Clinical lactation practice: 20 years of evidence

Journal of Human Lactation

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 245-258

  Wambach, Karen ^a   Campell, Suzanne Hetzel ^b,g   Gill, Sara L ^c   Dodgson, Joan E ^d   Abiona, Titilayo C ^e   Heinig, M Jane ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS SCHOOL OF NURSING   (United States)

^b FAIRFIELD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^e OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY   (Nigeria)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^g Connecticut Breastfeeding Coalition ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Breastfeeding; Clinical; Developing countries; Infant feeding; Lactation; Physiology; Research

Indexed keywords

AFRICA; BREAST FEEDING; CONSULTATION; DATA BASE; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ETHNOLOGY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; HEALTH PRACTITIONER; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; LACTATION; MATERNAL BEHAVIOR; MEDICAL PRACTICE; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE; VULNERABLE POPULATION;

BREAST FEEDING; COUNSELING; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; LACTATION; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 23244432833     PISSN: 08903344     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0890334405279001     Document Type: Review

References (227)

1. Sackett DL, Rosenberg WMC, Gray JAM, Haynes RB, Richardson WS. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. BMJ. 1996;312:71-72.
2. Cook TD, Campbell DT. Quasi-experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues. Boston, Mass: Houghton-Mifflin; 1979.
3. Fawcett J. The Relationship of Theory and Research. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Davis; 1999.
4. Labbok MH, Coffin CJ. A call for consistency in definition of breast-feeding behaviors. Soc Sci Med. 1997;44:1931-1932.
5. Heinig MJ. Host defense benefits of breastfeeding for the infant. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48:105-123.
6. Field CJ. The immunological components of human milk and their effect on immune development in infants. J Nutr. 2005;135:1-4.
7. Kelleher SL, Lonnerdal B. Immunological activities of associated with milk. Adv Nutr Res. 2001;10:39-65.
8. Hartmann PE, Cregan MD, Mitoulas LR. Maternal modulation of specific and non-specific immune compounds of colostrum and mature milk. Adv Nutr Res. 2001;10:365-387.
9. Perez-Escamilla R, Guerrero ML. Epidemiology of breastfeeding: advances and multidisciplinary applications. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2004;554:45-59.
10. Heinig MJ, Dewey KG. Health advantages of breastfeeding for infants: a critical review. Nutr Res Rev. 1996;9:89-110.
11. Kramer MS, Kakuma R. The optimal duration of exclusive breast-feeding: a systematic review. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2004;554:63-77.
12. Gartner LM, Morton J, Lawrence RA, et al, American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics. 2005;115:496-506.
13. Labbok M, Krasovec K. Toward consistency in breastfeeding definitions. Stud Fam Plann. 1990;21:226-230.
14. World Health Organization. Global Data Bank on Breastfeeding. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1996.
15. Callen J, Pinelli J. A review of the literature examining the benefits and challenges, incidence and duration, and barriers to breastfeeding in preterm infants. Adv Neonatal Care. 2005;5:72-88.
16. Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Remley DT. Breastfeeding and cognitive development: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:525-535.
17. Feldman R, Eidelman AI. Direct and indirect effects of breast milk on the neurobehavioral and cognitive development of premature infants. Dev Psychobiol. 2003;43:109-119.
18. McGuire W, Anthony MY. Donor human milk versus formula for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: systemic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003;88:F11-14.
19. De Silva A, Jones PW, Spencer SA. Does human milk reduce infection rates in preterm infants? A systemic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004;89:F509-F513.
20. Davis MK. Breastfeeding and chronic disease in childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48:125-142.
21. Muraro A, Dreborg S, Halken S, et al. Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children: part III. Critical review of published peer-reviewed observational and interventional studies and final recommendations. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2004;15:291-307.
22. Oddy WH, Peat JK. Breastfeeding asthma, and atopic disease: an epidemiological review of the literature. J Hum Lact. 2003;19:250-261.
23. Dewey KG. Does breastfeeding protect against childhood obesity? J Hum Lact. 2003;19:9-18.
24. Horwood LJ, Fergusson DM. Breastfeeding and later cognitive and academic outcomes. Pediatrics. 1998;101:E9.
25. Anderson E, Geden E. Nurses' knowledge of breastfeeding. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1991;20:58-64.
26. Jain A, Concato J, Leventhal JM. How good is the evidence linking breastfeeding and intelligence? Pediatrics. 2002;109:1044-1053.
27. Labbok MH. Effects of breastfeeding on the mother. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48:143-158.
28. Heinig MJ, Dewey KG. Health effects of breastfeeding for mothers: a critical review. Nutr Res Rev. 1997;10:35-56.
29. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease. Lancet. 2002;360:187-195.
30. Riman T, Nilsson S, Persson IR. Review of epidemiological evidence for reproductive and hormonal factors in relation to the risk of epithelial ovarian malignancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83:783-795.
31. Callen J, Pinelli J. Incidence and duration of breastfeeding for term infants in Canada, United States, Europe and Australia: a literature review. Birth. 2004;31:285-292.
32. Duckett L, Henly S, Avery M, et al. A theory of planned behavior-based structural model for breast-feeding. Nurs Res. 1998;47:325-335.
33. Guise JM, Palda V, Westhoff C, Chan BKS, Helfand M, Lieu TA. The effectiveness of primary care-based interventions to promote breast-feeding: systematic evidence review and meta-analysis for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Fam Med. 2003;1:70-78.
34. Kronborg H, Vaeth M. The influence of psychosocial factors on the duration of breastfeeding. Scand J Public Health. 2004;32:210-206.
35. McInnes RJ, Stone DH. The process of implementing a community-based peer breastfeeding support programme: the Glasgow experience. Midwifery. 2001;17:65-73.
36. Nagy E, Orvos H, Pal A, Kovacs L, Loveland K. Breastfeeding duration and previous breastfeeding experience. Acta Paediatr. 2001;90:51-60.
37. Hill PD. Update on breastfeeding: Healthy People 2010 objectives. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2000;25:248-251.
38. Stewart-Knox B, Gardiner K, Wright M. What is the problem with breastfeeding? A qualitative analysis of infant feeding perceptions. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2003;16:217-218.
39. Rea MF, Morrow AL. Protecting, promoting, and supporting breast-feeding among women in the labor force. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2004;554:121-132.
40. Butler S, Williams M, Tukuitonga C, Paterson J. Factors associated with not breastfeeding exclusively among mothers of a cohort of Pacific infants in New Zealand. N Z Med J. 2004;117:U908.
41. Cattaneo A, Yngve A, Loletzko B, Guzman LR. Protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding in Europe: current situation. Pub Health Nutr. 2005;8:39-46.
42. Dodgson JE, Henly HJ, Duckett L, Tarrant M. Theory of planned behavior-based models for breastfeeding duration among Hong Kong mothers. Nurs Res. 2002;52:148-158.
43. Perez-Escamilla R, Cobas JA, Balcazar H, Benin MH. Specifying the antecedents of breast-feeding duration in Peru though a structural equation model. Pub Health Nutr. 1999;2:461-467.
44. Rogers IS, Emmett PM, Golding J. The incidence and duration of breast feeding. Early Hum Devel. 1997;49:S45-S74.
45. Dennis CL. Breastfeeding initiation and duration: a 1990-2000 literature review. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2002;31:12-32.
46. Li R, Fridinger F, Grummer-Strawn L. Public perceptions on breast-feeding constraints. J Hum Lact. 2002;18:227-235.
47. Scott JA, Landers MC, Hughes RM, Binns CW. Psychosocial factors associated with the abandonment of breastfeeding prior to hospital discharge. J Hum Lact. 2001;17:24-30.
48. McIntyre E, Hiller JE, Turnbull D. Community attitudes to infant feeding. Breastfeed Rev. 2001;9:27-33.
49. Jelliffe DB, Jelliffe PER. Human Milk in the Modern World: Psychosocial, Nutritional and Economic Significance. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1978.
50. Shaw E, Kaczorowski K. The effect of a peer counseling program on breastfeeding initiation and longevity in a low-income rural population. J Hum Lact. 1999;15:19-25.
51. Zimmerman DR. You can make a difference: increasing breastfeeding rates in an inner-city clinic. J Hum Lact. 1991;15:217-220.
52. Kang NM, Song Y, Hyun TH, Kim KN. Evaluation of the breastfeeding intervention program in a Korean community health center. Int J Nurs Stud. 2005;42:409-413.
53. Chapman DJ, Damio G, Young S, Perez-Escamilla R. Effectiveness of breastfeeding peer counseling in a low-income, predominantly Latina population. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2005;60:157-158.
54. Forster D, McLachlan H, Lumley J, Beanland C, Walderstrom U, Amir L. Two mid-pregnancy interventions to increase the initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trial. Birth. 2004;31:176-182.
55. Quinlivan JA, Box H, Evans SF. Postnatal home visits in teenage mothers: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:893-900.
56. Lu MC, Prentice J, Yu SM, Inkelas M, Lange LO, Halfon N. Child-birth education classes: sociodemographic disparities in attendance and the association of attendance with breastfeeding initiation. Matern Child Health J. 2003;7:87-93.
57. Chatterji P, Brookes-Gunn J. WIC participation, breastfeeding practices and well-child care among unmarried, low-income mothers. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:1324-1327.
58. Ahluwalia IB, Morrow B, Hsia H, Grummer-Strawn LM. Who is breast-feeding? Recent trends from the pregnancy risk assessment and monitoring system. J Pediatr. 2003;142:486-491.
59. World Health Organization. Global databank. Available at: http://www.who.int/nut/db_bfd.htm. Accessed May 24, 2005.
60. Bland RM, Rollins NC, Solarsh G, Broeck JVD, Coovadia HM. Maternal recall of exclusive breast feeding duration. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:778-783.
61. Li R, Ballew C, Gillespie K, Grummer-Strawn L, Ogden C. Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among US infants: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (phase II, 1991-1994). Am J Public Health. 2002;92:1107-1011.
62. Dubois L, Girard M. Social determinants of initiation, duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding at the population level: the results of the Longitudinal Study of Child Development in Quebec (ELDEQ 1998-2002). Can J Public Health. 2003;94:300-305.
63. Bernardo H, Kramer MS, Platt RW. Maternal smoking and the risk of early weaning: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:304-307.
64. Blyth R, Creedy DK, Dennis C, Moyle W, Pratt J, De Vries SM. Effect of maternal confidence on breastfeeding duration: an application of breastfeeding self-efficacy theory. Birth. 2002;29:278-284.
65. Janke JR. Prediction of breast-feeding attrition: instrument development. Appl Nurs Res. 1992;5:48-53.
66. Swanson V, Power KG. Initiation and continuation of breastfeeding: theory of planned behavior. J Adv Nurs. 2005;50:218-282.
67. Sikorski J, Renfrew MJ, Pindoria S, Wade A. Support for breastfeeding mothers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;1:1-14.
68. Martens PJ. Increasing breastfeeding initiation and duration at a community level: an evaluation of Sagkeeng First Nation's community health nurse and peer counselor programs. J Hum Lact. 2002;18:236-246.
69. Pugh LC, Milligan RA, Frick KD, Spatz D, Bronner Y. Breastfeeding duration, cost and benefits of a support program for low-income breastfeeding women. Birth. 2002;29:95-100.
70. Dearden K, Altaye M, Maza ID, et al. The impact of mother-to-mother support on optimal breast-feeding: a controlled community intervention trial in peri-urban Guatemala City, Guatemala. Pan Am J Public Health. 2002;12:193-201.
71. Taveras EM, Li R, Grummer-Strawn L, et al. Mothers'and clinicians' perspectives on breastfeeding counseling during routine preventive visits. Pediatrics. 2004;113:e405-e411.
72. Neville MC. Anatomy and physiology of lactation. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48:13-34.
73. Russo J, Russo IH. Development of the human breast. Maturitas. 2004;49:2-15.
74. Buhimschi CS. Endocrinology of lactation. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2004;31:963-979.
75. Daly SE, Hartmann PE. Infant demand and milk supply: part 1. Infant demand and milk production in lactating women. J Hum Lact. 1995;11:21-26.
76. Daly SE, Hartmann PE. Infant demand and milk supply: part 2. The short-term control of milk synthesis in lactating women. J Hum Lact. 1995;11:27-27.
77. Rigg LA, Yen SSC. Multiphasic prolactin secretion during parturition in human subjects. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;128:215.
78. Sala-Vila A, Castellote AI, Rodriguez-Palmero M, Campoy C, Lopez-Sabater MC. Lipid composition in human breast milk from Granada (Spain): changes during lactation. Nutrition. 2005;21:467-473.
79. Neville MC, Morton J, Unemura S. Lactogenesis: transition from pregnancy to lactation. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48:35-52.
80. Dewey KG. Maternal and fetal stress are associated with impaired lactogenesis in humans. J Nutr. 2001;131:3012S-3015S.
81. Dewey KG, Nommsen-Rivers LA, Heinig MJ, Cohen RJ. Risk factors for suboptimal infant breastfeeding behavior, delayed onset of lactation, and excess neonatal weight loss. Pediatrics. 2003;112:607-619.
82. Bailey VF, Sherriff J. Reasons for the early cessation of breastfeeding in women from lower socio-economic groups in Perth, Western Australia. Breastfeeding Rev. 1993:27:390-393.
83. Bourgoin GL, Lahaie NR, Rheaume BA, et al. Factors influencing the duration of breastfeeding in the Sudbury region. Can J Pub Health. 1997;88:238-241.
84. Hill PD, Humenick SS. Nipple pain during breastfeeding: the first two weeks and beyond. J Perinatal Educ. 1993;2:21-35.
85. Ziemer MM, Pigeon JG. Skin changes and pain in the nipple during the 1st week of lactation. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1993;22:247-256.
86. Blair A, Cadwell K, Turner-Maffei C, Brimdyr K. The relationship between positioning, the breastfeeding dynamic, the latching process and pain in breastfeeding mothers with sore nipples. Breastfeed Rev. 2003;11:5-10.
87. Woolridge MW. Aetiology of sore nipples. Midwifery. 1986;2:172-176.
88. Righard L. Are breastfeeding problems related to incorrect breast-feeding technique and the use of pacifiers and bottles? Birth. 1998;25:40-44,
89. Amir LH, Harris H, Andriske L. An audit of mastitis in the emergency department. J Hum Lact. 1999;15:221-224.
90. Marmet C, Shell E, Marmet R. Neonatal frenotomy may be necessary to correct breastfeeding problems. J Hum Lact. 1990;6:117-121.
91. Wilton JM. Sore nipples and slow weight gain related to a short frenulum. J Hum Lact. 1990;6:122-123.
92. Centuori S, Burmaz T, Ronfani L, et al. Nipple care, sore nipples, and breastfeeding: a randomized trial. J Hum Lact. 1999;15:125-130.
93. Pugh LC, Buchko BL, Bishop BA, Cochran JF, Smith LR, Lerew DJ. A comparison of topical agents to relieve nipple pain and enhance breastfeeding. Birth. 1996;23:88-93.
94. Dodd V, Chalmers C. Comparing the use of hydrogel dressings to lanolin ointment with lactating mothers. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2003;32:486-494.
95. Brent N, Rudy SJ, Redd B, Rudy TE, Roth LA. Sore nipples in breastfeeding women: a clinical trial of wound dressings vs conventional care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998;152:1077-1082.
96. Lavergne NA. Does application of tea bags to sore nipples while breastfeeding provide effective relief? J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1997;26:53-58.
97. Humenick SS, Hill PD, Anderson MA. Breast engorgement: patterns and selected outcomes. J Hum Lact. 1994;10:87-93.
98. Moon JL, Humenick SS. Breast engorgement: contributing variables and variables amenable to nursing intervention. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1989;18:309-315.
99. Snowden HM, Renfrew MJ, Woolridge MW. Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(2):CD000046.
100. Fetherston C. Characteristics of lactation mastitis in a Western Australian cohort. Breastfeed Rev. 1997;5:5-11.
101. Foxman B, D'Arcy H, Gillespie B, Bobo JK, Schwartz K. Lactation mastitis: occurrence and medical management among 946 breastfeeding women in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155:103-114.
102. Kinlay JR, O'Connell DL, Kinlay S. Incidence of mastitis in breastfeeding women during the six months after delivery: a prospective cohort study. Med J Aust. 1998;169:310-312.
103. Vogel A, Hutchison BL, Mitchell EA. Mastitis in the first year postpartum. Birth. 1999;26:218-225.
104. Fetherston C. Risk factors for lactation mastitis. J Hum Lact. 1998;14:109.
105. Osterman KL, Rahm V. Lactation mastitis: bacterial cultivation of breast milk, symptoms, treatment, and outcome. J Hum Lact. 2000;16:297-302.
106. Hager WD, Barton JR. Treatment of sporadic acute puerperal mastitis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 1996;4:97-101.
107. Matheson I, Aursnes I, Horgen M, Aobo O, Melby K. Bacteriological findings and clinical symptoms in relation to clinical outcome in puerperal mastitis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1988;67:723-726.
108. Fetherston C. Management of lactation mastitis in a Western Australian cohort. Breastfeed Rev. 1997;5:13-19.
109. Wambach KA. Lactation mastitis: a descriptive study of the experience. J Hum Lact. 2003;19:24-34.
110. Binns CW, Scott JA. Breastfeeding: reasons for starting, reasons for stopping and problems along the way. Breastfeed Rev. 2002;10:13-19.
111. Liamputtong P. Infant feeding practices: the case of Hmong women in Australia. Health Care Women Int. 2002;23:33-48.
112. McLennan JD. Early termination of breast-feeding in periurban Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: mothers' community perceptions and personal practices. Pan Am J Public Health. 2001;9:362-366.
113. Novotny R, Hla MM, Kieffer EC, Park C, Mor J, Thiele M. Breastfeeding duration in a multiethnic population in Hawaii. Birth. 2000;27:91-96.
114. Hill PD, Aldag J. Potential indicators of insufficient milk supply syndrome. Res Nurs Health. 1991;14:11-19.
115. Hill PD, Aldag JC. Insufficient milk supply among black and white breast-feeding mothers. Res Nurs Health. 1993;16:203-211.
116. Hill PD, Humenick SS. Development of the H & H Lactation Scale. Nurs Res. 1996;45:136-140.
117. Henly SJ, Anderson CM, Avery MD, Hills-Bonczyk SG, Potter S, Duckett LJ. Anemia and insufficient milk in first-time mothers. Birth. 1995;22:86-92.
118. Humenick SS, Hill PD, Thompson J, Hart AM. Breast-milk sodium as a predictor of breastfeeding patterns. Can J Nurs Res. 1998;30:67-81.
119. Neifert M, DeMarzo S, Seacat J, Young D, Leff M, Orleans M. The influence of breast surgery, breast appearance, and pregnancy-induced breast changes on lactation sufficiency as measured by infant weight gain. Birth. 1990;17:31-38.
120. Willis CE, Livingstone V. Infant insufficient milk syndrome associated with maternal postpartum hemorrhage. J Hum Lact. 1995;11:123-126.
121. Yamauchi Y, Yamanouchi I. The relationship between rooming-in/not rooming-in and breastfeeding variables. Breastfeed Rev. 1992;2:238-241.
122. McCarter-Spaulding DE, Kearney MH. Parenting self-efficacy and perception of insufficient breast milk. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2001;30:515-522.
123. International Lactation Consultant Association. Evidence-Based Guidelines for Breastfeeding Management During the First Fourteen Days. Available at: http://www.ilca.org/pubs/ebg.pdf.
124. Hurst NM, Meier PP. Breastfeeding the preterm infant. In: Riordan J, ed. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. 3rd ed. 2005;367-406.
125. Hurst NM, Meier PP, Engstrom JL, Myatt A. Mothers performing in-home measurement of milk intake during breastfeeding of their preterm infants: maternal reactions and feeding outcomes. J Hum Lact. 2004;20:178-187.
126. Kavanaugh K, Mead L, Meier P, Mangurten HH. Getting enough: mothers' concerns about breastfeeding a preterm infant after discharge. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1995;24:23-32.
127. Kavanaugh K, Meier P, Zimmermann B, Mead L. The rewards out-weigh the efforts: breastfeeding outcomes for mothers of preterm infants. J Hum Lact. 1997;13:15-21.
128. Miracle DJ, Meier PP, Bennett PA. Mothers' decisions to change from formula to mothers' milk for very-low-birth-weight infants. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2004;33:692-703.
129. Meier P. Bottle-and breast-feeding: effects on transcutaneous oxygen pressure and temperature in preterm infants. Nurs Res. 1988;37:36-41.
130. Meier P, Anderson GC. Responses of small preterm infants to bottle-and breast-feeding. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 1987;12:97-105.
131. Meier P, Pugh EJ. Breast-feeding behavior of small preterm infants. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 1985;10:396-401.
132. Meier P, Wilks S. The bacteria in expressed mothers' milk. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 1987;12:420-423.
133. Hill PD, Aldag JC, Chatterton RT. Effects of pumping style on milk production in mothers of non-nursing preterm infants. J Hum Lact. 1999;15:209-216.
134. Hill PD, Aldag JC, Chatterton RT. Initiation and frequency of pumping and milk production in mothers of non-nursing preterm infants. J Hum Lact. 2001;17:9-13.
135. Valentine CJ, Hurst NM, Schanler RJ. Hindmilk improves weight gain in low-birth-weight infants fed human milk. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1994;18:474-477.
136. Meier PP, Brown LP, Hurst NM, et al. Nipple shields for preterm infants: effect on milk transfer and duration of breastfeeding. J Hum Lact. 2000;16:106-114, 129-131.
137. Hill PD, Aldag JC, Chatterton RT, Zinaman M. Comparison of milk output between mothers of preterm and term infants: the first 6 weeks after birth. J Hum Lact. 2005;21:22-30.
138. Charpak N, Ruiz-Pelaez JG, Figueroa de CZ, Charpak Y. Kangaroo mother versus traditional care for newborn infants less than or equal to 2000 grams: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 1997;100:682-688.
139. Hurst NM, Valentine CJ, Renfro L, Burns P, Ferlic L. Skin-to-skin holding in the neonatal intensive care unit influences maternal milk volume. J Perinatol. 1997;17:213-217.
140. Ludington-Hoe SM, Thompson C, Swinth J, Hadeed AJ, Anderson GC. Kangaroo care: research results, and practice implications and guidelines - findings of two research projects. Neonatal Netw. 1994;13:19-27, 29-34.
141. Nyqvist KH, Rubertsson C, Ewald U, Sjoden P. Development of the Preterm Infant Breastfeeding Behavior Scale (PIBBS): a study of nurse-mother agreement. J Hum Lact. 1996;12:207-219.
142. Hurst NM, Myatt A, Schanler RJ. Growth and development of a hospital-based lactation program and mother's own milk bank. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1998;27:503-510.
143. Meier PP, Engstrom JL, Mangurten HH, Estrada E, Zimmerman B, Kopparthi R. Breastfeeding support services in the neonatal intensive-care unit. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1993;22:338-347.
144. Meier PP, Engstrom JL, Mingolelli SS, Miracle DJ, Kiesling S. The Rush Mothers' Milk Club: breastfeeding interventions for mothers with very-low-birth-weight infants. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2004;33:164-174.
145. Spear HJ. Nurses' attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs related to the promotion of breastfeeding among women who bear children during adolescence. J Pediatr Nurs. 2004;19:176-183.
146. Brasil AL, Vitolo MR, Lopez FA, Nobrega FJ. Fat and protein composition of mature milk in adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 1991;12:365-371.
147. Lipsman S, Dewey KG, Lönnerdal B. Breast-feeding among teenage mothers: milk composition, infant growth, and maternal dietary intake. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1985;4 426-434.
148. Motil KJ, Kertz B, Thotathuchery M. Lactational performance of adolescent mothers shows preliminary differences from that of adult women. J Adolesc Health. 1997;20:442-449.
149. Vitolo MR, Brasil AL, Lopez FA, Nobrega J. Colostrum composition in adolescent mothers. J Am Coll Nutr. 1993; 12:547-550.
150. Strobino DM, Ensminger ME, Nanda J, Kim YJ. Young motherhood and infant hospitalization during the first year of life. J Adolesc Health. 1992;13:553-560.
151. Wilson MD, Duggan AK, Joffe A. Rehospitalization of infants born to adolescent mothers. J Adolesc Health Care. 1990; 11:510-515.
152. Hannon PR, Willis SK, Bishop-Townsend V, Martinez I, Scrimshaw S. African American and Latina adolescent mothers' infant feeding decisions and practices: a qualitative study. J Adolesc Health. 2000;26:399-407.
153. Harner HH, McCarter-Spaulding D. Teenage mothers and breastfeeding: does paternal age make a difference? J Hum Lact. 2004;20:404-408.
154. Ineichen B, Pierce M, Lawrenson R. Teenage mothers as breastfeeders: attitudes and behaviors, J Adolesc. 1997; 20:505-509.
155. Maehr JC, Lizarraga JL, Wingard DL, Felice ME. A comparative study of adolescent and adult mothers who intend to breastfeed. J Adolesc Health Care. 1993;1:453-457.
156. Park YK, Meier ER, Song WO. Characteristics of teenage mothers and predictors of breastfeeding initiation in the Michigan WIC program in 1995. J Hum Lact. 2003;19:50-56.
157. Robinson JB, Hunt AE, Pope J, Garner B. Attitudes toward breastfeeding among adolescent mothers from a WIC population in northern Louisiana. J Am Diet Assoc. 1993;93:1311-1313.
158. Wiemann CM, DuBois JC, Berenson AB. Racial/ethnic differences in the decision to breastfeed among adolescent mothers. Pediatrics. 1998;101:e11.
159. Wambach KA, Koehn M. Experiences of infant-feeding decision-making among urban economically disadvantaged pregnant adolescents. J Adv Nurs. 2004;48:361-370.
160. Benson S. Adolescent mothers' experience of parenting and breastfeeding: a descriptive study. Breastfeed Rev. 1996;4:19-27.
161. Dykes F, Moran VH, Burt S, Edwards J. Adolescent mothers and breastfeeding: experiences and support needs - an exploratory study. J Hum Lact. 2003;19:391-401.
162. Swanson N. Infant feeding patterns of teenage mothers in a small New England town. Int J Social Fam. 1988;18:249-282.
163. Neifert M, Gray J, Gary N, Camp B. Effect of two types of hospital feeding gift packs on duration of breast-feeding among adolescent mothers. J Adolesc Health Care. 1988;9:411-413.
164. Volpe EM, Bear M. Enhancing breastfeeding initiation in adolescent mothers through the Breastfeeding Educated and Supported Teen (BEST) Club. J Hum Lact. 2000;16:196-200.
165. Li L, Zhang M, Scott JA, Binns CW. Factors associated with the initiation and duration of breastfeeding by Chinese mothers in Perth, Western Australia. J Hum Lact. 2004;20:188-195.
166. Earle S. Factors affecting the initiation of breastfeeding: implications for breastfeeding promotion. Health Promot Int. 2002;17:205-214.
167. Tarrant M, Dodgson JE. Initiating and sustaining breastfeeding in Hong Kong: contextual influences on new mothers'experiences. Nurs Health Sci. 2002;4:189-199.
168. Dodgson JE, Duckett L, Garwick A, Graham BL. An ecological perspective of breastfeeding within an indigenous community. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2002;34:235-241.
169. Kannan S, Carruth BR, Skinner J. Cultural influences on infant feeding beliefs of mothers. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:88-90.
170. Wright AL, Naylor A, Wester R, Bauer M, Sutcliffe E. Using cultural knowledge in health promotion: breastfeeding among the Navajo. Health Educ Behav. 1997;24:625-639.
171. Homer CS, Sheehan A, Cooke M. Initial infant feeding decisions and duration of breastfeeding in women from English, Arabic, and Chinese-speaking backgrounds in Australia. Breastfeed Rev. 2002;10:27-32.
172. Denman-Vitale S, Murillo EK. Effective promotion of breastfeeding among Latin American women newly immigrated to the United States. Holist Nurs Pract. 1999;3:51-60.
173. Campbell H, Jones I. Promoting breastfeeding: a view of the current position and a proposed agenda for action in Scotland. J Public Health Med. 1996;18:406-414.
174. Li R, Zhao A, Mokdad A, Barker L, Grummer-Strawn L. Prevalence of breastfeeding in the United States: the 2001 National Immunization Survey. Pediatrics. 2003;111:1198-1201.
175. Guttman N, Zimmerman DR. Low-income mothers' views on breastfeeding. Soc Sci Med. 2000;50:1457-1473.
176. Timbo B, Altekruse S, Headrick M, Klontz K. Breastfeeding among black mothers: evidence supporting the need for prenatal intervention. J Soc Pediatr Nurs. 1996;1:35-40.
177. Balcazar H, Trier CM, Cobas JA. What predicts breastfeeding intention in Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women? Evidence from a national survey. Birth. 1995;22:74-80.
178. Rassin DK, Markides KS, Baranowski T, Richardson CJ, Mikrut WD, Bee D. Acculturation and initiation of breastfeeding. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;47:739-746.
179. Gill SL, Reifsnider E, Mann AR, Villarreal P, Tinkle MB. Assessing infant breastfeeding beliefs among low-income Mexican Americans. J Perinat Educ. 2004;13:1-12.
180. Sciacca JP, Dube DA, Phipps BL, Ratliff MI. A breast feeding education and promotion program: effects on knowledge, attitudes, and support for breast feeding. J Community Health. 1995;20:473-490.
181. Lazarov M, Evans A. Breastfeeding: encouraging the best for low-income women. Zero to Three. 2000;15-23.
182. McInnes RJ, Love JG, Stone DH. Independent predictors of breastfeeding intention in a disadvantaged population of pregnant women. BMC Public Health. 2001;1:10.
183. Avery M, Duckett L, Dodgson J, Savik K, Henly SJ. Factors associated with very early weaning among primiparas intending to breastfeed. Matern Child Health J. 1998;2:167-179.
184. Bevan ML, Mosley D, Lobach KS, Solimano GR. Factors influencing breast feeding in an urban WIC program. J Am Diet Assoc. 1984;84:563-567.
185. Dennis C. Breastfeeding peer support: maternal and volunteer perceptions from a randomized controlled trial, Birth. 2002;29:169-176.
186. Scott JA, Landers MCG, Hughes RM, Binns CW. Factors associated with breastfeeding at discharge and duration of breastfeeding. J Paediatr Child Health. 2001;37:254-261.
187. Beal A, Kuhlthau K, Perrin J. Breastfeeding advice given to African American and white women by physicians and WIC counselors. Public Health Rep. 2003;118:368-376.
188. Crowder DS. Maternity nurses knowledge of factors promoting successful breastfeeding. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1981;10:28-30.
189. Hayes B. Inconsistencies among nurses in breast-feeding knowledge and counseling. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1981:10:430-433.
190. Albers RM. Emotional support for the breastfeeding mother. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs. 1981;5:109-124.
191. Ellis DJ, Newat RJ. Do we support breastfeeding mothers? Midwives Chron. 1984;97:45-47.
192. Howard CR, Howard FM, Weitzman MC. Infant formula distribution and advertising in pregnancy: a hospital survey. Birth. 1994;21:14-19.
193. Reiff MI, Essock-Vitale SM. Hospital influences on early infant feeding practices. Pediatrics. 1985;76:872-879.
194. Wong SC. Physicians should be educated on the benefits of breastfeeding [Letter]. Am Fam Physician. 2002;66:209-210.
195. Freed G. National assessment of physician's breast-feeding knowledge, attitudes, training and experience. JAMA. 1995;273:472-476.
196. Guise JM, Freed G. Resident physicians' knowledge of breastfeeding and infant growth. Birth. 2000;27:49-53.
197. Howard CR, Schaffer SJ, Lawrence RA. Attitudes, practices, and recommendations by obstetricians about infant feeding. Birth. 1997;24:240-252.
198. Schanler RJ, O'Connor KG, Lawrence RA. Pediatrician's practices and attitudes regarding breastfeeding promotion. Pediatrics. 1999;103:E35.
199. Philipp BL, Merewood A, Gerendas EJ, Bauchner H. Breastfeeding information in pediatric textbooks needs improvement. J Hum Lact. 2004;20:206-210.
200. Taveras EM, Li R, Grummer-Strawn L, et al. Opinions and practices of clinicians associated with continuation of exclusive breastfeeding. Pediatrics. 2004;113:283-290.
201. DiGirolamo AM, Grummer-Strawn LM, Fein SB. Do perceived attitudes of physicians and hospital staff affect breastfeeding decisions? Birth. 2003;30:94-100.
202. Cornett B. Postpartal Mothers' Perceptions of In-Hospital Breastfeeding Information and Affective Support as Related to Breastfeeding Status [dissertation]. Ohio State University; 1989.
203. Beardshaw T. Supporting the role of fathers around the time of birth. MIDIRS Midwifery Digest. 2001;11:476-479.
204. Barton S. Infant feeding practices of low-income rural mothers. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2001;26:93-97.
205. Shaker I, Scott J, Reid R. Infant feeding attitudes of expectant parents: breastfeeding and formula feeding. J Adv Nurs. 2004;45:260-268.
206. Ekström A, Widström A, Nissen E. Breastfeeding support from partners and grandmothers: perceptions of Swedish women. Birth. 2003;30:261-266.
207. Dykes F. Protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding. Br J Midwifery. 2003;11:S24-S28.
208. Shaw R, Wallace L, Bansal M. Is breast best? Perceptions of infant feeding. Community Pract. 2003;76:299-303.
209. Jones W, Brown D. The medication vs breastfeeding dilemma. Br J Midwifery. 2003;11:550-555.
210. Mlay R, Keddy B, Stern P. Demands out of context: Tanzanian women combining exclusive breastfeeding with employment. Health Care Women Int. 2004;25:242-254.
211. Cattaneo A, Buzzetti R. Effect on rates of breastfeeding of training for the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. BMJ. 2001;323:1358-1362.
212. Moran VH, Bramwell R, Dykes F, Dinwoodie K. An evaluation of skills acquisition on the WHO/UNICEF Breastfeeding Management Course using the pre-validated Breastfeeding Support Skills Tool (BeSST). Midwifery. 2000;16:197-203.
213. Labarere J, Gelbert-Baudino N, Ayral AS, et al. Efficacy of breastfeeding support: provided by trained clinicians during an early, routine, preventative visit: a prospective, randomized, open trial of 226 mother-infant pairs. Pediatrics. 2005;115:e139-146.
214. Vittoz JP, Labarere J, Castell M, Durand M, Pons JC. Effect of a training program for maternity ward professionals on duration of breastfeeding. Birth. 2004;31:302-307.
215. Haggerty PA, Rutstein SO. Breastfeeding and Complementary Infant Feeding, and the Postpartum Effects of Breastfeeding. DHS Comparative Studies No. 30. Calverton, Md: Macro International; 1999.
216. Mahgoup SE, Bandeke T, Nnyepi M. Breastfeeding in Botswana: practices, attitudes, patterns, and the socio-cultural factors affecting them. J Trop Pediatr. 2002;48:195-199.
217. DeZoysa L, Rea M, Martines J. Why promote breast-feeding in diarrhoeal disease control programmes? Health Policy Plann. 1991;6:371-379.
218. Jinadu MK, Olusi SO, Agun JI, Fabiyi AK. Childhood diarrhoea in rural Nigeria Studies on prevalence, mortality and socioenvironmental factors. J Diarrhoeal Dis. 1991;9:323-327.
219. Ojofeitimi EO. Mothers' awareness on benefits of breastmilk and cultural taboos during lactation. Soc Sci Med. 1981; 15:135-138.
220. Calvano NR. Mode of feeding and its effects on infant mortality and morbidity. J Trop Pediatr. 1982;28:287-293.
221. Okolo SN, Adewunmi YB, Okonji MC. Current breastfeeding knowledge, attitude, and practices of mothers in five rural communities in the Savannah region of Nigeria. J Trop Pediatr. 1999; 45:323-326.
222. Salariya EM, Easton PM, Carter JI. Duration of breastfeeding after early initiation and frequent feeding. Lancet. 1978;2:1141-1143.
223. Lawson K, Tullock MI. Breastfeeding duration and postnatal practices. J Adv Nurs. 1995;22:841-849.
224. Davies-Adetugbo AA. Sociocultural factors and the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding in rural Yoruba communities of Osun State, Nigeria. Soc Sci Med. 1997;45:113-125.
225. Victora CG, Smith PG, Vanghan JP, et al. Evidence for protection by breast-feeding against infant deaths from infectious disease in Brazil. Lancet. 1987;2:319-321.
226. Serenius F, Swailm AR, Edresse AW, Hofvandrere Y. Patterns of breastfeeding and weaning in Saudi Arabia. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1988;346:121-129.
227. Dettwyler KA. Infant feeding in Mali, West Africa: variation in beliefs and practice. Soc Sci Med. 1986:23:651-664.