Examining journalists' perceptions and news coverage of stem cell and cloning organizations

Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly

Volumn 82, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 281-300

  Yoon, Youngmin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MEDIA ROLE;

EID: 24044525894     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900508200204     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Alison Anderson, "Source Strategies and the Communication of Environmental Affairs," Media, Culture & Society 13 (4, 1991): 459-76;
2. Alison Anderson, "Source-media Relations: The Production of the Environmental Agenda," in The Mass Media and Environmental Issues, ed. Anders Hansen (Leicester, United Kingdom: Leicester University Press, 1993), 51-68;
3. Richard V. Ericson, Patricia M. Baranek, and Janet B.L. Chan, Negotiating Control: A Study of News Sources (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989);
4. Edie N. Goldenberg, Making the Papers: The Access of Resource-poor Groups to the Metropolitan Press (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1975).
5. Jay G. Blumler and Michael Gurevitch, The Crisis of Public Communication (London: Routledge, 1995).
6. Angela Powers and Frederick Fico, "Influences on Use of Sources at Large U.S. Newspapers," Newspapers Research Journal 15 (fall 1994): 87-97.
7. Philip Schlesinger, "Rethinking the Sociology of Journalism: Source Strategies and the Limits of Media-cetrism," in Public Communication: The New Imperatives, ed. Marjorie Ferguson (London: Sage, 1990), 61-83;
8. Philip Schlesinger and Howard Tumber, Reporting Crime: The Media Politics of Criminal Justice (Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press, 1994);
9. S. Holly Stocking and Paget H. Gross, How Do Journalist Think?: A Proposal for the Study of Cognitive Bias in Newsmaking (Indianapolis, IN ERIC Clearing house on Reading and Communication Skills, 1989).
10. Guido H. Stempel III and Hugh M. Culbertson, "The Prominence and Dominance of News Sources in Newspaper Medical Coverage," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autunmn 1984): 671-76.
11. Tilden M. Counts Jr., "The Influence of Message and Source on Selection of Statements by Reporters," Journalism Quarterly 52 (autumn 1975): 443-49.
12. Susanna H. Priest, "Information Equity, Public Understanding of Science, and the Biotechnology Debate," Journal of Communication 45 (winter 1995): 39-54.
13. Dominique Brossard and James Shanahan, "Do Citizens Want to Have Their Say? Media, Agricultural Biotechnology, and Authoritarian Views of Democratic Processes in Sciences," Mass Communication & Society 6 (3, 2003): 291-312;
14. Susanna Hornig, "Science Stories: Risk, Power and Perceived Emphasis," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 767-75;
15. Kandice L. Salomone, Michael R. Greenberg, Peter M. Sandman, and David B. Sachsman, "A Question of Quality: How Journalist and News Sources Evaluate Coverage of Environmental Risk," Journal of Communication 40 (autumn 1990): 117-30.
16. Shirley Ramsey, "A Benchmark Study of Elaboration and Sourcing in Science Stories for Eight American Newspapers," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 76 (spring 1999): 87-98.
17. For an overview of source credibility studies, see Charles C. Self, "Credibility," in An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, ed. Michael B. Salwen and Don W. Stacks (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996), 421-41.
18. Erik P. Bucy, "Media Credibility Reconsidered: Synergy Effects between On-air and Online News," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 80 (summer 2003): 247-64.
19. Anderson, "Source Strategies and the Communication of Environmental Affairs";
20. Anderson, "Source-media Relations: The Production of the Environmental Agenda";
21. Blumler and Gurevitch, The Crisis of Public Communication;
22. Ericson, Baranek, and Chan, Negotiating Control: A Study of News Sources;
23. Goldenberg, Making the Papers;
24. Schlesinger, "Rethinking the Sociology of Journalism";
25. Schlesinger and Tumber, Reporting Crime.
26. Powers and Fico, "Influences on Use of Sources at Large U.S. Newspapers."
27. Pamela J. Shoemaker, William Tankard Jr., and Dominic L. Lasorsa, How to Build Social Science Theories (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004).
28. See Self, "Credibility."
29. Carl I. Hovland, Irving L. Janis, and Harold H. Kelley, Communication and Persuasion (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1953);
30. Carl I. Hovland and Walter Weiss, "The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness," Public Opinion Quarterly 15 (winter 1951-52): 635-650.
31. Cecile Gaziano and Kristin McGrath, "Measuring the Concept of Credibility," Journalism Quarterly 63 (autumn 1986): 451-62.
32. Tony Rimmer and David Weaver, "Different Questions, Different Answers? Media Use and Media Credibility," Journalism Quarterly 64 (spring 1987): 28-36, 44.
33. Philip Meyer, "Defining and Measuring Credibility of Newspapers: Developing an Index," Journalism Quarterly 65 (autumn 1988): 567-74, 588.
34. Bucy, "Media Credibility Reconsidered";
35. Thomas J. Johnson and Barbara K. Kaye, "Cruising Is Believing?: Comparing Internet and Traditional Sources on Media Credibility Measures," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (summer 1998): 325-40;
36. Thomas J. Johnson and Barbara K. Kaye, "Using Is Believing: The Influence of Reliance on the Credibility of Online Political Information among Politically Interested Internet Users," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 77 (winter 2000): 865-79;
37. Mark D. West, "Validating a Scale for the Measurement of Credibility: A Covariance Structure Modeling Approach," Journalism Quarterly 71 (spring 1994): 159-68.
38. Katherine A. McComas and Craig W. Trumbo, "Source Credibility in Environmental Health-risk Controversies: Application of Meyer's Credibility Index," Risk Analysis 21 (3, 2001): 467-80.
39. Terence Flynn, "Source Credibility and Global Warming: A Content Analysis of Environmental Groups" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the AEJMC, Miami, FL, 2002).
40. Bernadette Barker-Plummer, "Producing Public Voice: Resource Mobilization and Media Access in the National Organization for Women," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 79 (spring 2002): 188-205;
41. David L. Paletz and Robert M. Entman, Media Power Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1981).
42. Barker-Plummer, "Producing Public Voice";
43. Julia B. Corbett, "Media, Bureaucracy, and the Success of Social Protest: Newspaper Coverage of Environmental Movement Groups," Mass Communication & Society 1 (1/2, 1998): 41-61;
44. Richard B. Kielbowicz and Clifford Scherer, "The Role of the Press in the Dynamics Social Movements," Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change 9 (1986): 71-96;
45. Charlotte Ryan, Prime Time Activism: Media Strategies for Grassroots Organizing (Boston South End Press, 1991).
46. Tamir Sheafer, "Charismatic Skill and Media Legitimacy: An Actor-centered Approach to Understanding the Political Communication Competition," Communication Research 28 (December 2001): 711-36.
47. Philip Lowe and Jane Goyder, Environmental Groups in Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1983).
48. Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media and the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980);
49. Kielbowicz and Scherer, "The Role of the Press."
50. Bradley S. Greenberg, "Media Use and Believability: Some Multiple Correlates," Journalism Quarterly 43 (winter 1966): 665-70, 732;
51. Wayne Wanta and Yu-Wei Hu, "The Effect on Credibility, Reliance, and Exposure on Media Agenda-Setting: A Path Analysis Model," Journalism Quarterly 71 (spring 1994): 90-98;
52. Bruce H. Westley and Werner J. Severin, "Some Correlates of Media Credibility," Journalism Quarterly 41 (summer 1964): 325-35.
53. Sheafer, "Charismatic Skill."
54. Barker-Plummer, "Producing Public Voice";
55. Corbett, "Media Bureaucracy, and the Success of Social Protest";
56. Sheafer, "Charismatic Skill";
57. Stempel and Culbertson, "The Prominence and Dominance."
58. Ericson, Baranek, and Chan, Negotiating Control: A Study of News Sources;
59. Anders Hansen, "Greenpeace and Press Coverage of Environmental Issues," in The Mass Media and Environmental Issues, ed Anders Hansen (Leicester, United Kingdom: Leicester University Press, 1993) 150-78;
60. John H. McManus, Market-driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware? (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994).
61. Sheafer, "Charismatic Skill."
62. Stempel and Culbertson, "The Prominence and Dominance of News Sources in Newspaper Medical Coverage."
63. Anderson, "Source-media Relations: The Population of the Environmental Agenda";
64. Ericson, Baranek, and Chan, Negotiating Control: A Study of News Sources;
65. Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time (New York: Pantheon, 1979);
66. Bernard Roshco, Newsmaking (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1975), 101.
67. Goldenberg, Making the Papers;
68. Hansen, "Greenpeace and Press Coverage."
69. Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980);
70. Gans, Deciding What's News.
71. Jim Detjen, Fred Fico, Xigen Li, and Yeonshim Kim, "Changing Work Environment of Environmental Reporters," Newspaper Research Journal 21 (winter 2000): 2-25.
72. Glen T. Cameron, Lynne M. Sallot, and Patricia A. Curtin, "Public Relations and the Production of News: A Critical Review and A Theoretical Framework," in Communication Yearbook 20, ed. Brant R. Burleson (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997), 111-55;
73. Patricia A. Curtin, "Reevaluating Public Relations Information Subsidies: Market-driven Journalism and Agenda-building Theory and Practice," Journal of Public Relations Research 11 (1, 1999): 53-90;
74. J. David Pincus, Tony Rimmer, Robert E. Rayfield, and Fritz Cropp, "Newspaper Editors' Perceptions of Public Relations: How Business, News, and Sports Editors Differ," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (1, 1993): 27-45;
75. Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403;
76. Judy V. Turk, "Information Subsidies and Influence," Public Relations Review 11 (fall 1985): 10-25.
77. The scanned news publications were the Washington Post, USA Today, the New York Times, the Chicago Sun-Times, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, the Christian Science Monitor, the San Francisco Chronicle, the Miami Herald, the Plain Dealer, the Houston Chronicle, Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report. The newspapers were chosen with an assumption that they would carry more articles about the debate due to their larger news holes than other smaller newspapers, thereby containing more participants of the debate. The magazines were selected with a similar assumption.
78. Earl Babbie, Survey Research Methods (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1997).
79. Meyer, "Defining and Measuring Credibility of Newspapers."
80. The coded scores were added and averaged by the number of articles coded, which produced an overall organization score for "number of mentions."
81. The coded scores were added and averaged by the number of articles coded, which produced an overall organization score for "position."
82. Examples of positive expressions include "a pioneer in stem cell research," "set up a research lab successfully," and "a Nobel laureate." Examples of disapproving phrases include "a religious sect," "operated a secret lab," and "received a lot of criticism." Examples of highlighting difficulties of the organization include "low success rate" and "struggled financially." To arrive at an overall score for each organization, the valence scores of all sentences were added and then averaged by the number of sentences coded.
83. Paul D. Allison, Multiple Regression: A Primer (Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, 1999).
84. Kielbowicz and Scherer, "The Role of the Press in the Dynamics of Social Movements";
85. Roshco, Newsmaking.
86. Anderson, "Source Strategies and the Communication of Environmental Affairs";
87. Anderson, "Source-media Relations: The Production of the Environmental Agenda";
88. Ericson, Baranek, and Chan, Negotiating Control: A Study of News Sources;
89. Goldenberg, Making the Papers.
90. Blumler and Gurevitch, The Crisis of Public Communication.
91. Schlesinger, "Rethinking the Sociology of Journalism";
92. Schlesinger and Tumber, Reporting Crime;
93. Stocking and Gross, How Do Journalists Think?
94. Detjen et al., "Changing Work Environment of Environmental Reporters."
95. Cameron, Sallot, and Curtin, "Public Relations and the Production of News";
96. Curtin, "Reevaluating Public Relations Information Subsidies";
97. Pincus et al., "Newspaper Editors' Perceptions of Public Relations";
98. Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill";
99. Turk, "Information Subsidies and Influence."