The limits of US power: Transatlantic financial diplomacy under the Johnson and Wilson Administrations, October 1964-November 1968

Contemporary European History

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 257-278

  O'Hara, Glen ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 24644447654     PISSN: 09607773     EISSN: 14692171     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0960777303001218     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Most influentially in C. Ponting, Breach of Promise: the Labour Government 1964-70 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1989), 48, 52-3
2. J. W. Young, 'Britain and "LBJ's War", 1964-68', Cold War History 2, 3 (2002), 71-3, 87-8
3. J. Dumbrell, 'The Johnson Administration and the British Labour Government: Vietnam, the Pound and East of Suez', Journal of American Studies, 30 (1996), 212-13
4. A. P. Dobson, Anglo-American Relations in the Twentieth Century: Of Friendship, Conflict and the Decline of Superpowers (London: Routledge, 1996), 132
5. C. Wrigley, 'Now You See It, Now You Don't: Harold Wilson and Labour's Foreign Policy 1964- 70', in R. Coopey, S. Fielding and N. Tiratsoo, eds., The Wilson Governments 1964-70 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1993), 123, 127-8, 132-3
6. See S. Strange, Sterling and British Policy: a Political Study of the Decline of an International Currency (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971), 36, 299-302
7. C. Bell, 'The "Special Relationship"', in M. Leifer, ed., Constraints and Adjustments in British Foreign Policy (London: Allen and Unwin, 1972), 105
8. A. Cyr, British Foreign Policy and the Atlantic Area: the Techniques of Accommodation (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1979), 142, 155-7, on the US link
9. P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism 1688-2000 (2nd edn., London: Longman, 2002), 632-40, on the decline of the sterling area
10. T. Bale, 'Dynamics of a Non-Decision: the 'Failure' to Devalue the Pound, 1964-67', Twentieth Century British History, 10, 2 (1999), 197, discusses the influence of these ideas in October 1964, although only giving them as one of the reasons not to devalue
11. P. Foot, The Politics of Harold Wilson (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), esp. 211-16, is a good example of the contemporary accusation of 'betrayal'
12. Richard Crossman, diary, 11 Feb. 1965, 15 June 1966: R. Crossman, The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1975), I, 156, 440
13. see Crossman diary, 1 Jan. 1967: Crossman, The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1976), II, 181-2
14. E. Short, Whip to Wilson (London: Macdonald, 1989), 37
15. see K. O. Morgan, Callaghan: A Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 177-8
16. On King's views see King, diary, 16 July 1966: C. King, The Cecil King Diaries 1965-1970 (London: Cape, 1972), 78-9
17. H. Wilson, The Labour Government 1964-1970: A Personal Record (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), 48, 263-4
18. J. Callaghan, Time and Chance (London: Collins, 1987), 176
19. see H. Brandon, In the Red: the Struggle for Sterling 1964-66 (London: Andre Deutsch, 1966), 58
20. W. Davis, Three Years Hard Labour: the Road to Devaluation (London: Andre Deutsch, 1968), 29
21. Dumbrell, 'Johnson Administration', 216-7
22. Dobson, Anglo-American Relations, 131
23. For some recent figures see R. Middleton, The British Economy Since 1945 (Basingstoke: Macmillan), appendix II, table II.3, 150-1
24. See also J. H. B. Tew, 'Policies Aimed at Improving the Balance of Payments', in F. T. Blackaby, ed., British Economic Policy 1960-74: Demand Management (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), table 7.1, 305
25. W. Beckerman, 'Objectives and Performance: An Overall View', in W. Beckerman, ed., The Labour Government's Economic Record 1964-1970 (London: Duckworth, 1972), 59-64
26. C. D. Cohen, British Economic Policy 1960-69 (London: Butterworth, 1971), table 8.1, 178
27. Brandon, In the Red, 48-9, 63-4. 70-5
28. Morgan, Callaghan, 215-7
29. There is a contemporary summary in Alec Cairncross' diary, 11 Sept. 1965: A. Cairncross, The Wilson Years: a Treasury Diary 1964-69 (London: Historians' Press, 1997), 76-7
30. NARA RG 56, Deming files, box 22: Deming memorandum, 'Conversation with John Stevens', 11 Aug. 1965
31. Wilson, Labour Government, 131-2
32. see P. Ziegler, Wilson: the Authorised Life (London: HarperCollins, 1995), 205
33. M. Jones, 'A Decision Delayed: Britain's Withdrawal from South East Asia', English Historical Review 117, 472 (2002), 582-3
34. Ponting, Breach of Promise, 192
35. Cohen, British Economic Policy, 253
36. S. Brittan, Steering the Economy: the Role of the Treasury (London: Secker & Warburg, 1969), 217-8
37. The relevant text of the 'Appraisal' is available in U. Kitzinger, The Second Try: Labour and the EEC (Oxford: Pergamon, 1968), 244-56
38. see C. Schenk, 'Sterling, International Monetary Reform and Britain's Applications to Join the European Economic Community in the 1960s', Contemporary European History, 11, 3 (2002), 367
39. Davis, Hard Labour, 152
40. see R. Roy, 'The Battle for Bretton Woods: America, Britain and the International Financial Crisis of October 1967-March 1968', Cold War History, 2, 2 (2002), 42-4
41. R. Roy, 'The Battle of the Pound: the Political Economy of Anglo-American Relations 1964-68', Ph.D. thesis, London University, 2000, 301-2
42. R. Jenkins, A Life at the Centre (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991), 235-8
43. P. Paterson, Tired and Emotional: The Life of Lord George-Brown (London: Chatto & Windus, 1993), 245-52
44. B. Pimlott, Harold Wilson (London: HarperCollins, 1993), 494-9
45. Jenkins, Life at the Centre, 241-3
46. B. Tew, The Evolution of the International Monetary System 1945-77, 5th edn, (London: Hutchinson, 1985), table 6, 104
47. L. B. Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency 1963-69 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), 314-15
48. J. Odell, US International Monetary Policy: Markets, Powers and Ideas as Sources of Change (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), 111-19
49. B. J. Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital: a History of the International Monetary System (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 131
50. R. Solomon, The International Monetary System 1945-81 (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), 104-6
51. J. Anderson and J. Hazelton, Managing Macroeconomic Policy: the Johnson Presidency (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986), 37-40, 55-6, 73-6, 189
52. I. Bernstein, Guns or Butter: the Presidency of Lyndon Johnson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 365-8
53. R. Dallek, Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times 1961-73 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 307-11, 395-6
54. D. Kunz, Butter and Guns: America's Cold War Economic Diplomacy (New York: Free Press, 1997), 110
55. Bernstein, Guns or Butter, 371-4
56. Johnson, Vantage Point, 319
57. S. Cohen, International Monetary Reform 1964-69: the Political Dimension (New York: Praeger, 1970), 60-3
58. Odell, International Monetary Policy, 130-4
59. For the general debate see Schenk, 'Britain's Applications', 362-3
60. H. James, International Monetary Co-operation Since Bretton Woods (Washington, DC: IMF, 1996), 169-70
61. H. W. Brands, The Wages of Globalism: Lyndon Johnson and the Limits of American Power (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 105-6
62. Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital, 119
63. D. Kunz, 'Cold War Dollar Diplomacy: the Other Side of Containment', in Kunz., ed., The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations in the 1960s (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 97
64. Cohen, International Monetary Reform, 51-2
65. Strange, Sterling, 332
66. Tew, International Monetary System, 112-4
67. M. G. de Vries, The International Monetary Fund 1966-1971: the System under Stress (Washington, DC: IMF, 1976), vol. I, 79-81
68. de Vries, International Monetary Fund, I, 98-9
69. Callaghan, Time and Chance, 186
70. Kunz, Butter and Guns, 176-7
71. Brands, Wages of Globalism, 116
72. As made clear in Jones, 'Decision Delayed', esp. 571, 585-9, 593-5
73. on Wilson's enthusiasm for the world role, see J. Pickering, Britain's Withdrawal from East of Suez: the Politics of Retrenchment (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), 146-50
74. J. Baylis, Anglo-American Relations Since 1939: the Enduring Alliance (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), 154
75. For the decision to adopt this formulation see S. Dockrill, 'Britain's Power and Influence: Dealing With Three Roles and the Wilson Government's Defence Debate at Chequers in November 1964', Diplomacy and Statecraft, 11, 1 (2000), esp. 223-5, 233-4
76. R. Steininger, '"The Americans are in a Hopeless Position": Great Britain and the War in Vietnam, 1964-65', Diplomacy and Statecraft, 8, 3 (1997), 239-46
77. J. Fielding, 'Coping with Decline: US Policy Towards the British Defence Reviews of 1966', Diplomatic History, 23, 4 (1999), 639
78. Steininger, 'Hopeless Position', n. 36, 281
79. Dockrill, 'Power and Influence', 216-7
80. P. Darby, British Defence Policy East of Suez 1947-68 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), 276-7
81. see J. Abadi, Britain's Withdrawal from the Middle East 1947-71 (Princeton: Kingston Press, 1982), 201-2, 207-9
82. Kunz, '"Somewhat Mixed Up Together": Anglo-American Defence and Financial Policy During the 1960s', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 27, 2 (1999), 219
83. see Darby, Defence Policy, 304-6
84. Kunz, 'Mixed Up', 225
85. D. Healey, The Time of My Life (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990), 293
86. Pickering, East of Suez, 166-74
87. Healey, Time, 273-4
88. See H. Parr, 'Harold Wilson, Whitehall and Britain's Policy Towards the European Community 1964-1967', Ph.D. thesis, London University, 2002, e.g. 112, 134-7
89. Pace Kunz, Butter and Guns, 326-9
90. Dumbrell, 'Johnson Administration', 231
91. The quote is from D. Reynolds, Britannia Overruled: British World Policy and World Power in the 20th Century, 2nd edn (London: Longman, 2000), 214
92. Most recently pointed out, on trade policy, in I. Jackson, The Economic Cold War: America, Britain and East-West Trade (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001), esp. 54-7, 66-72, 93-110, 148-54, 173-81
93. N. J. Ashton, Kennedy, Macmillan and the Cold War: The Irony of Interdependence (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 221-5
94. J. Bartlett, The Special Relationship: A Political History of Anglo-American Relations Since 1945 (London: Longman, 1992), 107
95. J. Dumbrell, A Special Relationship: Anglo-American Relations in the Cold War and After (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), 133-6
96. As recommended by Bale, 'Non-Decision', 195-6