New insights in the pathogenesis of prothrombotic state associated to hypercholesterolemia;Recenti vedute sulla patogenesi degli stati protrombotici associati a ipercolesterolemia

Recenti Progressi in Medicina

Volumn 95, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 169-178

  Ferroni, Patrizia ^a   Basili, Stefania ^b   Davì, Giovanni ^c  

^a Dipto di Med Sperim e Patologia   (Italy)

^b SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CHIETI   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cytokines; Hypercholesterolemia; Inflammation; Platelet activation

Indexed keywords

ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; STATIN;

ARTERY WALL; CELL STIMULATION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; INFLAMMATION; MONOCYTE; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOSIS;

ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; BLOOD PLATELETS; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; CLINICAL TRIALS; CYTOKINES; FREE RADICALS; HUMANS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; INFLAMMATION; PLATELET ACTIVATION; THROMBOSIS; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 2342569595     PISSN: 00341193     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. New Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115-26.
2. Stokes KY, Cooper D, Tailor A, Granger DN. Hypercholesterolemia promotes inflammation and microvascular dysfunction: role of nitric oxide and superoxide. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33: 1026-36.
3. Lemaire S, Lizard G, Monier S, et al. Different patterns of IL-1beta secretion, adhesion molecule expression and apoptosis induction in human endothelial cells treated with 7alpha, 7beta-hydroxycholesterol, or 7-ketocholesterol. FEBS Lett 1998; 440: 434-9.
4. Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 2002; 420: 868-74.
5. Scalia R, Appel JZ III, Lefer AM. Leukocyte-endothelium interaction during the early stages of hypercholesterolemia in the rabbit: role of P-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 1093-100.
6. Granger DN. Ischemia/reperfusion: mechanisms of microvascular dysfunction and the influence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Microcirculation 1999; 6: 167-78.
7. Vink H, Constantinescu AA, Spaan JA. Oxidized lipoproteins degrade the endothelial surface layer: implications for platelet-endothelial cell adhesion. Circulation 2000; 101: 1500-2.
8. Nelken NA, Coughlin SR, Gordon D, Wilcox JN. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human atheromatous plaques. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1121-7.
9. Wang N, Tabas I, Winchester R, Ravalli S, Rabbani LE, Tall A. Interleukin 8 is induced by cholesterol loading of macrophages and expressed by macrophage foam cells in human atheroma. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 8837-42.
10. Van Snick J. Interleukin-6: an overview. Annu Rev Immunol 1999; 8: 253-78.
11. Kowalski J, Okopien B, Madej A, et al. Levels of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and MCP-1 in patients with hyper-lipoproteinemia IIa & IIb. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001; 39: 48-52.
12. Ferroni P, Basili S, Vieri M, et al. Soluble P-selectin and pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with polygenic type IIa hypercholesterolemia. Haemostasis 1999; 29: 277-85.
13. Ferro D, Parrotto S, Basili S, et al. Simvastatin inhibits the monocyte expression of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 427-31.
14. Musial J, Undas A, Gajewski P, Jankowski M, Sydor W, Szczeklik A. Anti-inflammatory effects of simvastatin in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Int J Cardiol 2001; 77: 247-53.
15. Springer TA. Traffic signals for lymphocyte recruitment and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell 1994; 76: 301-14.
16. Read MA, Whiteley MZ, Williams AJ, Collins T. NF-kB, and IkBa. An inducible regulatory system in endothelial activation. J Exp Med 1994; 179: 503-12.
17. Yangsoo J, Lincoff M, Plow EF, Topol EJ. Cell adhesion molecules in coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24: 1591-601.
18. O'Brien KD, Allen MD, McDonald TO, et al. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 is expressed in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 945-51.
19. Johnson-Tiddey RR, McGregor JL, Taylor PR, Poston RN. Increase in the adhesion molecule P-selectin in endothelium overlaying atherosclerotic plaques: coexpression with intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Am J Pathol 1994; 144: 952-61.
20. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. New Engl J Med 1997; 336: 973-9.
21. Koenig W, Sund M, Fröhlich M, et al. C-reactive protein, a sensitive marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men: results from the MONICA (Monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease) Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992. Circulation 1999; 99: 237-42.
22. Heinrich J, Schulte H, Schonfeld R, Kohler E, Assmann G. Association of variables of coagulation, fibrinolysis and acute-phase with atherosclerosis in coronary and peripheral arteries and those arteries supplying the brain. Thromb Haemost 1995; 73: 374-9.
23. Lagrand WK, Visser CA, Hermens WT et al. C-reactive protein as a cardiovascular risk factor. More then an epiphenomenon? Circulation 1999; 100: 96-102.
24. Torzewski M, Rist C, Mortensen RF, et al. C-reactive protein in the arterial intima; role of C-reactive protein receptor-dependent monocyte recruitment in atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 2094-9.
25. Mortensen RF, Osmand AP, Lint TF, et al. Interaction of C-reactive protein with lymphocytes and monocytes: complement-dependent adherence and phagocytosis. J Immunol 1976; 117: 774-8.
26. deBeer FC, Soutar AK, Baltz ML, et al. Low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein are selectively bound by aggregated C-reactive protein. J Exp Med 1982; 156: 230-42.
27. Fu T, Borensztajn J. Macrophage uptake of low-density lipoprotein bound to aggregated C-reactive protein: possible mechanism of foam-cell formation in atherosclerotic lesions. Biochem J 2002; 366: 195-201.
28. Pasceri V, Willerson JT, Yeh ETH. Direct proinflammatory effects of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation 2000; 102: 2165-8.
29. Munford, RS. Statins and the Acute-Phase Response. New Engl J Med 2001; 344: 2016-8.
30. Alessandri C, Basili S, Maurelli M, et al. Relationship between prothrombin activation fragment F1+2 and serum cholesterol. Haemostasis 1996; 26: 214-9.
31. Davì G, Ganci A, Averna M, et al. Thromboxane biosynthesis, neutrophil and coagulative activation in type IIa hypercholesterolemia. Thromb Haemost 1995; 74: 1015-9.
32. Porreca E, Di Febbo C, di Castelnuovo A, et al. Association of factor VII levels with inflammatory parameters in hypercholesterolemic patients. Atherosclerosis 2002; 165: 159-66.
33. Davì G, Averna M, Catalano I, et al. Increased thromboxane biosynthesis in type IIa hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 1992; 85: 1792-8.
34. Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndromes. New Engl J Med 1992; 326: 310-8.
35. Curtiss LK, Plow EF. Interaction of plasma lipoproteins with human platelets. Blood 1984; 64: 365-74.
36. Hackeng CM, Huigsloot M, Pladet MW, Nieuwenhuis HK, Rijn HJMv, Akkerman JWN. Low-density lipoprotein enhances platelet secretion via integrin-αIIbβ3-mediated signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 239-47.
37. Surya II, Gorter G, Mommersteeg M, Akkerman JWN. Enhancement of platelet functions by low density lipoproteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1165: 19-26.
38. Pedreño J, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Cabre A, Masana L. Molecular requirements in the recognition of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) by specific platelet membrane receptors. Thromb Res 2000; 99: 51-60.
39. Chen M, Kakutani M, Naruko T, et al. Activation-dependent surface expression of LOX-1 in human platelets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 282: 153-8.
40. Manns JM, Brennan KJ, Colman RW, Sheth SB. Differential regulation of human platelet responses by cGMP inhibited and stimulated cAMP phosphodiesterases. Thromb Haemost 2002; 87: 880-7.
41. Mazeaud MM, Driss F, Le Quan Sang KH, et al. Biochemical and functional alterations associated with hypercholesterolemia in platelets from hypertensive patients. Atherosclerosis 1992; 94: 201-11.
42. Le Quan Sang KH, Levenson J, Megnien JL, et al. Platelet cytosolic Ca2+ and membrane dynamics in patients with hypercholesterolemia: effects of pravastatin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15: 759-64.
43. Notarbartolo A, Davì G, Averna M, et al. Inhibition of thromboxane biosynthesis and platelet function by simvastatin in type IIa hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15: 247-51.
44. Vora DK, Fang ZT, Liva SM, et al. Induction of P-selectin by oxidized lipoproteins. Separate effects on synthesis and surface expression. Circ Res 1997; 80: 810-8.
45. Davì G, Romano M, Mezzetti A, et al. Increased levels of soluble P-selectin in hypercholesterolemic patients. Circulation 1998; 97: 953-7.
46. Brandt E, Ludwig A, Petersen F, Flad HD. Platelet-derived CXC chemokines: old players in new games. Immunol Rev 2000; 177: 204-16.
47. Sedlmayr P, Blaschitz A, Wilders-Truschnig M, et al. Platelets contain interleukin-1 alpha and beta which are detectable on the cell surface after activation. Scand J Immunol 1995; 42: 209-14.
48. Hawrylowicz CM, Howells GL, Feldmann M. Platelet-derived interleukin-1 induces human endothelial adhesion molecule expression and cytokine production. J Exp Med 1991; 174: 785-90.
49. Cipollone F, Mezzetti A, Porreca E, et al. Association between enhanced soluble CD40L and prothrombotic state in hypercholesterolemia: effects of statin therapy. Circulation 2002; 106: 399-402.
50. Heller R, Bevers EM. Platelets, vessel wall and the coagulation system. In: von Bruchhausen F, Walter U (eds). Platelets and their factors. Berlin: Springer 1997; 585-607.
51. Gimbrone MA Jr. Vascular endothelium: nature's blood container. In: Gimbrone MA Jr (ed). Vascular endothelium in hemostasis and thrombosis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 1986; 1-21.
52. Lindemann S, Tolley ND, Dixon DA, et al. Activated platelets mediate inflammatory signaling by regulated interleukin 1beta synthesis. J Cell Biol 2001; 154: 485-90.
53. Gawaz M, Brand K, Dickfeld T, et al. Platelets induce alterations of chemotactic and adhesive properties of endothelial cells mediated through an interleukin-1-dependent mechanism. Implications for atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2000; 148: 75-85.
54. Palabrica T, Lobb R, Furie BC, et al. Leukocyte accumulation promoting fibrin deposition is mediated in vivo by P-selectin on adherent platelets. Nature 1992; 359: 848-51.
55. Murphy JF, Bordet JC, Wyler B, et al. The vitronectin receptor (αvβ3) is implicated, in cooperation with P-selectin and platelet activating factor, in the adhesion of monocytes to activated endothelial cells. Biochem J 1994; 304: 537-42.
56. Henn V, Slupsky JR, Grafe M, et al. CD40 ligand on activated platelets triggers an inflammatory reaction of endothelial cells. Nature 1998; 391: 591-4.
57. Lindmark E, Tenno T, Siegbahn A. Role of platelet P-selectin and CD40 ligand in the induction of monocytic tissue factor expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 2322-8.
58. Mach F, Schonbeck U, Sukhova GK, et al. Reduction of atherosclerosis in mice by inhibition of CD40 signaling. Nature 1998; 394: 200-3.
59. Schonbeck U, Sukhova GK, Shimizu K, et al. Inhibition of CD40 signaling limits evolution of established atherosclerosis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA 2000; 97: 7458-63.
60. Touqui L, Hatmi M. Human platelets stimulated by thrombin produce platelet-activating factor (1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) when the degrading enzyme acetyl hydrolase is blocked. Biochem J 1985; 229: 811-6.
61. Kameyoshi Y, Dorschner A, Mallet AI, et al. Cytokine RANTES released by thrombin-stimulated platelets is a potent attractant for human eosinophils. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 587-92.
62. von Hundelshausen P, Weber KS, Huo Y, et al. RANTES deposition by platelets triggers monocyte arrest on inflamed and atherosclerotic endothelium. Circulation 2001; 103: 1772-7.
63. Mendelsohn ME, Loscalzo J. Role of platelets in cholesterol ester formation by U937 cells. J Clin Invest 1988; 81: 62-9.
64. Celi A, Pellegrini G, Lorenzet R, et al. P-selectin induces the expression of tissue factor on monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 8767-71.
65. Palabrica T, Lobb R, Furie RC, August D, Furie B. Leukocyte accumulation promoting fibrin deposition is mediated in vivo by P-selectin on adherent platelets. Nature 1992; 359: 848-51.
66. Nagata K, Tsuji T, Todoroki N, et al. Activated platelets induce superoxide anion release by monocyte and neutrophils through P-selectin (CD62). J Immunol 1993; 151: 3267-73.
67. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-9.
68. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al, for the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. New Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1301-7.
69. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al, for the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. New Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1001-9.
70. The Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. New Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1349-57.
71. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al, for the AFCAPS/TexCAPS Research Group. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA 1998; 279: 1615-22.
72. Kjekshus J, Pedersen TR. Reducing the risk of coronary events: evidence from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 64C-8C.
73. Vaughan CJ, Murphy MB, Buckley BM. Statins do more than just lower cholesterol. Lancet 1996; 348: 1079-82.
74. Rossen RD. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: a new class of antiinflammatory drugs? J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 1218-9.
75. Ortego M, Bustos C, Hernandez-Presa MA, et al. Atorvastatin reduces NF-kappaB activation and chemokine expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and mononuclear cells. Atherosclerosis 1999; 47: 253-61.
76. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, et al. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. New Engl J Med 2000; 342: 836-43.
77. Ridker PM, Glynn RJ, Hennekens CH. C-reactive protein adds to the predictive value of total and HDL cholesterol in determining risk of first myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998; 97: 2007-11.
78. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer M, et al. Long-term effects of pravastatin on plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Circulation 1999; 100: 230-5.
79. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Clearfield M, et al. Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. New Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1959-65.
80. Albert MA, Danielson E, Rifai N, et al. Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels. The pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE). A randomized trial and cohort study. JAMA 2001; 286: 64-70.
81. Ridker P, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. New Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1557-65.
82. Jialal I, Stein D, Balis D, et al. Effect of hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme. A reductase inhibitor therapy on high sensitive C-reactive protein levels. Circulation 2001; 103: 1933-5.
83. Dangas G, Smith DA, Unger AH, et al. Pravastatin: an antithrombotic effect independent of the cholesterol-lowering effect. Thromb Haemost 2000; 83: 688-92.
84. Di Garbo V, Cordova R, Avellone G. Increased thrombin generation and complement activation in patients with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia: effects of simvastatin treatment. Curr Ther Res 1997; 58: 706-23.
85. Porrecca E, DiFebbo C, Amore C, et al. Effect of lipid-lowering treatment on factor VII profile in hyperlipidemic patients. Thromb Haemost 2000; 84: 789-93.
86. Broijersen A, Eriksson M, Leijd B, et al. No influence of simvastatin treatment on platelet function in vivo in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 273-9.
87. Ferro D, Basili S, Alessandri C, et al. Inhibition of tissue-factor-mediated thrombin generation by simvastatin. Atherosclerosis 2000; 149: 111-6.
88. Colli S, Eligini S, Lalli M, et al. Vastatins inhibit tissue factor in cultured human macrophages. A novel mechanism of protection against atherothrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 265-72.
89. Laufs U, La Fata V, Plutzky J, et al. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation 1998; 97: 1129-35.
90. Rosenson RS, Tangney CC. Antiatherothrombotic properties of statins: implications for cardiovascular event reduction. JAMA 1998; 279: 1643-50.
91. Praticò D, Iuliano L, Mauriello A, et al. Localization of distinct F2-isoprostanes in human atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 2028-34.
92. Morrow JD, Hill KE, Burk RF, Nammour TM, Badr KF, Roberts LJD. A series of prostaglandin F2-like compounds are produced in vivo in humans by a non-cyclooxygenase, free-radical catalyzed mechanism. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1990; 233: 163-74.
93. Davì G, Alessandrini P, Mezzetti A, et al. In vivo formation of 8-Epi-prostaglandin F2 alpha is increased in hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 3230-5.
94. Szczeklik A, Musial J, Undas A, et al. Inhibition of thrombin generation by simvastatin and lack of additive effects of aspirin in patients with marked hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 1286-93.
95. Dangas G, Badimon JJ, Smith DA, et al. Pravastatin therapy in hyperlipidemia: effects on thrombus formation and the systemic haemostatic profile. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 1294-304.