Detection and traceability of genetically modified organisms in the food production chain

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 42, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 1157-1180

  Miraglia, M ^a   Berdal, K G ^b   Brera, C ^a   Corbisier, P ^c   Holst Jensen, A ^b   Kok, E J ^d   Marvin, H J P ^d   Schimmel, H ^c   Rentsch, J ^e   Van Rie, J P P F ^d   Zagon, J ^f  

^a ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

^b NORWEGIAN VETERINARY INSTITUTE   (Norway)

^c JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

^d WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^e Swiss Quality Testing Services   (Switzerland)

^f FEDERAL INSTITUTE FOR RISK ASSESSMENT   (Germany)

Author keywords

an insecticidal crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis; CaMV; cauliflower mosaic virus; CEN; Comit Europ en de Normalisation; Cry1Ab; deoxyribonucleic acid; Detection methods; DNA; E. coli; Escherichia coli; Regulation; Sampling; Traceability

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; ALLOTYPE; ANALYTIC METHOD; CHEMICAL LABELING; CHROMOSOME; CONFERENCE PAPER; DNA MICROARRAY; DNA MODIFICATION; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FOOD CHAIN; FOOD INDUSTRY; FOOD PROCESSING; GENE INSERTION; HEALTH PROMOTION; HEMIZYGOSITY; HOMOZYGOSITY; HUMAN; MARKETING; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MEDICAL DOCUMENTATION; NONHUMAN; PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PROPHYLAXIS; PROTEIN BINDING; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE; TRANSGENE; TRANSGENICS; VALIDATION PROCESS;

ANIMALS; CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY; FOOD ANALYSIS; FOOD SUPPLY; FOOD, GENETICALLY MODIFIED; GENETIC ENGINEERING; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; ORGANISMS, GENETICALLY MODIFIED; PLANTS, GENETICALLY MODIFIED; RISK ASSESSMENT;

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS; BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. BOTRYTIS; CAULIFLOWER MOSAIC VIRUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI;

EID: 2342615576     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.018     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (87)

1. Aarts H.J.M., van Rie J.P.P.F., Kok E.J. Traceability of genetically modified organisms. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostic. 2:2002;69-76
2. Agbios, 2003. GM Database. Agbios, Merrickville. http://www.agbios.com/ dbase.php?action=ShowForm.
3. Allen J.C. The value of immunoassays to food analysis. Rittenburg J.H. Development and Application of Immunoassay for Food Analysis. 1990;59-77 Elsevier, Essex
4. Anklam E., Gadani F., Heinze P., Pijnenburg H., van den Eede G. Analytical methods for detection and determination of genetically modified organism in agricultural crops and plant-derived food products. European Food Research and Technology. 214:2002;3-26
5. Belgian Biosafety Server, 2003. Biosafety in Europe. Belgian Biosafety Server, Service of Biosafety and Biotechnology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels. http://www.biosafety.be/Menu/BiosEur.html
6. Berdal K.G., Holst-Jensen A. RoundupReady® soybean event specific real-time quantitative PCR assay and estimation of the practical detection and quantification limits in GMO analyses. European Food Research Technology. 213:2001;432-438
7. Birch L., Archard C.L., Parkes H.C., McDowell D.G. Evaluation of LabChip™ technology for GMO analysis in food. Food Control. 12:2001;535-540
8. Bould A. Handbook for Seed Sampling. 1986;International Seed Testing Association, Bassersdorf
9. Buckwell A., Brookes G., Bradley D. Economics of Identity Preservation for Genetically Modified Crops. CEAS 1745/GJB. 1998;CEAS Consultants, Wye
10. Cao Y.C., Jin R., Mirkin C.A. Nanoparticles with Raman spectroscopic fingerprints for DNA and RNA detection. Science. 297:2002;1536-1540
11. Cellini F., Chesson A., Colquhoun I., Constable A., Davies H.V., Engel K.H., Gatehouse A.M.R., Kärenlampi S., Kok E.J., Leguay J.-J., Lehasranta S., Noteborn H.P.J.M., Pedersen J., Smith M. Unintended effects and their detection in genetically modified crops. Food and Chemical Toxixology. 42:2004;. this issue, doi:10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.003
12. Convention on Biological Diversity, 2000. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. http://www.biodiv.org/doc/legal/cartagena- protocol-en.pdf.
13. CEN, 2001. CEN/TC275/WG11 N111. Detection of Genetically Modified Organism and Derived Products-Sampling, Draft Jan. 2001. European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels.
14. Corbisier P., Trapmann S., Gancberg D., Van Iwaarden P., Hannes L., Catalani P., Le Guern L., Schimmel H. Effect of DNA fragmentation on the quantitation of GMO. European Journal of Biochemistry. 269(Suppl 1):2002;40
15. EC-JRC, 2003a. Sampling. Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra. http://biotech.jrc.it/sampling.htm.
16. EC-JRC, 2003b. Database on Methods for Detection, Identification and Quantification of GMO's. Food Products and Consumer Goods Unit, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra. http://139.191.1.19/GMOmethods.htm.
17. Edelstein R.L., Tamanaha C.R., Sheehan P.E., Miller M.M., Baselt D.R., Whitman L.J., Colton R.J. The BARC biosensor applied to the detection of biological warfare agents. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 14:2000;805-813
18. EMBL EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database. 2003;European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/embl/
19. ENGL European Network of GMO Laboratories. Institute for Health and Consumer Protection. 2003;Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra. http://engl.jrc.it/
20. European Commission Council Directive 90/220/EEC of 23 April 1990 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms. Official Journal of the European Communities. L117:1990;15-27. http://europa.eu.int/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEX& numdoclg=EN&numdoc=31990L0220&model=guichett
21. European Commission Commission Decision 96/281/EC of 3 April 1996 concerning the placing on the market of genetically modified soya beans (Glycine max L.) with increased tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate, pursuant to Council Directive 90/220/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities. L7:1996;10-11
22. European Commission Regulation (EC) No 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning novel foods and novel food ingredients. Official Journal of the European Communities. L43:1997;1-7. http://europa.eu.int/ smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=EN&numdoc= 31997R0258&model=guichett
23. European Commission Commission Decision 97/98/EC of 23 January 1997 concerning the placing on the market of genetically modified maize (Zea mays L.) with the combined modification for insecticidal properties confered by the Bt-endotoxin gene and increased tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium, pursuant to Council Directive 90/220/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities. L31:1997;9-70
24. European Commission Council Regulation (EC) No 1139/98 of 26 May 1998 concerning the compulsory indication of the labelling of certain foodstuffs produced from genetically modified organisms of particulars other than those provided for in Directive 79/112/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities. L159:1998;4-7. http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/1998/ l_159/l_15919980603en00040007.pdf
25. European Commission Commission Directive 98/53/EC of 16 July 1998 laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Communities. L201:1998;93-101. http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/ dat/1998/l_201/l_20119980717en00930101.pdf
26. European Commission Commission Regulation (EC) No 49/2000 of 10 January 2000 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 1139/98 concerning the compulsory indication on the labelling of certain foodstuffs produced from genetically modified organisms of particulars other than those provided for in Directive 79/112/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities. L6:2000;13-14. http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2000/l_006/l_00620000111en00130014. pdf
27. European Commission Commission Regulation (EC) No 50/2000 of 10 January 2000 on the labelling of foodstuffs and food ingredients containing additives and flavourings that have been genetically modified or have been produced from genetically modified organisms. Official Journal of the European Communities. L6:2000;15-17. http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2000/l_006/ l_00620000111en00150017.pdf
28. European Commission, 2000c. White Paper on Food Safety. COM (1999) 719 final. European Commission, Brussels. http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/ health_consumer/library/pub/pub06_en.pdf.
29. European Commission, 2000d. Economic Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops on the Agri-Food Sector, a Synthesis. Directorate General for Agriculture, European Commission, Brussels. http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/publi/gmo/ cover.htm.
30. European Commission, 2001a. Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 March 2001 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities L106, 1-39. http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2001/l_106/l_10620010417en00010038. pdf.
31. European Commission, 2001b. Proposal for Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Genetically Modified Food and Feed. COM (2001) 425 final. European Commission, Brussels. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/gmo/ biotech08_en.pdf.
32. European Commission, 2001c. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning Traceability and Labelling of Genetically Modified Organisms and Traceability of Food and Feed Products Produced from Genetically Modified Organisms and Amending-Directive 2001/18/EC. COM (2001) 182 final. European Commission, Brussels. http://europa.eu.int/comm/ food/fs/gmo/biotech09_en.pdf.
33. European Commission Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. Official Journal of the European Communities. L31:2002;1-24. http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/ en/oj/dat/2002/l_031/l_03120020201en00010024.pdf
34. European Commission, 2003. GM Food - Introduction. Directorate Health and Consumer Affairs, European Commission, Brussels. http://europa.eu.int/comm/ food/food/biotechnology/gmfood/index_en.htm.
35. European Council, 2003a. Common Position Adopted by the Council on 17 March 2003 with a View to the Adoption of Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Genetically Modified Food and Feed. 5204/3/03 REV3. European Council, Brussels. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/gmo/ gmo_ongoinit_02_en.pdf.
36. European Council, 2003b. Common Position Adopted by the Council on 17 March 2003 with a View to the Adoption of a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Traceability and Labelling of Genetically Modified Organisms and the Traceability of Food and Feed Products Produced from Genetically Modified Organisms and Amending Directive 2001/18/EC. 15798/1/02 REV1. European Council, Brussels. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/ gmo/gmo_ongoinit_01_en.pdf.
37. FAO/WHO, 2001. Report of the Twenty-Ninth Session of the Codex Committee on Food Labelling, Ottawa, Canada, 1-4 May 2001. Alinorm 01/22A. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/005/y0651e/ y0651e00.htm.
38. FAO/WHO, 2002. Proposed Draft General Guidelines on Sampling (CX/MAS02/3). Codex Committee on Methods of Analysis and Sampling, Codex Alimentarius Commission, Food and Agricultural Organisation, Rome. ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/ccmas24/ma02_03e.pdf.
39. FAO/WHO, 2003a. Codex Principles and Guidelines on Foods Derived from Biotechnology. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome. ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/ standard/en/CodexTextsBiotechFoods.pdf.
40. FAO/WHO, 2003b. Consideration of Traceability/Product Tracing, Agenda Item 6, Codex Committee on General Principles, Eighteenth Session, Paris, 7-11 April 2003, CX/GP 03/7. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome. ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/ccgp18/gp03_07e.pdf.
41. FDA, 2003. The Bioterrorism Act of 2002. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington DC. http://www.fda.gov/ oc/bioterrorism/bioact.html.
42. Feriotto G., Borgatti M., Mischiati C., Bianchi N., Gambari R. Biosensor technology and surface plasmon resonance for real-time detection of genetically modified Roundup Ready soybean gene sequences. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50:2002;955-962
43. Frewer L., Lassen J., Kettlitz B., Scholderer J., Beekman V., Berdal K.G. Societal aspects of genetically modified foods. Food and Chemical Toxixology. 42:2004;. this issue, doi:10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.002
44. Gaskell, G., Allum, N., Stares, S., 2003. Europeans and Biotechnology in 2002, Eurobarometer 58.0. Public Opinion Analysis Unit, Directorate General Press and Communication, European Commission, Brussels. http://europa.eu.int/ comm/public_opinion/archives/eb/ebs_177_en.pdf.
45. Gilliland G., Perrin S., Blanchard K., Bunn H.F. Analysis of cytokine mRNA and DNA. Detection and quantitation by competitive polymerase chain reaction Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87:1990;2725-2729
46. GMOchips, 2003. GMOchips.org, a European Commission Research Project. Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Namur http://www.gmochips.org.
47. Golan, E., 2002. Traceability for food marketing & safety: what's the next step? Agricultural Outlook (January-February), 21-25. http://www.ers.usda. gov/publications/agoutlook/jan2002/ao288f.pdf.
48. Gustafson, C.R., 2002. Economics of Producing for an Identity-Preserved (IP) Grain Market. AAE Staff Paper No. 02002. Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics, Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, Fargo. http://agecon.lib.umn.edu/cgi-bin/pdf_view.pl?paperid= 3871&ftype=.pdf.
49. Hernandez M., Rio A., Esteve T., Prat S., Pla M. A rapeseed-specific gene, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, can be used as a reference for qualitative and real-time quantitative PCR detection of transgenes from mixed food samples. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49:2001;3622-3627
50. Hessner M.J., Budish M.A., Friedman K.D. Genotyping of Factor V G1691A (Leiden) without the use of PCR by invasive cleavage of oligonucleotide probes. Clinical Chemistry. 46:2000;1051-1056
51. Holden M.J., Blasic J.R., Bussjaeger L., Kao C., Shokere L.A., Kendall D.C., Freese L., Jenkins G.R. Evaluation of extraction methodologies for corn kernel (Zea mays) DNA for the detection of trace amounts of biotechnology- derived DNA. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51:2003;2468-2474
52. Holst-Jensen A., Rønning S.B., Løvseth A., Berdal K.G. PCR technology for screening and quantification of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 375:2003;985-993
53. House of Commons, 2000. The Segregation of Genetically Modified Foods. Third report of the Agriculture Commitee. House of Commons, London. http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmagric/ 71/7102.htm.
54. ISO ISO 542: 1990, Oilseeds- Sampling. 1990;International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva
55. ISO ISO 8402: 1994. Quality Management and Quality Assurance-Vocabulary. 1994;International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva
56. ISO ISO 5725-5: 1998. Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results- Part 5: Alternative Methods for the Determination of the Precision of a Standard Measurement Method. 1998;International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva
57. ISO ISO 13690: 1999. Cereals, Pulses and Milled Products-Sampling of Static Batches. 1999;International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva
58. ISTA International Rules for Seed Testing. 2003;International Seed Testing Association, Bassersdorf
59. James, C., 2002. Global Review of Commercialized Transgenic Crops: 2001, Preview. ISAAA Briefs No. 24. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, Ithaca.
60. Kay, S., Paoletti, C., 2002. Sampling Strategies for GMO Detection and/or Quantification. EUR 20239 EN. Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra. http://biotech.jrc.it/doc/EuroReport_sampling
61. Kay S. Comparison of Sampling Approaches for Grain Lots. EUR 20134 EN. 2002;Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra
62. KELDA, 2003. Kernel Lot Distribution Assessment Project. Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra. http://biotech.jrc.it/kelda/login.asp.
63. Kok E.J., Aarts H.J.M., Van Hoef A.M.A., Kuiper H.A. DNA methods. critical review of innovative approaches Journal of AOAC International. 85:2002;797-800
64. König A., Cockburn A., Crevel R.W.R., Debruyne E., Grafstroem R., Hammerling U., Kimber I., Knudsen I., Kuiper H.A., Peijnenburg A.A.C.M., Penninks A.H., Poulsen M., Schauzu M., Wal J.M. Assessment of the safety of foods derived from genetically modified (GM) crops. Food and Chemical Toxixology. 42:2004;. this issue, doi:10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.019
65. Kuribara H., Shindo Y., Matsuoka T., Takubo K., Futo S., Aoki N., Hirao T., Akiqama H., Goda Y., Toyoda M., Hino A. Novel reference molecules for quantitation of genetically modified maize and soybean. Journal of AOAC International. 85:2002;1077-1089
66. Lin W. Estimating the costs of segregation for non-biotech maize and soybeans. Santaniello V., Evenson R.E., Ziberman D. Market Development for Genetically Modified Foods. 2002;261-270 CABI Publishing, London
67. Lin, W., 2002b. Segregation of Non-Biotech Corn and Soybeans: Who Bears the Cost? Paper Presented at the International ICABR Conference, Ravello, Italy, July 11-14, 2002. International Consortium on Agricultural Biotechnology Research, CEIS, Tor Vergata University, Rome. http://www.economia.uniroma2.it/ conferenze/icabr/abstract/Lin1.htm.
68. Lin, W., Chambers W., Harwood J., 2000. Biotechnology: U.S. grain handlers look ahead. Agricultural Outlook (April), 29-34. http://www.ers.usda. gov/publications/agoutlook/apr2000/ao270h.pdf.
69. Lipp M., Anklam E., Stave J. Validation of an immunoassay for detection and quantitation of a genetically modified soybean in feed and food fractions using reference materials. interlaboratory study Journal of AOAC International. 83:2000;919-927
70. McCallum C.M., Comai L., Greene E.A., Henikoff S. Targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) for plant functional genomics. Plant Physiology. 123:2000;439-442
71. Minunni M., Tombelli S., Pratesi S., Piatti P., Bogani P., Buiatti M., Mascini M. A piezoelectric affinity biosensor for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) detection. Analytical Letters. 34:2001;825-840
72. Nanogen Core Technology. 2003;Nanogen, San Diego. http://www.nanogen.com/ technology/core_technology.htm
73. NCBI GenBank: an Overview. 2003;National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/GenbankOverview.html
74. Nolan J.P., Sklar L.A. Suspension array technology. evolution of the flat-array paradigm Trends in Biotechnology. 20:2002;9-12
75. Pamgene, 2003. PamGene's 5D Pulse Microarray Technology Portfolio. Pamgene, s Hertogenbosch. http://www.pamgene.com/content/sbarticles.php.
76. th International ICABR Conference, Ravello, Italy, July 11-14 2002. International Consortium on Agricultural Biotechnology Research, CEIS, Tor Vergata University, Rome. http://www.economia.uniroma2.it/conferenze/icabr/abstract/price.htm.
77. Prokisch J., Zeleny R., Trapmann S., Le Guern L., Schimmel H., Kramer G.N., Pauwels J. Estimation of the minimum uncertainty of DNA concentration in a GMO containing maize sample candidate certified reference material. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 370:2001;935-939
78. QPCRGMOFOOD QPCRGMOFOOD. 2003;National Veterinary Institute, Oslo. http://www.vetinst.no/Qpcrgmofood/Qpcrgmofood.htm
79. Rudi K., Rud I., Holck A. A novel multiplex quantitative DNA array based PCR (MQDA-PCR) for quantification of transgenic maize in food and feed. Nucleic Acids Research. 31(11):2003;e62
80. SDI, 2003. GMO Food Ingredient Testing, Soya Kit User's Guide. Rev. 031703, Ver. 2.1. Strategic Diagnostics, Newark. http://www.sdix.com/PDF/ Products/7100000.User%20Guide%20for%20Soya%20Grain%20Kit%20v2.1.pdf.
81. Taton T.A., Mirkin C.A., Letsinger R.L. Scanometric DNA array detection with nanoparticle probes. Science. 289:2000;1757-1760
82. Taverniers I., Windels P., Van Bockstaele E., de Loose M. Use of cloned DNA fragments for event-specific quantification of genetically modified organisms in pure and mixed food products. European Food Research and Technology. 213:2001;417-424
83. Terada R., Urawa H., Inagaki Y., Tsugane K., Lida S. Efficient gene targeting by homologous recombination in rice. Nature Biotechnology. 20:2002;1030-1034
84. Thomas P. Outcrossing between Canola Varieties- a Volunteer Canola Control Issue. 2000;Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Edmonton. http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/crops/canola/outcrossing.html
85. USDA/GIPSA, 2000. Sampling and Testing Recommendations for the Detection of Cry9C Protein in Hybrid Seed Corn. Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington DC. http://www.usda.gov/gipsa/biotech/starlink/cry9cdetection.htm.
86. USDA/GIPSA, 2001. Directive 9181.1, Testing for Starlink™ Corn- Lateral Flow Test Strip Method. Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington DC. http://www.usda.gov/gipsa/reference-library/directives/9181-1.pdf.
87. Windels P., Taverniers I., Depicker A., Van Bockstaele E., de Loose M. Characterisation of the Roundup Ready soybean insert. European Food Research Technology. 213:2001;107-112