Surprise and change: Variations in the strength of present and absent cues in causal learning

Learning and Behavior

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 131-146

  Wasserman, Edward A ^a,c   Castro, Leyre ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DEUSTO   (Spain)

^c E11 SSH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLERGIC REACTION; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DECISION MAKING; FOOD INTAKE; HUMAN; LEARNING; NORMAL HUMAN; STIMULUS RESPONSE; ADULT; MEMORY; MENTAL FUNCTION; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL;

ADULT; ASSOCIATION LEARNING; HUMANS; MEMORY; MENTAL PROCESSES; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 23844503043     PISSN: 15434494     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/bf03196058     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. AITKEN, M. R. F., DICKINSON, A. (2005). Learning & Behavior, 33, 147-159.
2. AITKEN, M. R. F., LARKIN, M. J. W., & DICKINSON, A. (2001). Reexamination of the role of within-compound associations in the retrospective revaluation of causal judgements. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54B, 27-51.
3. ALLAN, L. G. (1993). Human contingency judgments: Rule based or associative? Psychological Bulletin, 114, 435-448.
4. ALLOY, L. B., & TABACHNIK, N. (1984). Assessment of covariation by humans and animals: The joint influence of prior expectations and current situational information. Psychological Review, 91, 112-149.
5. AMSEL, A. (1967). Partial reinforcement effects on vigor and persistence: Advances in frustration theory derived from a variety of within-subjects experiments. In K. W. Kenneth & J. T. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 1, pp. 1-65). New York: Academic Press.
6. ANDERSON, J. R., & SHEU, C.-F. (1995). Causal inferences as perceptual judgments. Memory & Cognition, 23, 510-524.
7. ARCEDIANO, F., MATUTE, H., & MILLER, R. R. (1997). Blocking of Pavlovian conditioning in humans. Learning & Motivation, 28, 188-199.
8. BAKER, A. G., MURPHY, R. A., VALLÈE-TOURANGEAU, F., & MEHTA, R. (2001). Contingency learning and causal reasoning. In R. R. Mowrer & S. B. Klein (Eds.), Handbook of contemporary learning theories (pp. 255-306). Montreal: McGill.
9. BROGDEN, W. J. (1939). Sensory pre-conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 323-332.
10. CHAPMAN, G. B. (1991). Trial order affects cue interaction in contingency judgment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 17, 837-854.
11. CHAPMAN, G. B., & ROBBINS, S. J. (1990). Cue interaction in human contingency judgment. Memory & Cognition, 18, 537-545.
12. CHATLOSH, D. L., NEUNABER, D. J., & WASSERMAN, E. A. (1985). Response-outcome contingency: Behavioral and judgmental effects of appetitive and aversive outcomes with college students. Learning & Motivation, 16, 1-34.
13. CHENG, P. W. (1997). From covariation to causation: A causal power theory. Psychological Review, 104, 367-405.
14. COHEN, J., MACWHINNEY, B., FLATT, M., & PROVOST, J. (1993). PsyScope: An interactive graphic system for designing and controlling experiments in the psychology laboratory using Macintosh computers. Behavior Research Methods, instruments, & Computers, 25, 257-271.
15. DE HOUWER, J., & BECKERS, T. (2002a). A review of recent developments in research and theories on human contingency learning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55B, 289-310.
16. DE HOUWER, J., & BECKERS, T. (2002b). Second-order backward blocking and unovershadowing in human causal learning. Experimental Psychology, 49, 27-33.
17. DE HOUWER, J., BECKERS, T., & GLAUTIER, S. (2002). Outcome and cue properties modulate blocking. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55A, 965-985.
18. DENNISTON, J. C., SAVASTANO, H. I., BLAISDELL, A. P., & MILLER, R. R. (2003). Cue competition as a retrieval deficit. Learning & Motivation, 34, 1-31.
19. DENNISTON, J. C., SAVASTANO, H. I., & MILLER, R. R. (2001). The extended comparator hypothesis: Learning by contiguity, responding by relative strength. In R. R. Mowrer & S. B. Klein (Eds.), Handbook of contemporary learning theories (pp. 65-117). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
20. DICKINSON, A. (1980). Contemporary animal learning theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
21. DICKINSON, A., & BURKE, J. (1996). Within-compound associations mediate the retrospective revaluation of causality judgements. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49B, 60-80.
22. DICKINSON, A., SHANKS, D. R., & EVENDEN, J. (1984). Judgement of act-outcome contingency: The role of selective attribution. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 36A, 29-50.
23. DWYER, D. M. (1999). Retrospective revaluation or mediated conditioning? The effect of different reinforcers. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 52B, 289-306.
24. DWYER, D. M. (2001). Mediated conditioning and retrospective revaluation with LiCl then flavour pairings. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54B, 145-165.
25. ESCOBAR, M., PINEÑO, O., & MATUTE, H. (2002). A comparison between elemental and compound training of cues in retrospective revaluation. Animal Learning & Behavior, 30, 228-238.
26. GLUCK, M. A., & BOWER, G. H. (1988). From conditioning to category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 227-247.
27. HEARST, E. (1991). Psychology and nothing. American Scientist, 79, 432-443.
28. HOLLAND, P. C. (1981). Acquisition of representation-mediated conditioned food aversion. Learning & Motivation, 12, 1-12.
29. KAMIN, L. J. (1968). "Attention-like" processes in classical conditioning. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Miami symposium on the prediction of behavior: Aversive stimulation (pp. 9-31). Miami: University of Miami Press.
30. KAO, S. F. (1993). Information integration and associative learning as accounts of human contingency judgment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa.
31. KAO, S. F., & WASSERMAN, E. A. (1993). Assessement of an information integration account of contingency judgment with examination of participative cell importance and method of information presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 19, 1363-1386.
32. KAUFMAN, M. A., & BOLLES, R. C. (1981). A nonassociative aspect of overshadowing. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 18, 318-320.
33. KILLEEN, R. R. (1981). Learning as causal inference. In M. L. Commons & J. A. Nevins (Eds.), Quantitative analyses of behavior: Vol. 1. Discriminative properties of reinforcement schedules (pp. 89-112). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
34. LARKIN, M. J. W., AITKEN, M. R. F., & DICKINSON, A. (1998). Retrospective revaluation under positive and negative contingencies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 24, 1331-1352.
35. LE PELLEY, M. E., & MCLAREN, I. P. M. (2001). Retrospective revaluation in humans: Learning or memory? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54B, 311-352.
36. LEVIN, I. P., WASSERMAN, E. A., & KAO, S. F. (1993). Multiple methods for examining biased information use in contingency judgments. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 55, 228-250.
37. LOBER, K., & SHANKS, D. R. (2000). Is causal induction based on causal power? Critique of Cheng (1997). Psychological Review, 107, 195-212.
38. LÓPEZ, F. J., COBOS, P. L., CAÑO, A., & SHANKS, D. R. (1998). The rational analysis of human causal and probability judgment. In M. Oaksford & N. Chater (Eds.), Rational models of cognition (pp. 314-352). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
39. LOVIBOND, P. F., BEEN, S.-L., MITCHELL, C. J., BOUTON, M. E., & FROHARDT, R. (2003). Forward and backward blocking of causal judgment is enhanced by additivity of effect magnitude. Memory & Cognition, 31, 133-142.
40. MACKINTOSH, N. J. (1977). Conditioning as the perception of causal relations. In R. E. Buttes & J. Hintikka (Eds.), Foundational problems in the special sciences (pp. 214-250). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel.
41. MANDEL, D. R., & LEHMAN, D. R. (1998). Integration of contingency information in judgments of cause, covariation, and probability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 269-285.
42. MARR, D. (1982). Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information. San Francisco: Freeman.
43. MATUTE, H., & PINEÑO, O. (1998a). Cue Competition in the absence of compound training: Its relation to paradigms of interference between outcomes. In D. L. Medin (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 38, pp. 45-81). San Diego: Academic Press.
44. MATUTE, H., & PINEÑO, O. (1998b). Stimulus competition in the absence of compound conditioning. Animal Learning & Behavior, 26, 3-14.
45. MATZEL, L. D., SCHACHTMAN, T. R., & MILLER, R. R. (1985). Recovery of an overshadowed association achieved by extinction of the overshadowing stimulus. Learning & Motivation, 16, 398-412.
46. MELCHERS, K. G., LACHNIT, H., & SHANKS, D. R. (2004). Within-compound associations in retrospective revaluation and in direct learning: A challenge for comparator theory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56B, 25-53.
47. MILLER, R. R., & MATUTE, H. (1996a). Animal analogues of causal judgment. In D. R. Shanks, K. J. Holyoak, & D. L. Medin (Eds.): The psychology of learning and motivation: Vol. 34. Causal learning (pp. 133-166). San Diego: Academic Press.
48. MILLER, R. R., & MATUTE, H. (1996b). Biological significance in forward and backward blocking: Resolution of a discrepancy between animal conditioning and human causal judgment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125, 370-386.
49. PERALES, J. C., & SHANKS, D. R. (2003). Normative and descriptive accounts of the influence of power and contingency on causal judgement. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 56A, 977-1007.
50. RASHOTTE, M. E., MARSHALL, B. S., & O'CONNELL, J. M. (1981). Signaling functions of the second-order CS: Partial reinforcement during second-order conditioning of the pigeon's keypeck. Animal Learning & Behavior, 9, 253-260.
51. RESCORLA, R. A. (1973). Second-order conditioning: Implications for theories of learning. In F. J. McGuigan & D. B. Lumsden (Eds.), Contemporary approaches to conditioning and learning (pp. 127-150). New York: Wiley.
52. RESCORLA, R. A., & WAGNER, A. R. (1972). A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In A. H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds.), Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory (pp. 64-99). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
53. SANTOVEÑA, A., ÁLVAREZ, I., FERNÁNDEZ, A., PÉREZ, J. C., & LOY, I. (2002). Contrary associative effects: Second order conditioning and conditioned inhibition. Paper presented at the Fourteenth Meeting of the Spanish Society of Comparative Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
54. SHANKS, D. R. (1985). Forward and backward blocking in human contingency judgment. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 37B, 1-21.
55. SHANKS, D. R. (1995). The psychology of associative learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
56. SHANKS, D. R., & DICKINSON, A. (1987). Associative accounts of causality judgment. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 21, pp. 229-261). San Diego: Academic Press.
57. SHANKS, D. R., & DICKINSON, A. (1991). Instrumental judgment and performance under variations in action-outcome contingency and contiguity. Memory & Cognition, 19, 353-360.
58. SHANKS, D. R., LÓPEZ, F. J., DARBY, R. J., & DICKINSON, A. (1996). Distinguishing associative and probabilistic contrast theories of human contingency judgment. In D. R. Shanks, K. J. Holyoak, & D. L. Medin (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Vol. 34. Causal learning (pp. 265-311). San Diego: Academic Press.
59. SHANKS, D. R., PEARSON, S. M., & DICKINSON, A. (1989). Temporal contiguity and the judgment of causality by human participants. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41B, 139-159.
60. STOUT, S., ESCOBAR, M., & MILLER, R. R. (2004). Trial number and compound stimuli temporal relationship as joint determinants of second-order conditioning and conditioned inhibition. Learning & Behavior, 32, 230-239.
61. TASSONI, C. J. (1995). The least mean squares network with information coding: A model of cue learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 21, 193-204.
62. VAN HAMME, L. J., & WASSERMAN, E. A. (1994). Cue competition in causality judgments: The role of nonpresentation of compound stimulus elements. Learning & Motivation, 25, 127-151.
63. WAGNER, A. R. (1981). SOP: A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior. In N. E. Spear & R. R. Miller (Eds.), Information processing in animals: Memory mechanisms (pp. 5-47). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
64. WAGNER, A. R., LOGAN, F. A., HABERLANDT, K., & PRICE, T. (1968). Stimulus selection in animal discrimination learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76, 171-180.
65. WARD-ROBINSON, J., & HALL, G. (1996). Backward sensory preconditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 22, 395-404.
66. WASSERMAN, E. A. (1974). Stimulus-reinforcer predictiveness and selective discrimination learning in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 103, 284-297.
67. WASSERMAN, E. A. (1990a). Attribution of causality to common and distinctive elements of compound stimuli. Psychological Science, 1, 298-302.
68. WASSERMAN, E. A. (1990b). Detecting response-outcome relations: Toward an understanding of the causal texture of the environment. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 26, pp. 27-82). San Diego: Academic Press.
69. WASSERMAN, E. A., & BERGLAN, L. R. (1998). Backward blocking and recovery from overshadowing in human causal judgment: The role of within-compound associations. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51B, 121-138.
70. WASSERMAN, E. A., DORNER, W. W., & KAO, S. F. (1990). Contributions of specific cell information to judgments of interevent contingency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 16, 509-521.
71. WASSERMAN, E. A., ELEK, S. M., CHATLOSH, D. L., & BAKER, A. G. (1993). Rating causal relations: Role of probability judgments of response outcome contingency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 19, 174-188.
72. WASSERMAN, E. A., KAO, S. F., VAN HAMME, L. J., KATAGIRI, M., & YOUNG, M. E. (1996). Causation and association. In D. R. Shanks, K. J. Holyoak, & D. L. Medin (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Vol. 34. Causal learning (pp. 207-264). San Diego: Academic Press.
73. WASSERMAN, E. A., & NEUNABER, D. J. (1986). College students' responding to and rating of contingency relations: The role of temporal contiguity. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 46, 15-35.
74. WILLIAMS, D. A., SAGNESS, K. E., & MCPHEE, J. E. (1994). Configural and elemental strategies in predictive learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 20, 694-709.
75. YIN, H., BARNET, R. C., & MILLER, R. R. (1994). Second-order conditioning and Pavlovian conditioned inhibition: Operational similarities and differences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 20, 419-428.
76. YOUNG, M. E. (1995). On the origin of personal causal theories. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2, 83-104.