The monkey in the mirror: Hardly a stranger

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Volumn 102, Issue 32, 2005, Pages 11140-11147

  De Waal, Frans B M ^a   Dindo, Marietta ^a   Freeman, Cassiopeia A ^a   Hall, Marisa J ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Development; Empathy; Primate; Self awareness

Indexed keywords

AMBIGUITY; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL HOUSING; ARTICLE; EMPATHY; FEMALE; HEART RATE; MALE; MONKEY; NATURAL SELECTION; NONHUMAN; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMALS; CEBUS; DISCRIMINATION (PSYCHOLOGY); EMPATHY; FEMALE; MALE; OBSERVATION; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); SELF CONCEPT; SEX FACTORS;

CEBUS; CEBUS APELLA; PRIMATES;

EID: 23844546906     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503935102     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Keenan, J. P., Gallup, G. G. & Falk, D. (2003) The Face in the Mirror (Harper Collins, New York).
2. Pendergast, M. (2003) Mirror-Mirror: A History of the Human Love Affair with Reflection (Basic Books, New York).
3. Köhler, W. (1959) Mentality of Apes (Vintage, New York).
4. Ladygina-Kohts, N. N. (2001) in Infant Chimpanzee and Human Child: A Classic 1935 Comparative Study of Ape Emotions and Intelligence, ed. de Waal, F. B. M. (Oxford Univ. Press, New York).
5. Lethmate, J. & Dücker, G. (1973) Z. Tierpsychol. 33, 248-269.
6. Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1970) Science 167, 86-87.
7. Anderson, J. R. (1994) in Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives, eds. Parker, S. T., Mitchell, R. W. & Boccia, M. L. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.), pp. 315-329.
8. Anderson, J. R. & Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1999) in Animal Models of Human Emotion and Cognition, eds. Haug, M. & Whalen, R. E. (Am. Psychol. Assoc., Washington, DC), pp. 175-194.
9. Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1982) Am. J. Primatol. 2, 237-248.
10. Bischof-Köhler, D. (1988) Schweiz. Z. Psychol. 47, 147-159.
11. Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E. & Chapman, M. (1992) Dev. Psychol. 28, 126-136.
12. de Waal, F. B. M. (1996) Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals (Harvard Univ. Press. Cambridge, MA).
13. Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T. & Rapson, R. L. (1993) Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 2, 96-99.
14. Yerkes, R. M. (1925) Almost Human (Century, New York).
15. Goodall, J. (1990) Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe (Houghton Mifflin, Boston).
16. de Waal, F. B. M. (1998) Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes (The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore).
17. de Waal, F. B. M. (1997) Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape (Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA).
18. O'Connell, S. M. (1995) Primates 36, 397-410.
19. Caldwell, M. C. & Caldwell, D. K. (1966) in Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises, ed. Norris, K. S. (Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA), pp. 755-789.
20. Connor, R. C. & Norris, K. S. (1982) Am. Nat. 119, 358-372.
21. Moss, C. (1988) Elephant Memories: Thirteen Years in the Life of an Elephant Family (Fawcett Columbine, New York).
22. Payne, K. (1998) Silent Thunder (Simon & Schuster, New York).
23. Reiss, D. & Marino, L. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 5937-5942.
24. Povinelli, D. J. (1989) J. Comp. Psychol. 103, 122-131.
25. de Waal, F. B. M. & van Roosmalen, A. (1979) Behav. Ecol. Sodobiol 5, 55-66.
26. de Waal, F. B. M. & Aureli, F. (1996) in Reaching into Thought: The Minds of the Great Apes, eds. Russon, A. E., Bard, K. A. & Parker S. T. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.), pp. 80-110.
27. Watts, D. P., Colmenares, F. & Arnold, K. (2000) in Natural Conflict Resolution, eds. Aureli, F. & de Waal, F. B. M. (Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA), pp. 281-301.
28. Schino, G., Geminiani, S., Rosati, L. & Aureli, F. (2004) J. Comp. Psychol. 118, 340-346.
29. Zahn-Waxler, C. & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1990) Motiv. Emotion 14, 107-130.
30. Eisenberg, N. (2000) in Handbook of Emotion, eds. Lewis, M. & Haviland-Jones, J. M. (Guilford, New York), 2nd Ed., pp. 677-691.
31. Preston, S. D. & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002) Behav. Brain Sci. 25, 1-72.
32. Preston, S. D. & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002) in Altruistic Love: Science, Philosophy, and Religion in Dialogue, eds. Post, S. G., Underwood, L. G., Schloss, J. P. & Hurlbut, W. B. (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford), pp. 284-308.
33. de Waal, F. B. M. (2003) in Feelings & Emotions: The Amsterdam Symposium, eds. Manstead, T., Frijda, N. & Fischer, A. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.), pp. 379-399.
34. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1974) Love and Hate (Schocken Books, New York).
35. MacLean, P. D. (1985) Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 42, 405-417.
36. Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M. C., Mazziotta, J. C. & Lenzi, G. L. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 5497-5502.
37. Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J. P., Gallese, V. & Rizzolatti, G. (2003) Neuron 40, 655-664.
38. Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R. J. & Frith, C. D. (2004) Science 303, 1157-1162.
39. de Gelder, B., Snyder, J., Greve, D., Gerard, G. & Hadjikhani, N. (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 16701-16706.
40. de Waal, F. B. M., in Being Moved, ed. Braten, S. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.), in press.
41. Lewis, M. & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1979) Social Cognition and the Acquisition of Self (Plenum, New York).
42. Neisser, U. (1995) in The Self in Infancy: Theory and Research, ed. Rochat, P. (Elsevier, Amsterdam), pp. 17-34.
43. Zazzo, R. (1981) in La Reconnaisance de son Image chez l'Enfant et l'Animal (Delachaux & Niestlé, Neuchâtel, Switzerland), pp. 77-110.
44. Rochat, P. (2003) Conscious. Cognit. 12, 717-731.
45. Neel, M. A. (1996) Primates 37, 411-421.
46. Anderson, J. R. (1983) Anim. Learn. Behav. 11, 139-143.
47. Epstein, R., Lanza, R. P. & Skinner, B. F. (1981) Science 212, 695-696.
48. Thompson, R. K. R. & Contie, C. L. (1994) in Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives, eds. Parker, S. T., Mitchell, W. & Boccia, M. L. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.), pp. 392-409.
49. Heyes, C. (1995) Anim. Behav. 50, 1533-1542.
50. Povinelli, D. J., Gallup, G. G., Jr., Eddy, T. J., Bierschwale, D. T., Engstrom, M. C., Periloux, H. K. & Toxopeus, I. B. (1997) Anim. Behav. 53, 1083-1088.
51. Parker, S. T., Mitchell, R. W. & Boccia, M. L. (1994) Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.).
52. de Veer, M. W. & van den Bos, R. (1999) Anim. Behav. 58, 459-468.
53. Bekoff, M. (2001) Behav. Process. 55, 75-79.
54. Jorgensen, M. J., Hopkins, W. D. & Suomi, S. J. (1995) in The Self in Infancy: Theory and Research, ed. Rochat, P. (Elsevier, Amsterdam), pp. 243-256.
55. Cenami Spada, E., Aureli, F., Verbeek, P. & de Waal, F. B. M. (1995) in The Self in Infancy: Theory and Research, ed. Rochat, P. (Elsevier, Amsterdam), pp. 193-215.
56. Bekoff, M. & Sherman, P. W. (2003) Trends Ecol Evol 19, 176-180.
57. Itakura, S. (2001) in Primate Origins of Human Cognition and Behavior, ed. Matsuzawa, T. (Springer, Tokyo), pp. 313-329.
58. Smuts, B. B. (2001) J. Conscious. Stud. 8, 293-309.
59. Platt, M. M. & Thompson, R. L. (1985) Primates 26, 300-314.
60. Suarez, S. D. & Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1986) Am. J. Primatol. 11, 239-244.
61. Gallup, G. G., Jr., & Suarez, S. D. (1991) J. Comp. Psychol. 105, 376-379.
62. Paukner, A., Anderson, J. R., Borelli, E., Visalberghi, E. & Ferrari, P. F. (2005) Biol. Lett., 1, 219-222.
63. Priel, B. & Zeidman, O. (1990) J. Genet. Psychol. 151, 483-493.
64. Rochat, P. & Striano, T. (2002) Child Dev. 73, 35-46.
65. Romanes, G. J. (1883) Animal Intelligence (Appleton, New York).
66. Collinge, N. E. (1989) Zoo Biol 8, 89-98.
67. Anderson, J. R. & Roeder, J. J. (1989) Primates 30, 581-587.
68. Riviello, M. C., Visalberghi, E. & Blasetti, A. (1992) Hystrix 4, 35-44.
69. Paukner, A., Anderson, J. R. & Fujita, K. (2004) Behav. Process. 66, 1-6.
70. Fragaszy, D. M., Visalberghi, E. & Fedigan, L. M. (2004) The Complete Capuchin: The Biology of the Genus Cebus (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.).
71. McGrew, W. C. (1992) Chimpanzee Material Culture: Implications for Human Evolution (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.)
72. Povinelli, D. J. (2000) Folk Physics for Apes (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford).
73. Westergaard, G. C. & Suomi, S. J. (1995) Hum. Evol. 10, 217-223.
74. Verbeek, P. & de Waal, F. B. M. (1997) Int. J. Primatol. 18, 703-725.
75. Perry, S. & Rose, L. (1994) Primates 35, 409-415.
76. Rose, L. (1997) Int. J. Primatol. 18, 727-765.
77. de Waal, F. B. M. (1997) J. Comp. Psychol. 111, 370-378.
78. Mendres, K. A. & de Waal, F. B. M. (2000) Anim. Behav. 60, 523-529.
79. Eglash, A. R. & Snowdon, C. T. (1983) Am. J. Primatol. 5, 211-219.
80. de Waal, F. B. M. & Berger, M. L. (2000) Nature 404, 563.
81. Brosnan, S. F. & de Waal, F. B. M. (2004) Folia Primatol. 75, 317-330.
82. Weigel, R. M. (1979) Behaviour 68, 250-276.
83. Freese, C. H. & Oppenheimer, J. R. (1981) in Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates, eds. Coimbra-Filho, A. F. & Mittermeier, R. A. (Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Vol. 1, pp. 331-390.
84. Verbeek, P. (1995) Master's thesis (Emory University, Atlanta, GA).
85. Marchai, P. & Anderson, J. (1993) Folia Primatol. 61, 165-173.
86. Chance, M. R. A. (1962) Symp. Zool. Soc. London 8, 71-89.
87. Bakeman, R. & Gottman, J. M. (1997) Observing Interaction: An Introduction to Sequential Analysis (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.), 2nd Ed.
88. Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1975) in Socio-Ecology and Psychology of Primates, ed. Tuttle, R. H. (Mouton, The Hague), pp. 309-342.
89. Anderson, J. R., Myowa-Yamakoshi, M. & Matsuzawa, T. (2004) Proc. R. Soc. London B (Suppl.) 271, 468-470.
90. Dally, J. M. (2003) Doctoral Thesis (Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.).