Trends in burn resuscitation: Shifting the focus from fluids to adequate endpoint monitoring, edema control, and adjuvant therapies

Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 75-98

  Ahrns, Karla S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION; RINGER SOLUTION;

ABDOMINAL PRESSURE; BURN; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER MODEL; FLUID THERAPY; HUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT MONITORING; PERFUSION; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW;

ABDOMEN; BURNS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; COMPARTMENT SYNDROMES; CRITICAL CARE; EDEMA; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FLUID THERAPY; HEMOFILTRATION; HUMANS; MONITORING, PHYSIOLOGIC; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; RESEARCH DESIGN; RESUSCITATION; SHOCK, TRAUMATIC;

EID: 2342652184     PISSN: 08995885     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2003.09.007     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. American Burn Association. Shock and fluid. In: American Burn Association, editor. Advanced burn life support course instructor's manual. Chicago: American Burn Association; 2001. p. 33-40.
2. Mooney E.K. Daniel Drake's account of his own hand burns (1830). Plast Reconstr Surg. 102(5):2000;1748-1754
3. American College of Surgeons. Committee on Trauma. Shock. In: American College of Surgeons, editor. Advanced trauma life support for doctors, student course manual. 6th edition. Chicago: American College of Surgeons; 1997. p. 87-107
4. Lund T., Onarheim H., Reed R.K. Pathogenesis of edema formation in burn injuries. World J Surg. 16(1):1992;2-9
5. Dyess D.L., Collins J.N., Ardell J.L., Townsley M.I., Taylor A.E., Ferrara J.J. Modulation of microvascular permeability by 21-aminosteroids after burn injuries. J Burn Care Rehabil. 21(5):2000;406-413
6. Sheridan R.L. Comprehensive treatment of burns. Curr Probl Surg. 38(9):2001;657-756
7. Lund T. The 1999 Everett Idris Evans memorial lecture. Edema generation following thermal injury: an update. J Burn Care Rehabil. 20(6):1999;445-452
8. Arturson G. Pathophysiology of the burn wound and pharmacological treatment. The Rudi Hermans Lecture 1995. Burns. 22(4):1996;255-274
9. Shimizu S., Tanaka H., Sakaki S., Yukioka T., Matsuda H., Shimazaki S., et al. Burn depth affects dermal interstitial fluid pressure, free radical production and serum histamine levels in rats. J Trauma. 52(4):2002;683-687
10. Kramer G.C., Nguyen T.T. Pathophysiology of burn shock and burn edema. Herndon D.N. Total burn care. 1996;44-52 WB Saunders, London
11. Leape L.L. Early burn wound changes. J Pediatr Surg. 3(2):1968;292-299
12. Leape L.L. Initial changes in burns: tissue changes in burned and unburned skin of rhesus monkeys. J Trauma. 10(6):1970;488-492
13. Leape L.L. Kinetics of burn edema formation in primates. Ann Surg. 176(2):1972;223-226
14. Arturson G., Mellander S. Acute changes in capillary filtration and diffusion in experimental burn injury. Acta Physiol Scand. 62:1964;457-463
15. Kinsky M.P., Guha S.C., Button B.M., Kramer G.C. The role of interstitial Starling forces in the pathogenesis of burn edema. J Burn Care Rehabil. 19(1):1998;1-9
16. Pitt R.M., Parker J.C., Jurkovich G.J., Taylor A.E., Curreri P.W. Analysis of altered capillary pressure and permeability after thermal injury. J Surg Res. 42(6):1987;693-702
17. Bert J., Gyenge C., Bowen B., Reed R., Lund T. Fluid resuscitation following a burn injury: implications of a mathematical model of microvascular exchange. Burns. 23(2):1997;93-105
18. Lund T., Wiig H., Reed R.K. Acute postburn edema: role of strongly negative interstitial fluid pressure. Am J Physiol. 255(5 Pt 2):1988;H1069-H1074
19. Lund T., Onarheim H., Wiig H., Reed R.K. Mechanisms behind increased dermal imbibition pressure in acute burn edema. Am J Physiol. 256(4 Pt 2):1989;H940-H948
20. Demling R.H., Mazess R.B., Witt R.M., Wolberg W.H. The study of burn wound edema using dichromatic absorptiometry. J Trauma. 18(2):1978;124-128
21. Shires G.T., Cunningham J.N., Backer C.R., Reeder S.F., Illner H., Wagner I.Y., et al. Alterations in cellular membrane function during hemorrhagic shock in primates. Ann Surg. 176(3):1972;288-295
22. Demling R.H. Burn injury. Acute Care. 11(3-4):1985;119-186
23. Ballard-Croft C., Horton J.W. Sympathoadrenal modulation of stress-activated signaling in burn trauma. J Burn Care Rehabil. 23(3):2002;172-182
24. Horton J.W., Maass D.L., White J., Sanders B. Hypertonic saline-dextran suppresses burn-related cytokine secretion by cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 280(4):2001;H1591-H1601
25. American Burn Association Evidence-Based Guidelines Group Practice guidelines for burn care. J Burn Care Rehabil. 22(2 Suppl):2001;S27-S52
26. Horton J.W., White D.J., Maass D.L., Hybki D.P., Haudek S., Giroir B. Antioxidant vitamin therapy alters burn trauma-mediated cardiac NF-kappaB activation and cardiomyocyte cytokine secretion. J Trauma. 50(3):2001;397-408
27. Shirani K.Z., Vaughan G.M., Mason A.D. Jr., Pruitt B.A. Jr. Update on current therapeutic approaches in burns. Shock. 5(1):1996;4-16
28. Tadros T., Traber D.L., Heggers J.P., Herndon D.N. Angiotensin II inhibitor DuP753 attenuates burn- and endotoxin-induced gut ischemia, lipid peroxidation, mucosal permeability, and bacterial translocation. Ann Surg. 231(4):2000;566-576
29. Huang Y.S., Yang Z.C., Liu X.S., Chen F.M., He B.B., Li A., et al. Serial experimental and clinical studies on the pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in severe burns. Burns. 24(8):1998;706-716
30. Tanaka H., Matsuda T., Miyagantani Y., Yukioka T., Matsuda H., Shimazaki S. Reduction of resuscitation fluid volumes in severely burned patients using ascorbic acid administration: a randomized, prospective study. Arch Surg. 135(3):2000;326-331
31. Holm C. Resuscitation in shock associated with burns. Tradition or evidence-based medicine? Resuscitation. 44(3):2000;157-164
32. Darling G.E., Keresteci M.A., Ibanez D., Pugash R.A., Peters W.J., Neligan P.C. Pulmonary complications in inhalation injuries with associated cutaneous burn. J Trauma. 40(1):1996;83-89
33. Greenfield E. Integumentary disorders. Kinney M.R., Dunbar S.B., Brooks-Brunn J.A., Molter N., Vitello-Cicciu J.M. AACN's clinical reference for critical care nursing. 4th edition:1998;1065-1087 Mosby, St. Louis (MO)
34. Warden G.D. Fluid resuscitation and early management. Herndon D.N. Total burn care. 1996;53-60 WB Saunders, London
35. Merrell S.W., Saffle J.R., Sullivan J.J., Navar P.D., Kravitz M., Warden G.D. Fluid resuscitation in thermally injured children. Am J Surg. 152(6):1986;664-669
36. Ahrns K.S., Harkins D.R. Initial resuscitation after burn injury: therapies, strategies and controversies. AACN Clin Issues. 10(1):1999;46-60
37. Engrav L.H., Colescott P.L., Kemalyan N., Heimbach D.M., Gibran N.S., Solem L.D., et al. A biopsy of the use of the Baxter formula to resuscitate burns or do we do it like Charlie did it? J Burn Care Rehabil. 21(2):2000;91-95
38. Kim D.E., Phillips T.M., Jeng J.C., Rizzo A.G., Roth R.T., Stanford J.L., et al. Microvascular assessment of burn depth conversion during varying resuscitation conditions. J Burn Care Rehabil. 22(6):2001;406-416
39. Kien N.D., Antognini J.F., Reilly D.A., Moore P.G. Small-volume resuscitation using hypertonic saline improves organ perfusion in burned rats. Anesth Analg. 83(4):1996;782-788
40. Huang P.P., Stucky F.S., Dimick A.R., Treat R.C., Bessey P.Q., Rue L.W. Hypertonic sodium resuscitation is associated with renal failure and death. Ann Surg. 221(5):1995;543-557
41. Gunn M.L., Hansbrough J.F., Davis J.W., Furst S.R., Field T.O. Prospective randomized trial of hypertonic sodium lactate versus lactated Ringer's solution for burn shock resuscitation. J Trauma. 29(9):1989;1261-1267
42. Traylor R.J., Pearl R.G. Crystalloid versus colloid versus colloid: all colloids are not created equal. Anesth Analg. 83(2):1996;209-212
43. Demling R.H., Kramer G.C., Gunther R., Nerlich M. Effect of nonprotein colloid on postburn edema formation in soft tissues and lung. Surgery. 95(5):1984;593-602
44. Dries D.J. Thermal injury. Air Med J. 16(3):1997;81-88
45. Griffel M.I., Kaufman B.S. Pharmacology of colloids and crystalloids. Crit Care Clin. 8(2):1992;235-253
46. Cochrane Injuries Group Albumin Reviewers Human albumin administration in critically ill patients: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 317(7153):1998;235-240
47. von Hoegen I., Waller C. Safety of human albumin based on spontaneously reported serious adverse events. Crit Care Med. 29(5):2001;994-996
48. Wilkes M.M., Navickis R.J. Patient survival after human albumin administration: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 135(3):2001;149-164
49. Soltero R.G., Hansbrough J.F. The effects of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin on hemodynamics, metabolic acidosis, and survival in burned rats. J Trauma. 46(2):1999;286-291
50. Arturson G. Computer simulation of fluid resuscitation in thermal injury. A.B. Wallace memorial lecture 1987. Burns. 14(4):1988;257-268
51. Arturson G. Forty years in burns research-the postburn inflammatory response. Burns. 26(7):2000;599-604
52. Bert J.L., Gyenge C.C., Bowen B.D., Reed R.K., Lund T. A model of fluid and solute exchange in the human: validation and implications. Acta Physiol Scand. 170(3):2000;201-209
53. Pruitt B.A. Jr. Protection from excessive resuscitation: pushing the pendulum back. J Trauma. 49(3):2000;567-568
54. Ivy M.E., Atweh N.A., Palmer J., Possenti P.P., Pineau M., D'Aiuto M. Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome in burn patients. J Trauma. 49(3):2000;387-391
55. Sugrue M., Jones F., Deane S.A., Bishop G., Bauman A., Hillman K. Intra-abdominal hypertension is an independent cause of postoperative renal impairment. Arch Surg. 134(10):1999;1082-1085
56. Greenhalgh D.G., Warden G.D. The importance of intra-abdominal pressure measurements in burned children. J Trauma. 36(5):1994;685-690
57. Meyer M.M. Renal replacement therapies. Crit Care Clin. 16(1):2000;29-58
58. De Vriese A.S., Colardyn F.A., Philippe J.J., Vanholder R.C., De Sutter J.H., Lameire N.H. Cytokine removal during continuous hemofiltration in septic patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 10(4):1999;846-853
59. Schetz M. Non-renal indications for continuous renal replacement therapy. Kidney Int Suppl. 56(Suppl 72):1999;S88-S94
60. Chiara O., Pelosi P., Segala M., Turconi M.G., Brazzi L., Bottino N., et al. Mesenteric and renal oxygen transport during hemorrhage and reperfusion: evaluation of optimal goals for resuscitation. J Trauma. 51(2):2001;356-362
61. Choi J., Cooper A., Gomez M., Fish J., Cartotto R. The 2000 Moyer award: the relevance of base deficits after burn injuries. J Burn Care Rehabil. 21(6):2000;499-505
62. Holm C., Melcer B., Horbrand F., Worl H.H., Henckel vonDonnersmarck G., Muhlbauer W. Haemodynamic and oxygen transport responses in survivors and non-survivors following thermal injury. Burns. 26(1):2000;25-33
63. Shoemaker W.C., Wo C.C., Chan L., Ramicone E., Kamel E.S., Velmahos G.C., et al. Outcome prediction of emergency patients by noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring. Chest. 120(2):2001;528-537
64. Knichwitz G., Van Aken H., Brussel T. Gastrointestinal monitoring using measurement of intramucosal PCO2. Anesth Analg. 87(1):1998;134-142
65. Chang M.C., Meredith J.W. Cardiac preload, splanchnic perfusion, and their relationship during resuscitation in trauma patients. J Trauma. 42(4):1997;577-584
66. Baron P., Traber L.D., Traber D.L., Nguyen T., Hollyoak M., Heggers J.P., et al. Gut failure and translocation following burn and sepsis. J Surg Res. 57(1):1994;197-204
67. Siegemund M., van Bommel J., Ince C. Assessment of regional tissue oxygenation. Intensive Care Med. 25(10):1999;1044-1060
68. Mikhail J. Resuscitation endpoints in trauma. AACN Clin Issues. 10(1):1999;10-21
69. Baxter C.R., Shires G.T. Physiological response to crystalloid resuscitation of severe burns. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 150(3):1968;874-894
70. Jeng J.C., Lee K., Jablonski K., Jordan M.H. Serum lactate and base deficit suggest inadequate resuscitation of patients with burn injuries: application of a point-of-care laboratory instrument. J Burn Care Rehabil. 18(5):1997;402-405
71. Jeng J.C., Jablonski K., Bridgeman A., Jordan M.H. Serum lactate, not base deficit, rapidly predicts survival after major burns. Burns. 28(2):2002;161-166
72. Holm C., Melcer B., Horbrand F., Henckel vonDonnersmarck G., Muhlbauer W. The relationship between oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption during fluid resuscitation of burn-related shock. J Burn Care Rehabil. 21(2):2000;147-154
73. Lorente J.A., Ezpeleta A., Esteban A., Gordo F., de la Cal M.A., Diaz C., et al. Systemic hemodynamics, gastric intramucosal PCO2 changes, and outcome in critically ill burn patients. Crit Care Med. 28(6):2000;1728-1735
74. Holm C., Melcer B., Horbrand F., Worl H., Henckel vonDonnersmarck G., Muhlbauer W. Intrathoracic blood volume as an end point in resuscitation of the severely burned: an observational study of 24 patients. J Trauma. 48(4):2000;728-734
75. Porter J.M., Ivatury R.R. In search of the optimal end points of resuscitation in trauma patients: a review. J Trauma. 44(5):1998;908-914
76. Venkatesh B., Meacher R., Muller M.J., Morgan T.J., Fraser J. Monitoring tissue oxygenation during resuscitation of major burns. J Trauma. 50(3):2001;485-494
77. Kaups K.L., Davis J.W., Dominic W.J. Base deficit as an indicator of resuscitation needs in patients with burn injuries. J Burn Care Rehabil. 19(4):1998;346-348
78. Schiller W.R., Bay R.C., Mclachlan J.G., Sagraves S.G. Survival in major burn injuries is predicted by early response to Swan-Ganz-guided resuscitation. Am J Surg. 170(6):1995;696-700
79. Bernard F., Gueugniaud P.Y., Bertin-Maghit M., Bouchard C., Vilasco B., Petit P. Prognostic significance of early cardiac index measurements in severely burned patients. Burns. 20:1994;529-531
80. Schiller W.R., Bay R.C., Garren R.L., Parker I., Sagraves S.G. Hyperdynamic resuscitation improves survival in patients with life-threatening burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 18:1997;10-16
81. Barton R.G., Saffle J.R., Morris S.E., Mone M., Davis B., Shelby J. Resuscitation of thermally injured patients with oxygen transport criteria as goals of therapy. J Burn Care Rehabil. 18:1997;1-9
82. Velmahos G.C., Demetriades D., Shoemaker W.C., Chan L.S., Tatevossian R., Wo C.C.J., et al. Endpoints of resuscitation of critically injured patients: normal or supranormal? A prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg. 232(3):2000;409-418
83. Davis J.W., Kaups K.L., Parks S.N. Base deficit is superior to pH in evaluating clearance of acidosis after traumatic shock. J Trauma. 44(1):1998;114-118
84. Bakker J., Gris P., Coffernils M., Kahn R.J., Vincent J.L. Serial blood lactate levels can predict the development of multiple organ failure following septic shock. Am J Surg. 171(2):1996;221-226
85. Gore D.C., Ferrando A., Barnett J., Wolf S.E., Desai M., Herndon D.N., et al. Influence of glucose kinetics on plasma lactate concentration and energy expenditure in severely burned patients. J Trauma. 49(4):2000;673-678
86. Safcsak K., Nelson L.D. Right heart volumetric monitoring: measuring preload in the critically injured patient. AACN Clin Issues. 10(1):1999;22-31
87. Lichtwarck-Aschoff M., Beale R., Pfeiffer U.J. Central venous pressure, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, intrathoracic blood volume, and right ventricular end-diastolic volume as indicators of cardiac preload. J Crit Care. 11(4):1996;180-188
88. Martyn J.A., Snider M.T., Farago L.F., Burke J.F. Thermodilution right ventricular volume: a novel and better predictor of volume replacement in acute thermal injury. J Trauma. 21(8):1981;619-626
89. McLuckie A., Bihari D. Investigating the relationship between intrathoracic blood volume index and cardiac index. Intensive Care Med. 26(9):2000;1376-1378
90. Kuntscher M.V., Blome-Eberwein S., Pelzer M., Erdmann D., Germann G. Transcardiopulmonary vs pulmonary arterial thermodilution methods for hemodynamic monitoring of burned patients. J Burn Care Rehabil. 23(1):2002;21-26
91. Tatevossian R.G., Wo C.C., Velmahos G.C., Demetriades D., Shoemaker W.C. Transcutaneous oxygen and CO2 as early warning of tissue hypoxia and hemodynamic shock in critically ill emergency patients. Crit Care Med. 28(7):2000;2248-2253
92. Holm C., Tegeler J., Mayr M., Pfeiffer U., Henckel vonDonnersmarck G., Muhlbauer W. Effect of crystalloid resuscitation and inhalation injury on extravascular lung water: clinical implications. Chest. 121(6):2002;1956-1962
93. Pestel G., Uhlig T., Pietsch A. Gastric tonometry compared to global parameters of tissue oxygenation in detecting imminent complications. Crit Care Med. 28(12Suppl):2000;A44
94. Marik P.E. Sublingual capnography: a clinical validation study. Chest. 120(3):2001;923-927
95. Puyana J.C., Soller B.R., Parikh B., Heard S.O. Directly measured tissue pH is an earlier indicator of splanchnic acidosis than tonometric parameters during hemorrhagic shock in swine. Crit Care Med. 28(7):2000;2557-2562
96. 2 tensions in an animal model of haemorrhagic shock. Intensive Care Med. 26(5):2000;592-600
97. Cairns C.B., Moore F.A., Haenel J.B., Gallea B.L., Ortner J.P., Rose S.J., et al. Evidence for early supply independent mitochondrial dysfunction in patients developing multiple organ failure after trauma. J Trauma. 42(3):1997;532-536
98. Xia Z., Horton J.W., Tang H., Yang Y. Metabolic disorder in myocardiac intracellular free calcium after thermal injury. Burns. 27(5):2001;453-457