3. Symbols as a language of organizational relationships

Research in Organizational Behavior

Volumn 23, Issue , 2001, Pages 93-132

  Pratt, Michael G ^a   Rafaeli, Anat ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 23044529186     PISSN: 01913085     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0191-3085(01)23004-4     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Albert S. Whetten D. Organizational identity Cummings L.L. Staw B.M. Research in Organizational Behavior Vol. 7 1985 JAI Press Greenwich, CT 263 295
2. Alderfer C. Existence, relatedness, and growth: Human needs in organizational settings 1972 The Free Press New York
3. Alexander V.D. Pictures at an exhibition: Conflicting pressures in museums and the display of art American Journal of Sociology 101 1996 797 839
4. Ash M.K. Mary Kay on people management 1984 Warner Books New York
5. Ashforth B.E. Humphrey R. The ubiquity and potency of labeling in organizations Organization Science 8 1 1997 43 58
6. Ashforth B.E. Kreiner G.E. “How can you do it?”: Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity Academy of Management Review 24 3 1999 413 434
7. Ashforth B.E. Mael F. Social identity theory and the organization Academy of Management Review 14 1989 20 39
8. Ashforth B. Mael F. The power of resistance: Sustaining valued identities Kramer R.M. Neale M.A. Power and Influence in Organizations 1998 Sage Thousand Oaks, CA 89 119
9. Austin J.L. How to do things with words 1962 Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA
10. Baker M. Cops 1985 Pocket Books New York
11. Beck R. Casual dress is causing conflict 2000 http://www.biz.yahoo.com/apf/000328/stressfull.html (last accessed May 3, 2000)
12. Becker F. Steele F. Workplace by design: Mapping the high-performance workscape 1995 Jossey-Bass San Francisco
13. Belk R.W. Possessions and the extended self Journal of Consumer Research 15 1988 139 168
14. Berger P. Luckmann T. The social construction of reality 1966 Anchor Books New York
15. Berscheid E. Interpersonal relationships Annual Review of Psychology 45 1994 79 129
16. Blumer H. Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and methods 1969 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ
17. Boden D. Agendas and arrangements: Everyday negotiations in meetings Firth A. The Discourse of Negotiation, Studies of Language in the Workplace 1995 Pergamon Oxford 83 100
18. Bounds W. Lublin J. Workplace: Will the client wear a tie or a T-shirt? Wall Street Journal 1998 B1 (July, 24)
19. Bowen D.E. Lawler E.E. The empowerment of service workers: What, why, how and when Sloan Management Review 33 1992 31 39 (Spring)
20. Brewer M.B. The social self: On being the same and different at the same time Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 17 5 1991 475 482
21. Brissett D. Edgley C. Life as theater: A dramaturgical sourcebook 1990 Aldine de Gruyter New York
22. Chatman J. Improving interactional organizational research: A model of person-organization fit Academy of Management Review 14 3 1989 333 349
23. Cialdini R.B. Borden R.J. Thorne A. Walker M.R. Freeman S. Sloan L.R. Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34 1976 366 375
24. Clark M. Reis H. Interpersonal processes in close relationships Annual Review of Psychology 39 1988 609 672
25. Clegg R. Thompson W.A. Modern sports officiating: A practical guide 1979 Brown Dubuque, Il
26. Collins R. Four sociological traditions 1994 Oxford University Press Oxford
27. Conger J.A. Kanungo R.N. The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice Academy of Management Review 13 1988 471 482 (July)
28. Coulthard M. Ashby M. Talking with the doctor, I Journal of Communication 25 1975 140 147
29. Cox T. Blake S. Managing cultural diversity and implications for organizational competitiveness Academy of Management Executive 5 3 1991 45 56
30. Csikszentmihalyi M. Rochberg-Halton E. The meaning of things: Domestic symbols and the self 1981 Cambridge University Press London
31. Davis F. Fashion, culture and identity 1992 University of Chicago Press Chicago
32. Davis T.R.V. The influence of physical environment in offices Academy of Management Review 9 2 1984 271 283
33. Donnellon A. Team talk: The power of language in team dynamics 1996 Harvard Business School Press Boston, MA
34. Dukerich J. Kramer R. Parks J. The dark side of organizational identification Whetten D. Godfrey P. Identity in Organizations: Developing Theory Through Conversations 1998 Sage Thousand Oaks, CA 245 256
35. Dutton J.E. Dukerich J.M. Harquail C.V. Organizational images and member identification Administrative Science Quarterly 39 1994 239 263
36. Elsbach K. An expanded model of organizational identification Sutton R. Staw B. Research in Organizational Behavior Vol. 21 1999 JAI Press Inc. Stanford, CA 163 199
37. Elsbach K. Bhattacharya C.B. Defining who you are by what you're not: Organizational disidentification and the National Rifle Association Organization Science 12 4 2001 393 413
38. Fine G.A. Justifying work: Occupational rehtorics as resources in restaurant kitchens Administrative Science Quarterly 41 1996 90 115
39. Firth A. Talking for a change: Commodity negotiating by telephone Firth A. The Discourse of Negotiation: Studies of Language in the Workplace 1995 Pergamon Oxford 183 222
40. Fortenberry J. MacLean J. Morris P. O'Connell M. Mode of dress as a perceptual cue to deference Journal of Social Psychology 104 1978 139 140
41. Fromkin V. Rodman R. Collins P. Blair D. An introduction to language 1988 Holt, Rinehart and Winston New York
42. Fussell P. Class 1983 Ballantine Books New York
43. Giddens A. The constitution of society 1984 University of California Press San Francisco
44. Glueck G. Capturing C.E.O.'s for posterity New York Times Magazine 23 1989 27 (Dec.)
45. Goffman E. The presentation of self in everyday life 1959 Doubeday New York
46. Goffman E. Interaction ritual 1967 Doubleday Garden City, NJ
47. Goldberg R. This fad deserves dressing down Wall Street Journal 1995 A10 (January 16)
48. Hall E.T. Hidden differences: Doing business with the Japanese 1987 Doubleday Garden City, NJ
49. Hall E.T. Hall M.R. Understanding cultural differences: Germans French and Americans 1990 Intercultural Press New York
50. Hinde R.A. Relationships: A dialectical perspective 1997 Psychology Press East Sussex, U.K.
51. Hochschild A.G. The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling 1983 University of California Press Berkeley, CA
52. Hochschild A. The second shift 1989 Avon Books New York
53. Hogg M. Social identity, self-categorization, and the small group Davis J. Witte E. Understanding Group Behavior Vol. 2 1996 Earlbaum Hillsdale, NJ 227 254 Small group processes and interpersonal relations
54. Hogg M.A. Terry D.J. White K.M. A tale of two theories: A critical comparison of identity theory with social identity theory Social Psychology Quarterly 58 4 1995 255 269
55. Hollander A. Sex and suits: The evolution of modern dress 1994 Alfred A. Knopf New York
56. House R. Rousseau D.M. Thomas-Hunt M. The meso paradigm: A framework for the integration of micro and macro organizational behavior Cummings L.L. Staw B.M. Research in Organizational Behavior Vol. 17 1995 JAI Press Greenwich, CT 71 115
57. Hudson The compete guide to dressing for workday casual 1995 Department Store Division of Dayton Hudson Corporation
58. Hughes E. Work and self Rohrer J. Sherif M. Social Psychology at the Cross-roads 1951 Harper & Brothers New York 313 323
59. Jackall R. Moral mazes: The world of corporate managers 1988 New York: Oxford
60. James W. Principles of psychology Volumes 1 & 2 1890 Holt New York
61. Janis I.L. Groupthink: Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes 2nd ed. 1983 Houghton Mifflin Boston
62. Jones M.O. Studying organizational symbolism: What, how, why? 1996 Sage Newbury Park, CA
63. Joseph N. Uniforms and non-uniforms: Communication through clothing 1986 Greenwood Press New York
64. Joseph N. Alex N. The uniform: A sociological perspective American Journal of Sociology 77 1972 719 730
65. Judge T. Ferris G. The elusive criterion of fit in human resources staffing decisions Human Resource Planning 15 4 1992 47 67
66. Karr A. Employers' piercing issue: To tolerate or ban body jewelry and tattoos Wall Street Journal 1999 A1 (July 13)
67. Kramer R.M. Cooperation and organizational identification Murnighan J.K. Social Psychology in Organizations: Advances in Theory and Research 1993 Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ 244 268
68. Kristoff A. Person-organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualizations, measurement, and implications Personnel Psychology 49 1996 1 49
69. Lakoff G. Johnson M. Metaphors we live by 1980 University of Chicago Press Chicago
70. Lewis M. Liar's poker 1989 Norton New York
71. Lieber R.B. Cool offices Fortune 1996 204 206 (December 9)
72. Lipnack J. Stamps J. Virtual teams: Reaching across space, time, and organizations with technology 1997 John Wiley and Sons New York
73. Lofland J. Stark R. Becoming a world saver: A theory of conversion to a deviant perspective American Sociological Review 30 1965 862 874
74. Locke K. A funny thing happened! The management of consumer emotions in service encounters Organization Science 7 1 1996 40 59
75. Lurie A. The language of clothes 1981 Random House New York
76. Mannix M. Casual Friday, five days a week U.S. News Online 1997 1 3 (August, 4)
77. Martin J. Feldman M.S. Hatch M.J. Sitkin S.B. The uniqueness paradox in organizational studies Administrative Science Quarterly 28 1983 438 453
78. Martin J. Knopoff K. Beckman C. An alternative to bureaucratic impersonality and emotional labor: Bounded emotionality at The Body Shop Administrative Science Quarterly 43 1998 429 469
79. McCarthy D. Towards a sociology of the physical world: George Hubert Mead on physical objects Studies in Symbolic Interaction 5 1984 105 121
80. Mead G.H. Mind, self, and society 1934 University of Chicago Press Chicago
81. Meyer J.P. Allen N.J. A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment Human Resource Management Review 1 1991 JAI Press, Inc. 61 89 (1)
82. Meyer J.P. Allen N.J. Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research and application 1997 Sage Thousand Oaks, CA
83. Meyer J.W. Rowan B. Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony American Journal of Sociology 83 1977 340 363
84. Mitroff I. Kilmann R.H. On organization stories: An approach to the design and analysis of organizations through myths and stories Kilmann R.H. Pondy L.R. Slevin D.P. The Management of Organization Design Vol. 1 1976 Elsevier North-Holland New York 189 207
85. Moch M. Huff A.S. Power enactment through language and ritual Journal of Business Research 11 1983 293 316
86. Molloy J.T. Dress for success 1975 Warner Books New York
87. Molloy J.T. The woman's dress for success 1977 Follett Chicago
88. Morgan G. Spinning on symbolism: Some developmental issues in organizational symbolism Journal of Management 11 1985 29
89. Morgan G. Frost P. Pondy L.R. Organizational symbolism Pondy L.R. Frost P. Morgan G. Dandridge T. Organizational Symbolism 1983 JAI Press Greenwich, CT 3 35
90. Mowday R.T. Porter L.W. Steers R.M. Employee-organizational linkages 1982 Academic Press New York
91. Munk N. The new organization man Fortune 1998 63 74 (March 3)
92. Nabers W. The new corporate uniform Fortune 1995 132 156 (November 15)
93. O'Connor E.S. Contributions of the language-based disciplines to organziational studies Paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting Dallas, TX 1994
94. Oldham G.R. Brass D. Employee reactions to an open-plan office: A naturally occurring quasi-experiment Administrative Science Quarterly 24 1979 267 284
95. Oldham G.R. Rotchford N.L. Relationships between office characteristics and employee reactions: A study of physical environment Administrative Science Quarterly 28 1983 542 556
96. O'Reilly C. Chatman J. Caldwell C. People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit Academy of Management Journal 34 3 1991 487 516
97. Ornstein S. Organizational symbols: A study of their meanings and influences on perceived organizational climate Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process 38 1986 207 229
98. Owens D.A. Sutton R.I. Status Contests in Meetings: Negotiating the Informal Order Turner M.E. Groups at Work: Advances in Theory and Research 1999 Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates Mahwah, NJ forthcoming
99. Petrosky H. The Iron Ring American Scientist 83 1995 229 231 (May/June) http://www/au/cagesun.nmsu.edu/-ordeng/info.html (last accessed June 2, 2000)
100. Pfeffer J. Management as symbolic action: The creation and maintenance of organizational paradigms Staw B.M. Cummings L.L. Research in Organizational Behavior Vol. 3 1981 JAI Press Greenwich, CT 1 52
101. Pfeffer J. Organizations and organization theory 1982 Pitman Boston, MA
102. Pristin T. The suits loosen up, in an uneasy way New York Times 2000 (April 6th)
103. Pratt M.G. To be or not to be: Central questions in organizational identification Whetten D. Godfrey P. Identity in Organizations: Developing Theory Through Conversations 1998 Sage Beverly Hills 171 207
104. Pratt M.G. The good, the bad, and the ambivalent: Managing identification among Amway distributors Administrative Science Quarterly 45 2001 456 493
105. Pratt M.G. Barnett C.K. Emotions and unlearning in Amway recruiting techniques: Promoting change through ‘safer’ ambivalence Management Learning 28 1997 65 88
106. Pratt M.G. Doucet L. Ambivalent feelings in organizational relationships Fineman S. Emotions in Organizations Vol. II 2000 Sage London 204 226
107. Pratt M.G. Dutton J.E. Owning up or opting out: The role of identities and emotions in issue ownership Emotions in Organizational Life Ashkanasy N. Hartel C. Zerbe W. Quorum Books 2000 103 129
108. Pratt M.G. Foreman P.O. Classifying managerial responses to multiple organizational identities Academy Management Review 25 1 2000 18 42
109. Pratt M.G. Rafaeli A. Organizational dress as a symbol of multilayered social identities Academy of Management Journal 40 1997 862 898
110. Prelinger E. Extension and structure of the self The Journal of Psychology 47 1959 13 23
111. Rafaeli A. When clerks meet customers: A test of variables related to emotional expressions on the job Journal of Applied Psychology 7 4 1989 385 393
112. Rafaeli A. When cashiers meet customers: An analysis of the role of a supermarket cashier Academy of Management Review 22 2 1989 245 273
113. Rafaeli A. What is an organization? Who are the members? Cooper C.L. Jackson S.E. Creating Tomorrow's Organizations: A Handbook for Future Research in Organizational Behavior 1996 John Wiley & Sons 121 139
114. Rafaeli A. Dutton J. Harquail C.V. Mackie-Lewis S. Navigating by attire: The use of dress by female administrative employees Academy of Management Journal 40 1997 9 45
115. Rafaeli A. Pratt M.G. Tailored meanings: On the meaning and impact of organizational dress Academy of Management Review 18 1993 32 55
116. Richman T. A tale of two companies 1984 INC 38 43 (July)
117. Rousseau D. Psychological contracts in organizations 1995 Sage London
118. Rousseau D.M. Psychological and implied contracts in organizations Employees Rights and Responsibilities Journal 2 2 1993 121 139
119. Schegloff E.A. Reflections on talk and social structure Zimmerman D.H. Boden D. Talk and Social Structure: Studies in Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis 1991 Polity Press Cambridge 44 70
120. Schein E.H. Coming to a new awareness of organizational culture Sloan Management Review 1984 3 15 (Winter)
121. Schneider S.K. Northcraft G.B. Three social dilemmas of workforce diversity in organizations: A social identity perspective Human Relations 52 11 1999 1445 1467
122. Shamir B. Between service and servility: role conflict in subordinate service roles Human Relations 33 10 1980 741 756
123. Shotter J. Cultural politics of every day life: Social construction, rhetoric and knowing of the third kind 1993 Open University Press Buckingham, U.K.
124. Siegel M. The perils of culture conflict Fortune 1998 257 262 (November 9)
125. Simmel G. On individuality and social forms: Selected writings 1971 University of Chicago Press Chicago
126. Smith K. Berg D.N. Paradoxes of group life 1988 Jossey-Bass San Francisco
127. Sproull L. Beliefs in organizations Nystrom P.C. Starbuck W.H. Handbook of Organizational Design Vol. 2 1981 Oxford University Press London 203 224
128. Sommer R. Tight spaces, hard architecture and how to humanize it 1974 Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
129. Stern S. Symbolic representation of organizational identity: The role of emblem at the Garett corporation Jones M.O. Moore M.D. Snyder R.C. Inside Organizations: Understanding the Human Dimension 1988 Sage London
130. Steinem G. Outrageous acts and everyday rebellions 1983 Holt, Rinehart and Winston New York
131. Stewart T.A. Get with the new power game Fortune 1997 58 62 (June 13)
132. Strati A. Organizational symbolism as a social construction: A perspective from the sociology of knowledge Human Relations 51 11 1998 1379 1401
133. Strong S.R. Hills H.I. Kilmartin C.T. DeVries H. Lanier K. Nelson B.N. Strickland D. Meyer C.W. The dynamic relations among interpersonal behaviors: A test of complementarity and anticomplementarity Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 5 1988 798 810
134. Suchman M.C. Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches Academy of Management Review 20 3 1995 571 610
135. Sundstrom E. Work places: The psychology of the physical environment in offices and factories 1986 Cambridge University Press New York
136. Tajfel H. Social stereotypes and social groups Turner J.C. Giles H. Intergroup Behavior 1981 Blackwell Oxford, England 144 167
137. Tajfel H. Social psychology of intergroup relations Annual Review of Psychology 33 1982 1 39
138. Tajfel H. Turner J.C. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict Austin W.G. Worchel S. The Social Psychology of Group Relations 1979 Brooks-Cole Monterey 33 47
139. Tannen D. Analyzing discourse: Text and talk 1981 Georgetown University Press Washington, D.C.
140. Tannen D. That's not what I meant: How conversational style makes or breaks your relations with others 1986 William Morrow New York
141. Tannen D. You just don't understand: Women and men in conversation 1990 William Morrow and Company New York
142. Tannen D. Talking from nine to five: Women and men in conversation at work 1994 William Morrow and Company New York
143. Tannen D. Talking from nine to five: Women and men in conversation at work 1995 William Morrow and Company New York
144. Townsend A.M. DeMarie S.M. Hendrickson A.R. Are you ready for virtual teams? HRMagazine 41 9 1996 122 126
145. Townsend A.M. DeMarie S.M. Hendrickson A.R. Virtual teams: Technology and the workplace of the future Academy of Management Executive 12 3 1998 17 29
146. Trice H. Beyer J. Studying organizational cultures through rites and ceremonials Academy of Management Review 9 1984 653 669
147. Trice H. Beyer J. The cultures of work organizations 1993 Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ
148. Turner J.C. Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory 1987 Basil Blackwell Inc. New York
149. Turner J. Oakes P. Haslam S. McGarty C. Self and collective: Cognition and social context Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20 1994 454 463
150. Van Maanen J. Kunda G. “Real feelings”: Emotional expression and organizational culture Cummings L.L. Staw B.M. Research in Organizational Behavior Vol. 11 1989 JAI Press Greenwich, CT 43 103
151. Webster's Seventh new collegiate dictionary 1971 G. & C. Merriam Company Springfield, MA
152. Wegener B. Concepts and measurement of prestige Annual Review of Sociology 18 1992 253 280
153. G. (Producer) White P.G. (Producer) Zimbardo The Stanford prison experience [Film] 1971 Stanford University Palo Alto, CA
154. Whyte W.H. The organization man 1956 Simon & Schuster New York
155. Wiggins J.S. Circumplex models of interpersonal behavior in clinical psychology Kendall P.C. Butcher J.N. Handbook of Research Methods in Clinical Psychology 1982 Wiley New York 183 221
156. Wolf N. The beauty myth: How images of beauty are used against women 1991 William Morrow and Company New York