Eye movements of highly skilled and average readers: Differential effects of frequency and predictability

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology

Volumn 58, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 1065-1086

  Ashby, Jane ^a   Rayner, Keith ^a   Clifton Jr , Charles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; EYE FIXATION; EYE MOVEMENT; HUMAN; LINGUISTICS; PERIODICITY; PHYSIOLOGY; READING;

EYE MOVEMENTS; FIXATION, OCULAR; HUMANS; PERIODICITY; READING; VOCABULARY;

EID: 23944524826     PISSN: 02724987     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02724980443000476     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Cairns, H. S., & Foss, D. J. (1971). Falsification of the hypothesis that word frequency is a unified variable in sentence processing. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10, 41-43.
2. Ehrlich, S., & Rayner, K. (1981). Contextual effects on word perception and eye movements during reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 641-655.
3. Engbert, R., Longtin, A., & Kliegl, R. (2002). A dynamical model of saccade generation in reading based on spatially distributed lexical processing. Vision Research, 42, 621-636.
4. Everatt, J., & Underwood, G. (1994). Individual differences in reading subprocesses: Relationships between reading ability, lexical access, and eye movement control. Language and Speech, 37, 283-297.
5. Forster, K. I. (1981). Priming and the effects of sentence and lexical contexts on naming time: Evidence for autonomous lexical processing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33A, 465-495.
6. Francis, W. N., & Kucera, H. (1982). Frequency analysis of the English usage: Lexicon and grammar. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
7. Gernsbacher, M. A. (1993). Less skilled readers have less efficient suppression mechanisms. Psychological Science, 4, 294-298.
8. Haenggi, D., & Perfetti, C. A. (1994). Processing components of college-level reading comprehension. Discourse Processes, 17, 83-104.
9. Huey, E. B. (1968). The psychology and pedagogy of reading. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Original work published 1908.)
10. Hyönä, J., & Olson, R. K. (1995). Eye movement patterns among dyslexic and normal readers: Effects of word length and word frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 1430-1440.
11. Inhoff, A., & Rayner, K. (1986). Parafoveal word processing during eye fixations in reading: Effects of word frequency. Perception & Psychophysics, 40, 431-439.
12. Jackson, M. D., & McClelland, J. L. (1979). Processing determinates of reading speed. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 151-181.
13. Jared, D., Levy, B. A., & Rayner, K. (1999). The role of phonology in the activation of word meanings during reading: Evidence from proofreading and eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 219-264.
14. Kennison, S. M., & Clifton, C., Jr. (1995). Determinants of parafoveal preview benefit in high and low working memory capacity readers: Implications for eye movement control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 68-81.
15. Konieczny, L., Hemforth, B., Scheepers, C., & Strube, G. (1997). The role of lexical heads in parsing: Evidence from German. Language and Cognitive Processes, 12, 307-348.
16. Liversedge, S. P., Patterson, K. B., & Pickering, M. J. (1998). Eye movements and measures of reading time. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Eye movements in reading and scene perception (pp. 55-75). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
17. Palmer, J., Macleod, C. M., Hunt, E., & Davidson, J. E. (1985). Information processing correlates of reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 59-88.
18. Perfetti, C. A. (1985). Reading ability. New York: Oxford University Press.
19. Perfetti, C. A., & Lesgold, A. M. (1979). Coding and comprehension in skilled reading and implications for reading instruction. In L. Resnick & P. Weaver (Eds.), Theory and practice of early reading (Vol. 1). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
20. Rayner, K. (1978). Eye movements in reading and information processing. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 618-660.
21. Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372-422.
22. Rayner, K., Ashby, J., Pollatsek, A., & Reichle, E. D. (2004). The effects of frequency and predictability on eye fixations in reading: Implications for the EZ Reader model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30, 720-732.
23. Rayner, K., & Duffy, S. A. (1986). Lexical complexity and fixation times in reading: Effects of word frequency, verb complexity, and lexical ambiguity. Memory & Cognition, 14, 191-201.
24. Rayner, K., & Fischer, M. (1995). Mindless reading revisited: Eye movements during reading and scanning are different. Perception & Psychophysics, 58, 734-747.
25. Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1987). Eye movements in reading: A tutorial review. In M. Coltheart (Ed.), Attention and performance (Vol. 12, pp. 327-362). Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.
26. Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1989). The psychology of reading. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
27. Rayner, K., Sereno, S., & Raney, G. (1996). Eye movement control in reading: A comparison of two types of models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 1188-1200.
28. Rayner, K., & Well, A. (1996). Effects of contextual constraint on eye movements in reading: A further examination. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 504-509.
29. Reichle, E. D., Pollatsek, A., Fisher, D. L., & Rayner, K. (1998). Toward a model of eye movement control in reading. Psychological Review, 105, 125-157.
30. Reichle, E. D., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (2003). The EZ-Reader model of eye movement control in reading: Comparisons to other models. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26, 445-476.
31. Schuberth, R. E., & Eimas, P. D. (1977). Effects of context on the classification of words and non-words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 27-36.
32. Schuberth, R. E., Spoehr, K. T., & Lane, D. M. (1981). Effects of the stimulus and context information on the lexical decision process. Memory and Cognition, 9, 68-77.
33. Schwartz, R., & Stanovich, K. E. (1981). Flexibility in the use of graphic and contextual information by good and poor readers. Journal of Reading Behavior, 13, 263-269.
34. Seidenberg, M., & McClelland, J. (1989). A distributed developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review, 96, 523-568.
35. Stanovich, K. E. (1984). The interactive-compensatory model of reading: A confluence of developmental, experimental, and educational psychology. RASE: Remedial & Special Education, 5(3), 11-19.
36. Stanovich, K. E. (1986). Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 21, 360-406.
37. Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (1983). On priming by sentence context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 112, 1-136.
38. Underwood, G., Hubbard, A., & Wilkinson, H. (1990). Eye fixations predict reading comprehension: The relationship between reading skill, reading speed, and visual inspection. Language and Speech, 33, 69-81.
39. Vitu, F. (1991). The influence of parafoveal processing and linguistic context on the optimal landing position effect. Perception & Psychophysics, 50, 58-75.