Tissue Oxygenation in Sepsis

Sepsis

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 291-302

  Brealey, David ^a   Singer, Mervyn ^a,b  

^a ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2342595292     PISSN: 13850229     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1009882302744     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Clowes GHA Jr, Vucinic M, Weidner MG. Circulatory and metabolic alterations associated with survival or death in peritonitis. Ann Surg 1966;163:866-885.
2. Fleming A, Bishop M, Shoemaker W, et al. Prospective trial of supranormal values as goals of resuscitation in severe trauma. Arch Surg 1992;127:1176-1181.
3. Moore FA, Haenel JB, Moore EE, Whitehill TA. Incommensurate oxygen consumption in response to maximal oxygen availability predicts postinjury multiple organ failure. J Trauma 1992;33:58-67.
4. Russell JA, Ronco JJ, Lockhat D, Beizberg A, Kiess M, Dodek PM. Oxygen delivery and consumption and ventricular preload are greater in survivors than in nonsurvivors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141:659-665.
5. Pollack MM, Fields AI, Ruttimann UE. Distributions of cardiopulmunary variables in pediatric survivors and non-survivors of septic shock. Crit Care Med 1985;13:454-459.
6. Astrand P, Cuddy T, Saltin B, Steaberg J. Cardiac output during submaximal and maximal work. J Appl Physiol 1964;19:268-274.
7. Weber K, Janicki J. Cardiopulmunary testing for evaluation of chronic cardiac failure. Am J Cardiol 1985;55:22A-31A.
8. Kreymann G, Grosser S, Buggisch P, Gottschall C, Matthaei S, Greten H. Oxygen consumption and resting metabolic rate in sepsis, sepsis syndrome, and septic shock. Crit Care Med 1993;21:1012-1019.
9. 2 uptake during bacteremia in dogs. J Appl Physiol 1987;63:1487-1492.
10. 2 uptake during endotoxemia. J Appl Physiol 1988;64: 2410-2419.
11. Elchacker PQ, Hoffman WD, Danner RL, et al. Serial measures of total body oxygen consumption in an awake canine model of septic shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:68-75.
12. Edwards JD, Brown GC, Nightingale P, Slater R, Faragher EB. Use of survivors' cardiorespiratory values as therapeutic goals in septic shock. Crit Care Med 1989;17:1098-1103.
13. Friedman G, De Backer D, Shahla M, Vincent JL. Oxygen supply dependency can characterize septic shock. Intensive Care Med 1998;24:118-123.
14. Ronco JJ, Fenwick JC, Wiggs BR, Phang TP, Russell JA, Tweeddale MG. Oxygen consumption is independent of increases in oxygen delivery by dobutamine in septic patients who have normal or increased plasma lactate. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:25-31.
15. Ronco JJ, Fenwick JC, Tweeddale MG, et al. Identification of the critical oxygen delivery for anaerobic metabolism in critically ill septic and nonseptic humans. JAMA 1993;270: 1724-1730.
16. Mira JP, Fabre JE, Baigorri F, et al. Lack of oxygen supply dependency in patients with severe sepsis. A study of oxygen delivery increased by military antishock trouser and dobutamine. Chest 1994;106:1524-1531.
17. Ronco JJ, Phang PT, Walley K, Wiggs B, Fenwick JC, Russell JA. Oxygen consumption is independent of changes in oxygen delivery in severe adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:1267-1273.
18. De Backer D, Moraine JJ, Berre J, Kahn Rl, Vincent JL. Effects of dobutamine on oxygen consumption in septic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:95-100.
19. Bihari D, Smithies M, Gimson A, Tinker J. The effects of vasodilatation with prostacyclin on oxygen delivery and uptake in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 1987;13:397-403.
20. Vallet B, Chopin C, Curtis SE, et al. Prognostic value of the dobutamine test in patients with sepsis syndrome and normal lactate values: a prospective, multicenter study. Crit Care Med 1993;21:1868-1875.
21. Spies CD, Reinhart K, Witt I, et al. Influence of n-acetylcysteine on indirect indicators of tissue oxygenation in septic shock patients: Results from a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Crit Care Med 1994;22:1738-1746.
22. Hayes M, Timmins A, Yau E, Palazzo M, Watson D, Hinds C. Oxygen transport patterns in patients with sepsis syndrome or septic shock: Influence of treatment and relationship to outcome. Crit Care Med 1997;25:926-936.
23. Hayes MA, Timmins AC, Yau EH, Palazzo M, Hinds CJ, Watson D. Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 1993; 330:1717-1722.
24. Shoemaker WC, Appel PL, Kram HB, Waxman K, Lee TS. Prospective trial of supranormal values of survivors as therapeutic goals in high risk surgical patients. Chest 1988; 94:1176-1186.
25. Boyd O, Grounds RM, Bennett ED. A randomized clinical trial of the effect of deliberate perioperative increase of oxygen delivery on mortality in high-risk surgical patients. JAMA 1993;270:2699-2707.
26. Yu M, Takanishi D, Myers SA, et al. Frequency of mortality and myocardial infarction during maximizing oxygen delivery: A prospective, randomized trial. Crit Care Med 1995; 23:1025-1032.
27. 2 Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1025-1032.
28. Yu M, Burchell S, Hasaniya NW, Takanishi DM, Myers SA, Takigushi SA. Relationship of mortality to increasing oxygen delivery in patients 50 years of age: A prospective, randomized trial. Crit Care Med 1998;26:1011-1019.
29. Tuchschmidt J, Fried J, Astiz M, Rackow E. Elevation of cardiac output and oxygen delivery improves outcome in septic shock. Chest 1992;102:216-220.
30. Heyland DK, Cook DJ, King D, Kenerman P, Brun-Buisson C. Maximizing oxygen delivery in critically ill patients: A methodologic appraisal of the evidence. Crit Care Med 1996;24:517-524.
31. Third European Consensus Conference in Intensive Care Medicine. Tissue hypoxia: How to detect, how to correct, how to prevent. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154: 1573-1578
32. Shoemaker WC, Appel PL, Kram HB. Tissue oxygen debt as a determinant of lethal and nonlethal postoperative organ failure. Crit Care Med 1988;16:1117-1120.
33. Cryer HM, Garrison RN, Kaebmck HW, Harris PD, Flint LM. Skeletal microcirculatory responses to hyperdynamic Escherichia coli sepsis in unanesthetized rats. Arch Surg 1987;122:86-92.
34. Tyml K, Yu J, McCormack DG. Capillary and arteriolar responses to local vasodilators are impaired in a rat model of sepsis. J Appl Physiol 1998;84:837-844.
35. Martin CM, Yaghi A, Sibbald WJ, McCormack D, Paterson NAM. Differential impairment of vascular reactivity of small pulmonary and systemic arteries in hyperdynamic sepsis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:164-172.
36. Klemm K, Moody FG. Regional intestinal blood flow and nitric oxide synthase inhibition during sepsis in the rat. Ann Surg 1998;227:126-133.
37. Asher EF, Garrison RN, Ratcliffe DJ, Fry DE. Endotoxin, cellular function, and nutrient blood flow. Arch Surg 1983; 118:441-445.
38. Jepson MM, Cox M, Bates PC, et al. Regional blood flow and skeletal muscle energy status in endotoxemic rats. Am J Physiol 1987;252:E581-E587.
39. Lam C, Tyml K, Martin C, Sibbald W. Microvascular perfusion is impaired in a rat model of normotensive sepsis. J Clin Invest 1994;94:2077-2083.
40. Finley RJ, Duff JH, Holliday RL, Jones D, Marchuk JB. Capillary muscle blood flow in human sepsis. Surgery 1975;78:87-94.
41. Carcillo JA, Litten RZ, Suba EA, Roth BL. Alterations in rat aortic alpha 1-adrenoceptors and alpha 1-adrenergic stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in intraperitoneal sepsis. Circ Shock 1988;26:331-339.
42. Wang SY, Cameron EM, Fink MP, Sellke FW. Chronic septicemia alters alpha-adrenergic mechanisms in the coronary circulation. J Surg Res 1997;69:61-66.
43. Tang C, Yang J, Wu LL, Doing LW, Liu MS. Phosphorylation of beta-adrenergic receptor leads to its redistribution in rat heart during sepsis. Am J Physiol 1998;274: R1078-R1086.
44. Forse RA, Saint VD, Gagner M, Borlase BC. Intra-abdominal sepsis and adrenergic receptor response. J Trauma 1992;32:564-569.
45. Silverman HJ, Penaranda R, Orens JB, Lee NH. Impaired beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in human septic shock: Association with myocardial hyporesponsiveness to catecholamines. Crit Care Med 1993;21:31-39.
46. Rees DD, Monkhouse JE, Cambridge D, Moncada S. Nitric oxide and the haemodynamic profile of endotoxin shock in the conscious mouse. Br J Pharmacol 1998;124:540-546
47. Davies NA, Cooper CE, Stidwill R, Singer M. Evidence for the formation of nitrosyl haemoglobin in early stage endotoxaemia using EPR spectroscopy. Intensive Care Med 1998;24(Suppl. 1)S81(Abstr).
48. Wright CE, Rees DD, Moncada S. Protective and pathological roles of nitric oxide in endotoxin shock. Cardiovasc Res 1992;26:48-57.
49. Hollenberg SM, Cunnion RE, Zimmerberg J. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition reverses arteriolar hyporesponsiveness to catecholamines in septic rats. Am J Physiol 1993;264: H660-H663.
50. Yaghi A, Paterson NAM, McCormack DG. Vascular reactivity in sepsis: Importance of controls and role of nitric oxide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:706-712.
51. Boughton-Smith NK, Evans SM, Whittle BJR, Moncada S. Induction of nitric oxide synthase in rat intestine and its association with tissue injury. Agents Actions 1993;38: C125-C126.
52. Boughton-Smith NK, Evans SM, Laszlo F, Whittle BJR, Moncada S. The induction of nitric oxide synthase and intestinal vascular permeability by endotoxin in the rat. Br J Phamacol 1993;110:1189-1195.
53. Hutcheson IR, Whittle BJR, Boughton-Smith NK. Role of nitric oxide in maintaining vascular integrity in endotoxin-induced acute intestinal damage in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1990;101:815-820.
54. Harbrecht G, Billiar TR, Stadler J, et al. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis during endotoxemia promotes intraheptic thrombosis and an oxygen radical-mediated hepatic injury. J Leukoc Biol 1992;52:390-394.
55. Avontuur JAM, Nolthenius RPT, van Bodegom JW, Bruining HA. Prolonged inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in severe septic shock: A clinical study. Crit Care Med 1998;26:660-667.
56. Webb PJ, Westwick MF, Scully J. Do prostacyclin and thromboxane play a role in endotoxic shock? Br J Surg 1981; 68:720-724.
57. Krausz MM, Uttsunomiya T, Feuerstein G, Wolfe JHN, Shepro D, Hechtman HB: Prostacyclin reversal of lethal endotoxemia in dogs. J Clin Invest 1981;67:1118-1125.
58. Manasia A, Kang H, Hannon E, et al. Effects of the stable prostacyclin analogue iloprost on mesenteric blood flow in porcine endotoxic shock. Crit Care Med 1997;25:1222-1227.
59. Temple GE Cook JA, Halushka PV, et al. Improvement in organ blood flow by inhibition of thromboxane synthetase during experimental endotoxic shock in the rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1986;8:514-519.
60. Pittet JF, Lacroix JS, Gunning K, Laverriere MC, Morel DR, Suter PM. Prostacyclin but not, phentolamine increase oxygen consumption and skin microvascular blood flow in patients with sepsis and respiratory failure. Chest 1990;98:1467-1472.
61. Jacobs ER, Soulsby A, Bone RC, Wilson FJ Jr, Hiller FC. Ibuprofen in canine endotoxin shock. J Clin Invest 1982;70:536-541.
62. Bernard GR, Wheeler AP, Russell JA, et al. The effects of ibuprofen on the physiology and survival of patients with sepsis. The Ibuprofen in Sepsis Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;336:912-918.
63. 2 in endotoxaemic dogs. J Appl Physiol 1994;76:793-800.
64. VanderMeer TJ, Wang H, Fink MP. Endotoxemia causes ileal mucosal acidosis in the absence of mucosal hypoxia in a normodynamic porcine model of septic shock. Crit Care Med 1995;23:1217-1226.
65. Hurtado F, Gutierrez AM, Silva N, et al. Role of tissue hypoxia as the mechanism of lactic acidiosis during E. coli endotoxemia. J Appl Physiol 1992;72:1895-1901.
66. Rosser DM, Stidwill RP, Jacobson D, Singer M. Cardiorespiratory and tissue oxygen dose response to rat endotoxemia. Am J Physiol 1996;271:H891-H895.
67. Rosser DM, Stidwill RP, Jacobson D, Singer M. Oxygen tension in the bladder epithelium increases in both high and low output endotoxemic sepsis. J Appl Physiol 1195;79: 1878-1882.
68. Hasibeder W, Germann R, Wolf HJ, et al. Effects of short-term endotoxemia and dopamine on mucosal oxygenation in porcine jejunum. Am J Physiol 1996;270:G667-G675.
69. Sair M, Etherington PJ, Curzen NP, Winlove CP, Evans TW Tissue oxygenation and perfusion in endotoxemia. Am J Physiol 1996;271:H1620-H1625.
70. Boekstegers P, Weidenhofer S, Pilz G, Werdan K. Peripheral oxygen availability within skeletal muscle in sepsis and septic shock: comparison to limited infection and cardiogenic shock. Infection 1991;19:317-323.
71. Gutierrez G, Wulf ME. Lactic acidosis in sepsis: A commentary. Intensive Care Med 1996;22:6-16.
72. Vary TC, Siegal JH, Nakatani T, Sato T, Aoyama H. Effect of sepsis on activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in skeletal muscle and liver. Am J Physiol 1986;250: E634-E640.
73. 18F] fluoromisonidazole. Am J Physiol 1991;261:R965-R972.
74. Gilles RJ, D'Orio V, Ciancabilla F, Carlier PG. In vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of skeletal muscle energetics in endotoxemic rats: A prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med 1994;22:499-505.
75. Hotchkiss R, Song SK, Neil JJ, et al. Sepsis does not impair tricarboxylic acid cycle in the heart. Am J Physiol 1991; 260:050-057.
76. Solomon M, Correa R, Alexander HR, et al. Myocardial energy metabolism and morphology in a canine model of sepsis. Am J Physiol 1994;266:H757-H768.
77. Jacobs DO, Kobayashi T, Imagire J, Grant C, Kesselly B, Wilmore DW. Sepsis alters skeletal muscle energetics and membrane function. Surgery 1991;110:318-326.
78. Tanaka J, Sato T, Kamiyama Y, Jones RT, Cowley RA, Trump BF. Bacteremic shock: Aspects of high-energy metabolism of rat liver following living Escherichia coli injection. J Surg Res 1982;33:49-57.
79. Kaneda K, Yoshioka Y, Makita K, Toyooka H, Amaha K. Effects of carboxy-PTIO on systemic hemodynamics, liver energetics, and concentration of liver metabolites during endotoxic shock in rabbits: A 31P and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic study. Crit Care Med 1997;25: 1019-1029.
80. Bergstrom J, Bostrom H, Furst P, Hultman E, Vinnars E. Preliminary studies of energy-rich phosphagens in muscle from severely ill patients. Crit Care Med 1976;4:197-204.
81. Liaw K, Askanazi J, Michelson C, Kantrowitz L, Furst P, Kinney JM. Effect of injury and sepsis on high-energy phosphates in muscle and red cells. J Trauma 1980;20:755-759.
82. Buttgereit F, Brand MD. A hierarchy of ATP-consuming processes in mammalian cells. Biochem J 1995;312:163-167.
83. Breuille D, Rose F, Arnal M, Melin C, Obled C. Sepsis modifies the contribution of different organs to whole-body protein synthesis in rats. Clin Sci 1994;86:663-669.
84. Breuille D, Arnal-M, Rambourdin F, Bayle G, Levieux D. Obled C. Sustained modifications of protein metabolism in various tissues in a rat model of long-lasting sepsis. Clin Sci 1998;94:413-423.
85. Tiao G, Fagan JM, Samuels NJ, et al. Sepsis stimulates nonlysosomal, energy-dependent proteolysis and increases ubiquitin mRNA levels in rat skeletal muscle. Clin Invest 1994;94:2255-2264
86. O'Brien WJ, Lingrel JB, Fischer JE, Hasseigren POJ. Sepsis increases skeletal muscle sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase activity without affecting messenger RNA or protein levels. J Am Coll Surg 1996;183:471-479.
87. James H, Fang C, Schrantz S, Hasselgren POJ, Fischer JE. Linkage of aerobic glycolysis to sodium-potassium transport in rat skeletal muscle: Implications for increased muscle lactate production in sepsis. J Clin Invest 1996;10: 2388-2397.
88. +-ATPase activities in erythrocyte, muscle, and liver of traumatic and septic patients. Circ Shock 1987;22:195-203.
89. Boldyrev AA, Bulygina ER, Kramarenko GG, Vanin AF. Effect of nitroso compounds on Na/K-ATPase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997;1321:243-251.
90. Sosamma R, Berger J, Sudar DC, Berger NA. Metabolic consequences of DNA damage: DNA damage induces alterations in glucose metabolism by activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1986; 134:227-232.
91. Harris RA, Harris DL, Green DE. Effect of Bordetella endotoxin upon mitochondrial respiration and energized processes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968;128:219-230.
92. Moss GS, Erve PP, Schumer W. Effect of endotoxin on mitochondrial respiration. Surg Forum 1969;20:24-25.
93. Schumer W, Erve P, Kapica SK, Moss GS. Endotoxin effect on respiration of rat liver mitochondria. J Surg Res 1970;10:609-612.
94. Kilpatrick SL, Deas J, Erecinska M, Silver IA. Cellular effects of endotoxin in vitro II: Reversibility of endotoxic damage. Circ Shock 1983;11:101-111.
95. Ishiyama S, Hiraga K, Tsukamoto M. The mechanism of action of E. coli endotoxin on oxidative phosphorylation of the rat liver mitochondria. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1985;86:23-31.
96. Sakaguchi S, Ibata H, Yokota K. Effect of calcium ion on lipid peroxide formation in endotoxemic mice. Microbiol Immunol 1989;33:99-110.
97. Kudoh A, Kudoh E, Ishihara H, Matsuki A. ONO-5046, an elastase inhibitor, attenuates liver mitochondrial dysfunction after endotoxin. Crit Care Med 1998;26:138-141.
98. Llesuy S, Evelson P, Gonzalez FB, et al. Oxidative stress in muscle and liver of rats with septic syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 1994;16:445-451.
99. Mela L, Miller LD. Efficacy of glucocorticoids in preventing mitochondrial metabolic failure in endotoxemia. Circ Shock 1983;10:371-381.
100. Mela-Riker L, Bartos D, Vlessis AA, Widener L, Muller P, Trunkey DD. Chronic hyperdynamic sepsis in the rat: II. Characterization of liver and muscle energy metabolism. Circ Shock 1992;36:83-92.
101. Kopprasch S, Horkner U, Orlik H, Kemmer C, Scheuch DW. Energy state, glycolytic intermediates and mitochondrial function in the liver during reversible and irreversible endotoxin shock. Biomed Biochim Acta 1989;48:653-659.
102. Schaefer CF, Biber B, Lerner MR, Jobsis-VanderVliet FF, Fagraeus L. Rapid reduction of intestinal cytochrome a,a3 during lethal endotoxemia. J Surg Res 1991;51:382-391.
103. Schaefer CF, Lerner MR, Biber B. Dose-related reduction of intestinal cytochrome a,a3 induced by endotoxin in rats. Circ Shock 1991;33:17-25.
104. Simonson SG, Welty WK, Huang YT, et al. Altered mitochondrial redox responses in gram negative septic shock in primates. Circ Shock 1994;43:34-43.
105. Clemens M, Chaudry IH, Baue AE. Oxidative capability of hepatic tissue in late sepsis. Adv Shock Res 1981;6:55-64.
106. Geller ER, Jankauskas S, Kirkpatrick J. Mitochondrial death in sepsis: a failed concept. J Surg Res 1986;40:514-517.
107. Garrison RN, Ratcliffe DJ, Fry DE. The effects of peritonitis on murine renal mitochondria. Adv Shock Res 1982;7: 71-76.
108. Asher EF, Garrison RN, Ratcliffe DJ, Fry DE. Endotoxin, cellular function, and nutrient blood flow. Arch Surg 1983;118:441-445.
109. Hirai F, Aoyama H, Ohtoshi M, Kawashima S, Ozawa K, Tobe T. Significance of mitochondrial enhancement in hepatic energy metabolism in relation to alterations in hemodynamics in septic pigs with severe peritonitis. Eur Surg Res 1984;16:148-155.
110. Ohtoshi M, Jikko A, Asano M, Uchida K, Ozawa K, Tobe T. Ketogenesis during sepsis in relation to hepatic energy metabolism. Res Exp Med Berl 1984;184:209-219.
111. Mizobata Y, Prechek D, Rounds JD, Robinson V, Wilmore DW, Jacobs DO. The duration of infection modifies mitochondrial oxidative capacity in rat skeletal muscle. J Surg Res 1995;59:165-173.
112. Dawson KL, Geller ER, Kirkpatrick JR. Enhancement of mitochondrial function in sepsis. Arch Surg 1988;123: 241-244.
113. Poderoso JJ, Fernandez S, Carreras MC, et al. Liver oxygen uptake dependence and mitochondrial function in septic rats. Circ Shock 1994;44:175-182.
114. Kantrow SP, Taylor DE, Carraway MS, Piantadosi CA. Oxidative metabolism in rat hepatocytes and mitochondria during sepsis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997;345:278-288.
115. Galley HF, Davies MJ, Webster NR. Xanthine oxidase activity and free radical generation in patients with sepsis syndrome. Crit Care Med 1996;24:1649-1653.
116. Richter C, Gogvadze V, Laffranchi R, et al. Oxidants in mitochondria: From physiology to diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995;1271:67-74.
117. Llesuy S, Evelson P, Gonzalez FB, et al. Oxidative stress in muscle and liver of rats with septic syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 1994;16:445-451.
118. Sakaguchi S, Ibata H, Yokota K. Effect of calcium ion on lipid peroxide formation in endotoxemic mice. Microbiol Immunol 1989;33:99-110.
119. Kurose I, Miura S, Higuchi H, et al. Increased nitric oxide synthase activity as a cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in rat hepatocytes: roles for tumor necrosis factor alpha. Hepatology 1996;24:1185-1192.
120. Geng Y, Hansson GK, Holme E. Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor synergize to induce nitric oxide production and inhibit mitochondrial respiration in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1992;71:1268-1276.
121. Crouser ED, Dorinsky PM. Metabolic consequences of sepsis: Correlation with altered intracellular calcium homeostasis. Clin Chest Med 1996;17:249-261.
122. Brown GC. Nitric oxide inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and mitochondrial respiration: Implications for inflammatory, neurodegenerative and ischaemic pathologies. Mol Cell Biochem 1997;174:189-192.
123. Schweizer M, Richter C. Nitric oxide potently and reversibly deenergizes mitochondria at low oxygen tension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994;204:169-175.
124. Bolanos JP, Heales SJ, Peuchen S, Barker JE, Land JM, Clark JB. Nitric oxide-mediated mitochondrial damage: A potential neuroprotective role for glutathione. Free Radic Biol Med 1996;21:995-1001.
125. Shiomi M, Wakabayashi Y, Sano T, et al. Nitric oxide suppression reversibly attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction & cholestasis in endotoxemic rat liver. Hepatology 1998;27: 108-115.
126. Nishikawa M, Sato EF, Kashiba M, Kuroki T, Utsumi K, Inoue M. Role of glutathione in nitric oxide-dependent regulation of energy metabolism in rat hepatoma cells. Hepatology 1998;27:422-426.