOGY;

EID: 24644520989     PISSN: 13555146     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1192/apt.11.5.355     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn, Text Revision) (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: APA.
2. Bailey, N. M. & Andrews, T. M. (2003) Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for Use with Adults with Learning Disabilities/Mental Retardation (DC-LD) and the diagnosis of anxiety disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47 (suppl. 1), 50-61.
3. Borthwick-Duffy, S. A. (1994) Epidemiology and prevalence of psychopathology in people with mental retardation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 17-27.
4. Cooper, B. (1972) Clinical and social aspects of chronic neurosis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 65, 509-512.
5. Cooper, S. A. (1997) Psychiatry of elderly compared to younger adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disability, 10, 303-311.
6. Cooray, S. E., Cooper, S.-A., Gabriel, S., et al (2005) Anxiety disorders. In NADD Diagnostic Manual (DSM-IV-ID) (eds R. Fletcher, E. Loschen, C. Stavrakaki, et al). Kingston, NY: NADD Press. In press.
7. Coplan, J. D., Pine, D. S., Papp, L. A., et al (1997) A view on noradrenergic, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and extrahypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing factor function in anxiety and affective disorders: the reduced growth hormone response to clonidine. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 33, 193-204.
8. Costello, H., Moss, S., Prosser, H., et al (1997) Reliability of the ICD 10 version of the Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for adults with developmental disability (PAS-ADD). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32, 339-343.
9. Deb, S., Thomas, M. & Bright, C. (2001a) Mental disorder in adults with intellectual disability. I: Prevalence of functional psychiatric illness among a community-based population aged between 16 and 64 years. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 45, 495-505.
10. Deb, S., Matthews, T., Holt, G., et al (2001b) Practice Guidelines for the Assessment and Diagnosis of Mental Health Problems in Adults with Intellectual Disability. Brighton: Pavilion.
11. Duff, R., La Rocca, J., Lizzet, A., et al (1981) A comparison of the fears of mildly retarded adults with children of their mental age and chronological age matched controls. Journal of Behavioural Therapy and Experimental Psychology, 12, 121-124.
12. Dykens, E. M. (2003) Anxiety, fears, and phobias in persons with Williams syndrome. Developmental Neuropsychology, 23, 291-316.
13. Einfeld, S. L., Tonge, B. J. & Rees, V. W. (2001) Longitudinal course of behavioural and emotional problems in Williams syndrome. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 106, 73-81.
14. Fineberg, N. & Drummond, L. M. (1995) Anxiety disorders: drug treatment or behavioural cognitive psychotherapy. CNS Drugs, 3, 448-466.
15. Fryers, T. (1997) Epidemiology in relation to community and residential services. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 10, 340-353.
16. Hoen-Saric, R., Borkovec, T. D. & Nemiah, J. C. (1995) Generalized anxiety disorder. In Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders (2nd edn) (ed. G. O. Gabbard), pp. 1537-1567. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
17. Hyman, P., Oliver, C. & Hall, S. (2002) Self-injurious behavior, self-restraint, and compulsive behaviors in Cornelia de Lange syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107, 146-154.
18. Ingram, R. E., Miranda, J. & Segal, Z. V. (1998) Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression. New York: Guilford Press.
19. Jenkins, R., Lewis, G., Bebbington, P., et al (1997) The National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys of Great Britain - initial findings from the household survey. Psychological Medicine, 27, 775-789.
20. Kandel, E. R. (1999) Biology and the future of psychoanalysis: A new intellectual framework for psychiatry revisited. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 505-524.
21. Kapczinski, F., Lima, M. S., Souza, J. S., et al (2003) Antidepressants for generalized anxiety disorder. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, issue 2. Oxford: Update Software.
22. Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., et al (1992) Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder. Same genes, (partly) different environment? Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 716-722.
23. Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., et al (1994) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19.
24. Khreim, I. & Mikkelson, E. (1997) Anxiety disorders in adults with mental retardation. Psychiatric Annals, 27, 271-281.
25. King, B. H., DeAntonio, C., McCracken, J. T., et al (1994) Psychiatric consultation in severe and profound mental retardation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1802-1808.
26. Levitas, A. S. & Reid, C. S. (1998) Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and psychiatric disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 284-292.
27. Lindsay, W. R. (1999) Cognitive therapy. The Psychologist, 12, 238-241.
28. Lindsay, W., Neilson, C. & Lawrenson, H. (1997) Cognitive-behaviour therapy for anxiety in people with learning disabilities. In Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy for People with Learning Disabilities (eds B. Stenfert Kroese, D. Dagnan & K. Loumides), pp. 124-140. London: Routledge.
29. McNally, R. J. & Ascher, L. M. (1987) Anxiety disorders in mentally retarded people. In Anxiety and Stress Disorders: Cognitive/Behavioural Assessment and Treatment (eds L. Michelson & M. L. Ascher), pp. 379-394. New York: Guildford Press.
30. Martin, N. T., Gaffan, E. A. & Williams, T. (1998) Behavioural effects of long-term multi-sensory stimulation. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 69-82.
31. Masi, G., Favilla, L. & Mucci, M. (2000) Generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents and young adults with mild mental retardation. Psychiatry, 63, 54-64.
32. Masi, G., Brovedani, P., Mucci, M., et al (2002) Assessment of anxiety and depression in adolescents with mental retardation. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 32, 227-237.
33. Matson, J. L., Kazdin, A. E. & Senatore, V. (1984) Psychometric properties of the Psychopathology Inventory for Mentally Retarded Adults. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 5, 881-889.
34. Matson, J. L, Gardner, W. I., Coe, D. A., et al (1991) A scale for evaluating emotional disorders in severely and profoundly mentally retarded persons. Development of the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped (DASH) scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 404-409.
35. Matson, J. L., Smiroldo, B. B., Hamilton, M., et al (1997) Do anxiety disorders exist in persons with severe and profound retardation? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 18, 39-44.
36. Menalescino, F. J. (1977) Challenges in Mental Retardation. Progressive Ideology and Services. New York: Human Services Press.
37. Michels, R. (1997) Psychotherapeutic approaches to treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58 (suppl. 13), 30-32.
38. Moss, S., Ibbotson, B., Prosser. H., et al (1997) Validity of the PAS-ADD for detecting psychiatric symptoms in adults with learning disability (mental retardation). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32, 344-354.
39. Moss, S., Patel, P., Prosser, H., et al (1993) Psychiatric morbidity in older people with moderate and severe learning disability. I: Development and reliability of the patient interview (PAS-ADD). British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 471-480.
40. Moss, S., Emerson, E., Kiernan, C., et al (2000) Psychiatric symptoms in adults with learning disability and challenging behaviour. British Journal of Psychiatry, 17, 452-456.
41. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004) Anxiety: Management of Anxiety (Panic Disorder, with or without Agoraphobia, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder) in Adults in Primary, Secondary and Community Care (Clinical Guideline 22). London: NICE.
42. Oliver, P. C., Piachaud, J., Done, D. J., et al (2003) Difficulties developing evidence-based approaches in learning disabilities. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 6, 37-39.
43. Pickersgill, M. J., Valentine, J. D., May, R., et al (1994) Fears in mental retardation. Part 1. Types of fears reported by men and women with and without mental retardation. Advances in Behaviour Research Therapy, 16, 277-296.
44. Raghavan, R. (1997) Anxiety disorders in people with learning disabilities: a review of the literature. Journal of Learning Disabilities for Nursing, Health and Social Care, 2, 3-9.
45. Reiss, S. & Aman, M. G. (eds) (1998) Psychotropic Medication and Developmental Disabilities: The International Consensus Handbook. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University, Nisonger Center.
46. Reiss, S., Levitan, G. W. & Szyszko, J. (1982) Emotional disturbance and mental retardation: diagnostic overshadowing. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 86, 567-574.
47. Robins, L. N. & Regier, D. A. (1991) Psychiatric Disorders in America. The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: Free Press.
48. Royal College of Psychiatrists (1997) Benzodiazepine: Risks, Benefits and Dependence. A Re-evaluation (Council Report CR59). London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
49. Royal College of Psychiatrists (2001) DC-LD [Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for use with Adults with Learning Disabilities/Mental Retardation] (Occasional Paper OP48). London: Gaskell.
50. Ruedrich, S. L. & DesNoyers Hurley, A. (2001) Diagnostic uncertainty. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities, 4, 43-46.
51. Rush, A. J. & Frances, A., (eds) (2000) Expert consensus guideline series: treatment of psychiatric and behavioural problems in mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 105 (3) (special issue), 159-226.
52. Smoller, J. W. & Tsuang, M. T. (1998) Panic and phobic anxiety: defining phenotypes for genetic studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1152-1162.
53. Sovner, R. (1986) Limiting factors in the use of DSM-III criteria with mentally ill/mentally retarded persons. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 22, 1055-1059.
54. Stavrakaki, C. (1997) Anxiety disorders in persons with mental retardation: diagnostic, clinical and treatment issues. Psychiatric Annals, 27, 182-189.
55. Stavrakaki, C. (2002) The DSM-IV and how it applies to persons with developmental disabilities. In Dual Diagnosis: An Introduction to the Mental Health Needs of Persons with Developmental Disabilities (eds D. Griffiths, C. Stavrakaki & J. Summers), pp. 115-149. Ontario: Habilitative Mental Health Resource Network.
56. Sternlicht, M. (1979) Fears of institutionalised mentally retarded adults. Journal of Psychology, 101, 57-71.
57. Veerhoven, W. M. A. & Tuinier, S. (1997) Neuropsychiatric consultation in mentally retarded patients. European Psychiatry, 12, 242-248.
58. World Health Organization (1992) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: WHO.
59. Yerkes, R. M. & Dodson, J. D. (1906) The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459-482.