Europe and Islam: Crescent waxing, cultures clashing

Washington Quarterly

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 25-50

  Savage, Timothy M ^a,b  

^a U S DEPARTMENT OF STATE   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 23844539510     PISSN: 0163660X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/016366004323090241     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. See Timothy Garton Ash, "The Price of Parsley," Guardian, July 25, 2002;
2. Norman Davies, Europe: A History (Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 7-16, 251-258.
3. Adopted on December 12, 2003.
4. See European Commission, Communication from the Commission, "Wider Europe-Neighborhood: A New Framework for Relations With Our Eastern and Southern Neighbors," Brussels, March 11, 2003, p. 3 (hereinafter Wider Europe communication).
5. See Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (New York: Little, Brown & Co., 2000).
6. International Organization for Migration (IOM), World Migration Report 2000 (IOM: Geneva, 2000), p. 195.
7. IOM, "Facts and Figures on International Migration," Migration Policy Issues no. 2 (March 2003): 2, www.iom.int/DOCUMENTS/PUBLICATION/EN/MPI_series_No_2_eng.PDF (accessed March 21, 2004).
8. Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat, "Replacement Migration: Is It a Solution to Declining and Aging Populations?" ESA/P/WP.160, March 21, 2000," www.un.org/esa/population/publications/migration /migration.htm (accessed March 27, 2004).
9. Mustafa Malik, "Islam in Europe: Quest for a Paradigm," Middle East Policy 8, no. 2 Gune 2001): 100;
10. "How Restive Are Europe's Muslims?" Economist, October 18, 2001, www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=824394 (accessed March 27, 2004).
11. Christopher Caldwell, "The Cresent and the Tricolor," Atlantic Monthly, November 2000, p. 22.
12. See Peter Mandaville, "Muslim Youth in Europe," in Islam, Europe's Second Religion, ed. Shireen T. Hunter (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002), pp. 219-230.
13. Olivier Roy, "EuroIslam: The Jihad Within?" National Interest (spring 2003): 65, fn. 2;
14. "Germany," Muslim Voices in the European Union, vol. 5, Phase One Report, p. 33;
15. "Census 2001 - Ethnicity and Region in England and Wales," www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/commentaries/ethnicity.asp (accessed March 27, 2004);
16. Fabienne Brion and Ural Manao, "Belgian Country Report," Muslim Voices in the European Union, vol. 2, p. 31.
17. Omer Taspinar, "Europe's Muslim Street," Foreign Policy, March-April 2003, p. 77.
18. See Michel Gurkinkiel, "Islam in France: Is the French Way of Life in Danger?" Middle East Quarterly 4, no. 1 (March 1997): 19, fn. 2, and 21;
19. John L. Allen Jr., "Europe's Muslims Worry Bishops," National Catholic Reporter, October 22, 1999, p. 3;
20. Roy, "EuroIslam," p. 65;
21. John Esposito, "Introduction: Modernizing Islam and Re-Islamization in Global Perspective," in Modernizing Islam: Religion in the Public Sphere in the Middle East and Europe, eds. John L. Esposito and Francois Burgat (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2003), p. 11;
22. Oussama Cherribi, "The Growing Islamization of Europe," in Modernizing Islam: Religion in the Public Sphere in the Middle East and Europe, eds. John L. Esposito and Francois Burgat (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2003), p. 195.
23. See Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat, "World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision - Highlights," ESA/P/WP.180, February 26, 2003, p. 1, www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2002 /WPP2002-HIGHLIGHTSrev1.PDF (accessed March 28, 2004) (Table 1. Estimated and Projected Population of the World, Major Development Groups and Major Areas, 1950, 2003, 2003 and 2050 According to Fertility Variant).
24. M. Ali Kettani, Muslim Minorities in the World Today (New York: Mansell Publishing Limited, 1986), p. 41;
25. Remy Leveau and Shireen T. Hunter, "Islam in France," in Islam, Europe's Second Religion, ed. Shireen T. Hunter (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002), p. 8;
26. Jorgen S. Nielson, Muslims in Western Europe, 2d ed. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995), p. 26.
27. Leveau and Hunter, "Islam in France," p. 8;
28. Anne Sofie Roald, "From 'People's Home' to 'Multiculturalism: Muslims in Sweden," in Muslims in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens, ed. Yvonne Yazbeek Haddad (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 110;
29. Brion and Manao, "Belgian Country Report," p. 44;
30. Open Society Institute 2002, "The Situation of Muslims in the UK," Monitoring the EU Accession Process: Minority Protection, pp. 368, 447, www.eumpa.org/reports/2002/content/09/250/2002_m_uk.pdf (accessed March 24, 2004);
31. Eltje Buur, Anne Havelarr, and Paul Abell, "The Netherlands," Muslim Voices in the European Union, vol. 2, Phase One Report, p. 20;
32. Kari Vogt, "Integration through Islam? Muslims in Norway," in Muslims in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens, ed. Yvonne Yazbeek Haddad (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 88.
33. "How Restive Are Europe's Muslims?"
34. Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Türken in Deutschland (Sankt Augustin, Germany: Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 2001), pp. 1-2, www.kas.de/db_files/dokumente/arbeitspapiere/7_dokument_dok_pdf_12_1.pdf (accessed March 21, 2004).
35. Jim House, "Muslim Communities in France," in Muslim Communities in the New Europe, eds. Gerd Nonneman, Tim Niblock, and Bogdan Szajkowski (Reading, UK: Garnet Publishing, 1996), p. 222, fn. 14;
36. Zachory Shore, "Uncommon Threats: Germany's Muslims, Transatlantic Relations, and the War on Terror," AICGS Policy Report #5 (2003), www.aicgs.org/publications/pubonline_ar-pr.shtml (accessed March 21, 2004).
37. Open Society Institute 2002, EU Accession Monitoring Program, p. 76.
38. Frederick S. Kempe, "Europe's Middle East Side Story," Wall Street Journal, July 29, 2003.
39. Olivier Roy, "European Muslims Try to Find a Balance Between European Culture and Values and Islam," National Public Radio's All Things Considered, February 28, 2003.
40. This paragraph draws heavily on the insights found in Roy, "EuroIslam," pp. 63-73.
41. Elaine Sciolino, "French Rallies Against War Shift Focus to Israel," New York Times, March 30, 2003.
42. Philip Delves Broughton, "French Anti-Semitism Drives More Jews to Settle in Israel," Telegraph, January 29, 2004, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/01/29/wsemit29.xml (accessed February 20, 2004).
43. Craig S. Smith, "French Jews Tell of a New and Threatening Wave of Anti-Semitism," New York Times, March 22, 2003.
44. Broughton, "French Anti-Semitism Drives More Jews to Settle in Israel."
45. See Jean-Marc Dreyfus and Jonathan Laurence, "Anti-Semitism in France," May 14, 2002, www.brookings.edu/fp/cusf/analysis /dreyfus.pdf (accessed March 28, 2004).
46. Luc Ferry, radio interview, February 27, 2003.
47. See Severin Carrell, "Labour Faces 'Muslim Backlash,'" Independent, September 21, 2003.
48. Thierry Portes and Cecilia Gabizon, "Sondage: pour les valeurs de la Republique, mais contre la victoire des Etats-Unis," Le Figaro, April 5, 2003, www.lefigaro.fr/cgi/perm/archives/find?url=http://newportal.cedromsni. com/httpref/intro.asp&user=lefigaro&part_ID=lefigaro (accessed April 14, 2004) (hereinafter Le Figaro survey).
49. Poll of 500 Muslims over 18 years of age taken March3-11, 2004, by ICM polls, 10 percent were undecided, and 7 percent said they were ineligible to vote, www.icmresearch.co.uk/reviews/2004/guardian-muslims-march-2004.htm (accessed April 14, 2004).
50. See Anne Sofie Roald, "Muslims in Sweden," in Muslims in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens, ed. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 116-117;
51. Andrew Rawnsley, "A Catastrophic Success for the Tories," Observer, May 4, 2003.
52. Cem Ozdemir, "Europe's Awkward Embrace," Foreign Policy, January/February 2004, pp. 68-69.
53. Kevin Maguire, "Wake-up Call for Party That Took Votes for Granted," Guardian, June 18, 2002.
54. See Jan Hjarno, "Muslims in Denmark," in Muslim Communities in the New Europe, eds. Gerd Nonneman, Tim Niblock, and Bogdan Szajkowski (Berkshire, UK: Garnet Publishing, 1996), pp. 297-298.
55. Fraser Cameron, "The Islamic Factor in the European Union's Foreign Policy," in Islam, Europe's Second Religion, ed. Shireen T. Hunter (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002), p. 269.
56. See J. Hjarno, "Muslims in Denmark," p. 297;
57. Lief Stenberg, "Islam in Scandinavia," in Islam, Europe's Second Religion, ed. Shireen T. Hunter (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002), p. 137.
58. See Geoffrey Kemp, "Europe's Middle East Challenges," The Washington Quarterly 27, no. 1 (winter 2003-04): 163-177.
59. Jack Straw, "Europe in the World," address at the Center for European Reform, Brussels, May 19, 2003.
60. See Wider Europe communication; European Commission, Communication from the Commission, "Paving the Way for a New Neighbourhood Instrument," no. 393 (final), Brussels, July 1, 2003.
61. Roy, "EuroIslam," p. 63.
62. See Tariq Ramadan, Western Muslims and the Future of Islam (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
63. "Forget Asylum-Seekers: It's the People Inside Who Count," Economist, May 8, 2003.
64. Le Figaro survey.
65. Jerome Cordelier, "IPSOS-LCI-Le Point Poll: Islam Is a Worry for the French," Le Point, May 16, 2003.
66. Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, "Was Halten die Deutschen von Islam?" Konrad Adenauer Foundation working paper, May 2003.
67. Roy, "EuroIslam," pp. 64-65.
68. In addition to previously cited UN studies, see Wolfgang Lutz, Brian C. O'Neill, and Sergei Scherbov, "Europe's Population at a Turning Point," Science, March 28, 2003, pp. 1991-1992 (noting that, "[a]round the year 2000, the population [of Europe] began to generate 'negative momentum'").
69. See Kieran McMorrow and Werner Roger, "Economic and Financial Market Consequences of Aging Populations," European Commission Economic Paper no. 182, Brussels, April 2003;
70. John Vinocur, "A Doomsday Scenario for Europe's Economy," International Herald Tribune, May 13, 2003 (summarizing a report by the Institute Français de Relations Internationales entitled World Trade in the 21st Century).
71. Mustafa Malik, "Islam's Missing Link to the West," Middle East Policy 10, no. 1 (spring 2003): 126.
72. Ken Dilanian, "France Struggles to Integrate Its Muslim Minority," Philadelphia Inquirer, January 5, 2004.
73. Udo Ulfkottte, "Network of Radical Islamic Organizations in Germany," speech to German-Atlantic Society, Bonn, February 5, 2004.
74. See Udo Ulfkotte, Der Krieg in Unseren Städten: Wie Radikale Islamisten Deutschland Unterwandern (Frankfurt am Main: Eichborn Verlag, 2003).
75. Sami Zemni and Christopher Parker, "Islam, the European Union, and the Challenge of Multiculturalism," in Islam, Europe's Second Religion, ed. Shireen T. Hunter (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002), p. 233.
76. Milton Viorst, "The Muslims of France," Foreign Affairs (September/October 1996): 96.