The art of war/the war question in (feminist) IR

Millennium: Journal of International Studies

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 855-878

  Sylvester, Christine ^a,b  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 22544481767     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298050330030801     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Within this voluminous literature, see for example, Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, The War Trap (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981);
2. Kenneth Waltz, Man, The State and War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1954);
3. Nicolas Wheeler, Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000);
4. Stuart Bremer and T. Cusack, eds., The Process of War (Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, 1995);
5. Meredith Sarkees, Frank Whelon Wayman, and J. David Singer, 'Inter-State, Intra-State and Extra-State Wars: A Comprehensive Look At Their Distribution Over Time, 1816-1997', International Studies Quarterly 47, no. 1 (2003): 49-70;
6. W. R. Thompson, On Global War: Historical-Structural Approaches to World Politics (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988);
7. John Vazquez, The War Puzzle (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993);
8. John Vasquez, 'The Probability of War, 1816-1992', International Studies Quarterly 48, no. 1 (2004): 1-28.
9. See for example, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Women and War (New York: Basic Books, 1987);
10. Cynthia Enloe, The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993);
11. Carol Cohn, 'Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals', Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 12, no. 4 (1987): 687-718;
12. Carolyn Nordstrom, 'Wars and Invisible Girls, Shadow Industries and the Politics of Not-Knowing', International Feminist Journal of Politics 1, no. 1 (1999): 14-33;
13. Carolyn Moser and F. Clark, eds., Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence (London: Zed Books, 2001);
14. Iris Young, 'The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Reflections on the Current Security State', Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 29, no. 2 (2003);
15. Karen Fierke, 'Trauma, Political Solipsism and War', Review of International Studies 30, no. 4 (2004): 471-491;
16. Jenny Edkins, Trauma Time and the Memory of Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
17. This perspective comes across clearly in the responses to post-9/11 wars offered by editorial board members of the International Feminist Journal of Politics. See 'Forum: The Events of September 11 2001 and Beyond', International Feminist Journal of Politics 4, no. 1 (2002): 95-113.
18. See the opening story in Annick Wibben, 'Feminist International Relations: Old Debates and New Directions', Brown Journal of World Affairs 10, no. 2 (2004): 97-114.
19. Ann Tickner, 'You Just Don't Understand: Troubled Engagements Between Feminists and IR Theorists', International Studies Quarterly 41 (1997): 611-33.
20. Quoted in Arthur Danto, After the End of Art: Contemporary Art and the Pale of History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 18.
21. Brandon Taylor, Collage: The Making of Modern Art (London: Thames and Hudson, 2004), 9.
22. 'Trans,' is a concept associated with Queer Theory. For a discussion, see Judith Butler, Undoing Gender (New York: Routledge, 2004), 6-10.
23. For a discussion of collage, gender, international relations and IR, see Christine Sylvester, 'Bringing Art Museums to Feminist International Relations', in Brooke Ackerly, Jacqui True, and Maria Stern, eds., Feminist Methodologies for International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming 2005).
24. For art theoretical/historical accounts of collage see, along with Taylor's Collage, Christine Poggi, In Defiance of Painting: Cubism, Futurism, and the Invention of Collage (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993),
25. and William Seitz, The Art of Assemblage (New York: MOMA, 1961).
26. Selma Al-Radi, 'War and Cultural Heritage: Lessons from Lebanon, Kuwait and Iraq', a lecture delivered at Museum The Prinsenhof, Delft. Printed in the Hague by the Prince Claus Fund, 26 September, 2003.
27. 'The Numbers Are In, But the Hunt for Objects Continues', The Art Newspaper, no. 142, December 2003, 5.
28. Quoted in Matthew Campbell, 'Iraq's Culture Cops Go Hunting Looters', The Guardian, 11 January 2004, 29.
29. I b i d.
30. Similar local entrepreneurism has been evident at newly found archaeological sites in Iran, and much the same is expected in Cambodia once mines are cleared from certain areas. See, 'London and Paris Markets Flooded with Looted Iranian Antiquities', The Art Newspaper, no. 143, January 2004, 9;
31. and 'Looters Hot on the Heels of the Bomb Disposal Experts', The Art Newspaper, no. 144, February 2004, 24.
32. 'International Outrage as Great Museum is Sacked', The Art Newspaper, no. 136, May 2003, 6.
33. 'The Numbers Are In', 5.
34. Patrick Wright, 'Trafficking in History', in Representing the Nation: A Reader: Histories, Heritage and Museums, eds. David Boswell and Jessica Evans (London: Routledge, 1999), 137.
35. 'We Have Seen the Active Destruction of the Archaeological and Historical Record', The Art Newspaper, no. 51, October 2004, 7.
36. For more accounts, see The Guardian, 15 January 2005.
37. Rory McCarthy and Maeev Kennedy, 'The Wrecking of Babylon: US-led Forces Leave a Trail of Destruction and Contamination in Architectural Site of World Importance', The Guardian, 15 January 2005, 1.
38. Quoted in James Meek, 'Art Into Ashes', The Guardian Thursday, 23 September 2004, 7.
39. Quoted in Fiona Curruthers, 'Iraq Museum Resembled "Emergency Ward"',' University of Sydney Newsletter, 19 September 2003 [http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/newsevents/articles/2003/sep/ 19_iraq.shtml]. Last accessed September 10, 2004.
40. Ann Orford, Reading Humanitarian Intervention: Human Rights and the Use of Force in International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 178-9.
41. Nicola Yeates, 'Global Care Chains: Critical Reflections and Lines of Inquiry', International Feminist Journal of Politics 6, no. 3 (2004): 369-391.
42. See, Anna Sampaio, 'Transnational Feminisms in a New Global Matrix: Hermanas en la Lucha', International Feminist Journal of Politics 6, no. 2 (2004): 181-206;
43. as well as Caren Kaplan, Norma Alarcon, and Minoo Moallem, eds., Between Woman and Nation: Nationalism, Transnational Feminisms, and the State (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999).
44. Kimberly Hutchings, 'From Morality to Politics and Back Again: Feminist International Ethics and the Civil-Society Argument', Alternatives 29, no. 3, (2004):239-64;
45. and Vivienne Jabri, 'Feminist Ethics and Hegemonic Global Politics', Alternatives 29, no. 3 (2004):265-84.
46. Sylvester, 'Bringing Art,' and Feminist International Relations: An Unfinished Journey (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
47. Gloria Anzaldua, Borderlands/La Frontera (San Francisco: Spinsters/ Aunt Lute, 1987);
48. Norma Alarcon, 'The Theoretical Subjects(s) of This Bridge Called My Back and Anglo-American Feminism', in Making Face, Making Soul: Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Women of Color, ed. Gloria Anzaldua (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1990), 356-369;
49. Maria Lugones, 'Playfulness, World-Travelling, and Loving Perception', in Making Face, Making Soul, 390-402;
50. and Ien Ang, '"I'm a Feminist But"... Other Women and Postnational Feminism', in Transitions: New Australian Feminisms, eds. Barbara Caine and Rosemary Pringle (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1995), 57-73.
51. See discussion in Christine Sylvester, 'Empathetic Cooperation: A Feminist Method for IR', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 23, no. 2 (1994): 315-336,
52. and 'African and Western Feminism: World-Traveling the Tendencies and Possibilities,' Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 20, 4 (1995): 941-969.
53. On mobile subjectivity, see Kathy Ferguson, The Man Question: Visions of Subjectivity in Feminist Theory (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
54. Orford, Reading.
55. Judith Butler, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence (London:Verso, 2004).
56. Jabri, 'Feminist Ethics', 280-81.
57. Orford, Reading, 7.
58. Ibid., 11.
59. The New York-based Guerrilla Girls movement has been influential in exposing and challenging longstanding masculinism in art museum management and in art history. See their Confessions of the Guerrilla Girls (London: Pandora, 1995).
60. See discussion in Christine Battersby, 'Terror, Terrorism, and the Sublime: Rethinking the Sublime After 1789 and 2001,' Postcolonial Studies, 6, 1 (2003): 67-89.
61. Orford, Reading, 177.
62. Ibid., 217.
63. Ibid., 219.
64. Ibid., 217.
65. 'Touch the Humanitarian War' is inspired by the artwork of Dominique Blain, a French Canadian artist. One of her pieces, called 'Rug' (2000), was co-produced by the artist and a Pakistani co-operative. It weaves life size images of landmines so cleverly into the design of a seemingly 'oriental carpet' that it takes eagle eyes to pick them up. One commentator noted that 'the rug conceals in its fibers the destructive effects of these pernicious weapons'. (Therese St-Gelais, 'From Dwellings to 'territories', in Dominique Blain [Montreal: Musee d'Art Contemporain de Montreal, 2004], 55). Once viewers realise what they are seeing, they often back away from 'Rug', not wanting to be 'blown up' by it or implicated in its acts of war. The rug collage I imagine operates in quite the opposite fashion; it does not trick the viewer into a recoil, but rather welcomes touch. Its raised figures are made compellingly tactile.
66. Patricia Owens, 'Xenophilia, Gender, and Sentimental Humanitarianism', Alternatives 29, no. 3 (2004): 298.
67. Orford, Reading, 218.
68. For accounts of emotion and sensory experience in political actions of many sorts, see for example, Elaine Scarry, The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985);
69. Cynthia Halpern, Suffering, Politics, Power: A Genealogy in Modern Political Theory (New York: SUNY, 2002);
70. Neta Crawford, 'The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships', International Security 24, no. 4 (2000);
71. Claudia Aradau, 'The Perverse Politics of Four-Letter Words: Risk and Pity in the Securitisation of Human Trafficking', Millennium 33, no. 2 (2004): 251-77;
72. and Rose McDermott, 'The Feeling of Rationality: The Meaning of Neuroscientific Advances for Political Science', Perspectives on Politics 2, no. 4 (2004): 691-706.
73. Orford, Reading, 218.
74. Butler, Precarious, 19.
75. Ibid., 20.
76. Butler, Precarious, 22-23.
77. Ibid., 29.
78. Ibid., 27.
79. Ibid., 28.
80. Ibid., 30.
81. Ibid., 29.
82. Ibid., 27.
83. Butler, Precarious, 25.
84. I b i d.
85. James Elkins, Pictures and Tears (New York: Routledge, 2003), 210.
86. Gillian Rose, Mourning Becomes the Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 11.
87. See for example, Terry Eagleton, After Theory (London: Allen Lane - Penguin, 2003);
88. Elkins, Pictures, 2003;
89. Hans Belting and Bill Viola, 'A Conversation', in Bill Viola: The Passions, ed. John Walsh (Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2003), 189-220;
90. Paul Virilio, Art and Fear (London: Continuum, 2000);
91. William Connolly, 'Suffering, Justice, and the Politics of Becoming', in Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics, eds. David Campbell and Michael Shapiro (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 125-53.
92. Rose, Mourning, 22, emphasis in original.
93. Nancy Fraser and Nancy Naples, 'To Interpret the World and to Change It: An Interview with Nancy Fraser', Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 29, no. 4 (2004): 1103-1124.
94. Butler, Precarious, 28.
95. Quoted in Jasper Gerard, 'The Conversion of Mr Macabre: Interview with Ian McEwan', The Sunday Times: News Review, 23 January 2005, 5.
96. Butler, Precarious, 151.
97. Roger MacGinty usefully reviews and systematises political and economic aspects of looting during war, and introduces "a matrix of motivations" that takes us beyond the usual greed thesis. He does not include in that matrix looting as a manifestation and politics of mourning, though, nor does he emphasise elements of touch that are integral to such acts. See his 'Looting in the Context of Violent Conflict: A Conceptualisation and Typology,' Third World Quarterly 25, 5, 2004: 868.