The rayed crater Zunil and interpretations of small impact craters on Mars

Icarus

Volumn 176, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 351-381

  McEwen, Alfred S ^a   Preblich, Brandon S ^a   Turtle, Elizabeth P ^a   Artemieva, Natalia A ^b   Golombek, Matthew P ^c   Hurst, Michelle ^d   Kirk, Randolph L ^e   Burr, Devon M ^e   Christensen, Philip R ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^b INSTITUTE OF GEOSPHERE DYNAMICS   (Russian Federation)

^c CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^d BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^f ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cratering; Impact processes; Mars; Moon; Regoliths

Indexed keywords

EID: 21744440246     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.02.009     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. N.A. Artemieva B.A. Ivanov Launch of martian meteorites in oblique impacts Icarus 171 2004 84-101
2. N.A. Artemieva E. Pierazzo Oblique Impact and it's ejecta: Numerical modeling. Impact cratering: Bridging the gap between modeling and observations LPI Contribution 1155 2003 10-11
3. E. Asphaug H.J. Melosh The Stickney impact of Phobos: A dynamical model Icarus 101 1993 144-164
4. V.R. Baker Water and the martian landscape Nature 412 2001 228-236
5. J.L. Bandfield V.E. Hamilton P.R. Christensen A global view of martian volcanic compositions Science 287 2000 1626-1630
6. N.G. Barlow Crater size-frequency distributions and a revised martian relative chronology Icarus 75 1988 285-305
7. Barlow, N.G., 2003. Utilizing diverse data sets in martian impact crater studies. Sixth International Conference on Mars. Abstract 3072
8. D.C. Berman W.K. Hartmann Recent fluvial, volcanic, and tectonic activity on the Cerberus plains of Mars Icarus 159 2002 1-17
9. Bernard, D.E., Golombek, M.P., 2001. Crater and rock hazard modeling for Mars landing. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Space 2001 Conference, Albuquerque, NM, August 2001, Paper AIAA-2001-4697, CD-ROM, 17 pp
10. E.B. Bierhaus C.R. Chapman W.J. Merline S.M. Brooks E. Asphaug Pwyll secondaries and other small craters on Europa Icarus 153 2001 264-276
11. A.B. Binder R.E. Arvidson E.A. Guinness K.L. Jones T.A. Mutch E.C. Morris D. Pieri C. Sagan The geology of the Viking Lander 1 site J. Geophys. Res. 82 1977 4439-4451
12. Bottke, W.F., Durda, D.D., Nesvorny, D., Jedicke, R., Morbidelli, A., Vokrouhlicky, D., Levison, H., 2005. Icarus. Submitted for publication
13. W.F. Bottke D. Nesvorny D.D. Durda Are most small craters primaries or secondaries: Insights from asteroid collisional/dynamical evolution models Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXVI 2005 Abstract 1489
14. P. Brown R.E. Spalding D.O. ReVelle E. Tagliaferri S.P. Worden The flux of small near-Earth objects colliding with the Earth Nature 420 2002 294-296
15. D.M. Burr J.A. Grier L.P. Keszthelyi A.S. McEwen Repeated aqueous flooding from the Cerberus Fossae: Evidence for very recently extant, deep groundwater on Mars Icarus 159 2002a 53-73
16. D.M. Burr A.S. McEwen S.E.H. Sakimoto Recent aqueous floods from the Cerberus Fossae, Mars J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 2002b 10.1029/ 2001GL013345
17. N.A. Cabrol E.A. Grin R. Landheim O. Kuzmin R. Greeley Duration of the Ma'adim Vallis/Gusev crater hydrologic system Icarus 133 1998 98-108
18. M.H. Carr Mars Global Surveyor observations of martian fretted terrain J. Geophys. Res. 106 E10 2001 23,571-23,954
19. C.R. Chapman R.R. Haefner A critique of methods for analysis of the diameter-frequency relation for craters with special application to the Moon J. Geophys. Res. 72 1967 549-557
20. C.R. Chapman J. Veverka M.J.S. Belton G. Neukum D. Morrison Cratering on Gaspra Icarus 120 1996 231-245
21. J.E. Chappelow V.L. Sharpton Atmospheric effects and the record of small craters on Mars Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXIV 2003 Abstract 1418
22. P.R. Christensen Formation of recent martian gullies through melting of extensive water-rich snow deposits Nature 422 2003 45-48
23. P.R. Christensen 21 colleagues Morphology and composition of the surface of Mars: Mars Odyssey THEMIS results Science 300 2003 2056-2061
24. P.R. Christensen 13 colleagues Mars Exploration Rover candidate landing sites as viewed by THEMIS Icarus 2005 In press
25. L. Crumpler K. Tanaka Geology and MER target site characteristics along the southern rim of Isidis Planitia, Mars J. Geophys. Res. 108 E12 2003 8080
26. K.S. Edgett M.C. Malin Martian sedimentary rock stratigraphy: Outcrops and interbedded craters of northwest Sinus Meridiani and southwest Arabia Terra Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 2002 2179
27. Garvin, J.P., Sakimoto, S.E.H., Frawley, J.J., 2003. Craters on Mars: Global geometric properties from gridded MOLA topography. Sixth International Conference on Mars. Abstract 3277
28. R.W. Gaskell Martian surface simulations J. Geophys. 98 1993 11,099-11,103
29. D.E. Gault J.A. Wedekind Experimental studies of oblique impact Lunar Planet. Sci. IX 1978 3843-3875
30. M.P. Golombek N.T. Bridges Erosion rates on Mars and implications for climate change: Constraints from the Pathfinder landing site J. Geophys. Res. 105 2000 1841-1853
31. M.P. Golombek 13 colleagues Overview of the Mars Pathfinder mission and assessment of landing site predictions Science 278 1997 1743-1748
32. M.P. Golombek 14 colleagues Overview of the Mars Pathfinder Mission: Launch through landing, surface operations, data sets, and science results J. Geophys. Res. 104 1999 8523-8554
33. M.P. Golombek 21 colleagues Selection of the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites J. Geophys. Res. 108 2003 8072
34. E.E. Grady M.E. Kipp Continuum modeling of explosive fracture in oil shale Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. 17 1980 147-157
35. J. Grant 22 colleagues Surficial deposits at Gusev crater along Spirit rover traverses Science 305 2004 807-810
36. R. Greeley J. Iverson Wind as a Geological Process 1985 Cambridge Univ. Press New York
37. R. Greeley M.D. Kraft R.O. Kuzmin N.T. Bridges Mars Pathfinder landing site: Evidence for a change in wind regime and climate from lander and orbiter data J. Geophys. Res. 105 2000 1829-1840
38. J.A. Grier W.K. Hartmann Rayed craters as probes of the upper surface of Ma'adim Vallis and Elysium Planitia: Images from Mars Global Surveyor Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXI 2000 Abstract 1478
39. W.K. Hartmann Lunar and interplanetary rock fragmentation Icarus 10 1969 201-213
40. W.K. Hartmann Martian cratering. VI. Crater count isochrons and evidence for recent volcanism from Mars Global Surveyor Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 34 1999 167-177
41. W.K. Hartmann 10 colleagues Chronology of planetary volcanism by comparative studies of planetary cratering Basaltic Volcanism on the Terrestrial Planets 1981 1049-1127
42. W.K. Hartmann R.W. Gaskell Planetary cratering. 2. Studies of saturation equilibrium Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32 1997 109-121
43. W.K. Hartmann D.C. Berman Elysium Planitia lava flows: Crater count chronology and geological implications J. Geophys. Res. 105 2000 15,011-15,026
44. W. Hartmann G. Neukum Cratering chronology and the evolution of Mars Space Sci. Rev. 96 2001 165-194
45. W.K. Hartmann J. Anguita M. de la Casa D. Berman E.V. Ryan Martian cratering. 7. The role of impact gardening Icarus 149 2001 37-53
46. J.N. Head H.J. Melosh B.A. Ivanov Martian meteorite launch: High-speed ejecta from small craters Science 298 2002 1752-1756
47. J.W. Head J.F. Mustard M.A. Milliken E. Ralph D.R. Marchant Recent ice ages on Mars Nature 426 2003 797-802
48. F. Hertz M.J. Cintala W.C. Rochelle B. Kirk Collisionally processed rocks on Mars Science 285 1999 2105-2107
49. K.R. Housen Material motions and ejection velocities for impacts in porous targets Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXIV 2003 Abstract 1300
50. K.R. Housen R.M. Schmidt K.A. Holsapple Crater ejecta scaling laws: Fundamental forms based on dimensional analysis J. Geophys. Res. 88 1983 2485-2499
51. M. Hurst M.P. Golombek R. Kirk Small crater morphology within Gusev crater and Isidis Planitia: Evidence for widespread secondaries on Mars Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXV 2004 Abstract 2068
52. B.M. Hynek R.J. Phillips R.E. Arvidson Explosive volcanism in the Tharsis region: Global evidence in the martian geologic record J. Geophys. Res. 108 E9 2003 5111
53. B.A. Ivanov Mars/Moon cratering ratio estimates Space Sci. Rev. 96 2001 87-104
54. B.A. Ivanov G. Neukum W.F. Bottke W.K. Hartmann The comparison of size-frequency distributions of impact craters and asteroids and the planetary cratering rate In: W.F. Bottke A. Cellino P. Paolicchi R.P. Binzel (Eds.) Asteroids III 2002 Univ. of Arizona Press Tucson 89-101
55. R. Jedicke J. Larsen T. Spahr Observational selection effects in asteroid surveys and estimates of asteroid population sizes In: W.F. Bottke Jr. A. Cellino P. Paolicchi R.P. Benzel (Eds.) Asteroids II 2002 Univ. of Arizona Press Tucson 71-87
56. J.S. Kargel Mars - A Warmer, Wetter Planet 2004 Springer/Praxis Publishing p. 550
57. L. Keszthelyi D.M. Burr A.S. McEwen Geomorphologic/thermophysical mapping of the Athabasca region, Mars, using THEMIS infrared imaging Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXV 2004a Abstract 1657
58. L. Keszthelyi A. McEwen Th. Thordarson Terrestrial analogs and thermal models for Martian flood lavas J. Geophys. Res. 105 2000 15,027-15,049
59. Keszthelyi, L., Thordarson, Th., McEwen, A., Haack, H., Guilbaud, M., Self, S., 2004b. Icelandic analogs to martian flood lavas. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol. 5, 32 pp
60. H.H. Kieffer A.P. Zent Quasi-periodic climate change In: H.H. Kieffer B.M. Jakosky C.W. Snyder M.S. Matthews (Eds.) Mars 1992 Univ. of Arizona Press Tucson 1180-1220
61. R.L. Kirk E. Howington-Kraus B. Redding D. Galuszka T.M. Hare B.A. Archinal L.A. Soderblom J.M. Barrett High-resolution topomapping of candidate MER landing sites with Mars orbital camera narrow-angle images J. Geophys. Res. 108 E12 2003 8088 10.1029/2003JE002131
62. G. Klingelhofer 18 colleagues Jarosite and hematite at Meridiani Planum from Opportunity's Mossbauer Spectrometer Science 306 2004 1740-1745
63. P.D. Lanagan A.S. McEwen L.P. Keszthelyi Th. Thordarson Rootless cones on Mars indicating the presence of shallow equatorial ground ice in recent times Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 2001 2365-2367
64. P. Lanagan A. McEwen Geomorphic analysis of the Cerberus Plains: Constraints on the emplacement of the youngest lava flows on Mars Icarus 2003 Submitted for publication
65. M.C. Malin K.S. Edgett Evidence for recent groundwater seepage and surface runoff on Mars Science 288 2000 2330-2335
66. M.C. Malin K.S. Edgett Sedimentary rocks of early Mars Science 290 2000 1927-1937
67. M.C. Malin K.S. Edgett Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera: Interplanetary cruise through primary mission J. Geophys. Res. 106 2001 23,429-23,570
68. M.C. Malin M.A. Caplinger S.D. Davis Observational evidence for an active reservoir of solid carbon dioxide on Mars Science 294 2001 2146-2148
69. M.C. Malin K.S. Edgett Evidence for persistent flow and aqueous sedimentary rocks on early Mars Science 302 2003 1931-1934
70. N. Mangold Geomorphic analysis of lobate debris aprons on Mars at Mars Orbiter Camera scale: Evidence for ice sublimation initiated by fractures J. Geophys. Res. 108 2003 10.1029/2002JE001885 pp. GDS 2-1
71. A. Marquez C. Fernandez F. Anguita A. Farelo J. Anguita M.-A. de la Casa New evidence for a volcanically, tectonically, and climatically active Mars Icarus 172 2004 573-581
72. A.S. McEwen L.R. Gaddis G. Neukum H. Hoffmann C. Pieters J.W. Head Galileo observations of post-Imbrium lunar craters during the first Earth-Moon flyby J. Geophys. Res. 98 1993 17,207-17,234
73. McEwen, A., Keszthelyi, L., Milazzo, M., Burr, D., Christensen, P., Rice, J., Malin, M., The Themis Team, 2002. Athabasca Valles Region: New Insights from THEMIS. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2002, P11B-09
74. A.S. McEwen E.P. Turtle D. Burr M. Milazzo P. Lanagan P. Christensen J. Boyce The THEMIS Science Team Discovery of a large rayed crater on Mars: Implications for recent volcanic and fluvial activity and the origin of martian meteorites Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXIV 2003 Abstract 2040
75. H.J. Melosh Impact ejection, spallation, and the origin of meteorites Icarus 59 1984 234-260
76. H.J. Melosh Impact Cratering: A Geologic Process 1989 Oxford Univ. Press New York
77. H.J. Melosh E.V. Ryan E. Asphaug Dynamic fragmentation in impacts - Hydrocode simulations of laboratory impact J. Geophys. Res. 97 E9 1992 14,735-14,759
78. T. Mikouchi M. Miyamoto G.A. McKay Mineralogy and petrology of the Dar al Gani 476 martian meteorites: Implications for its cooling history and relationship to other shergottites Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 36 2001 531-548
79. H.J. Moore H.J. Hodges C.A. Scott Multiringed basins - Illustrated by Orientale and associated features Lunar and Planetary Science Conference V vol. 1 1974 Pergamon New York 71-100
80. A. Morbidelli W.F. Bottke Ch. Froeschle P. Michel Origin and evolution of near-Earth objects In: W.F. Bottke A. Cellino P. Paolicchi R.P. Binzel (Eds.) Asteroids III 2002 Univ. of Arizona Press Tucson 409-422
81. A. Morbidelli D. Vokrouhlicky The Yarkovsky-driven origin of near-Earth asteroids Icarus 163 2003 120-134
82. Mouginis-Mark, P.J., Boyce, J.M., Hamilton, V.E., Anderson, F.S., 2003. A very young, large, impact crater on Mars. International Mars Conference VI. Abstract 3004
83. J.F. Mustard C.D. Cooper M.K. Rifkin Evidence for recent climate change on Mars from the identification of youthful near-surface ground ice Nature 412 2001 411-414
84. T.A. Mutch R.E. Arvidson E.A. Guinness A.B. Binder E.C. Morris The geology of the Viking Lander 2 site J. Geophys. Res. 82 1977 4452-4667
85. I.V. Nemtchinov V.V. Shuvalov R. Greeley Impact-mobilized dust in the martian atmosphere J. Geophys. Res. 107 2002 10.1029/2001JE001834 5134
86. G. Neukum B.A. Ivanov Crater size distributions and impact probabilities on Earth from lunar, terrestrial planet, and asteroid cratering data In: T. Gehrels (Ed.) Hazards due to Comets and Asteroids 1994 Univ. of Arizona Press Tucson 359-416
87. G. Neukum B. Koenig Dating of individual lunar craters Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. VII vol. 3 1976 Pergamon New York 2867-2881
88. G. Neukum B. Koenig H. Fechtig D. Storzer Cratering in the Earth-Moon system-Consequences for age determination by crater counting Lunar Planet. Sci. 6 1975 2597-2620
89. G. Neukum B.A. Ivanov W.K. Hartmann Cratering records in the inner Solar System in relation to the lunar reference system Space Sci. Rev. 96 2001 55-86
90. G. Neukum 10 colleagues, The HRSC Co-Investigator Team Recent and episodic volcanic and glacial activity on Mars revealed by the High Resolution Stereo Camera Nature 432 2004 971-979
91. L.E. Nyquist D.D. Bogard C.-Y. Shih A. Greshake D. Stöffler O. Eugster Ages and geologic histories of martian meteorites Space Sci. Rev. 96 2001 105-164
92. V.R. Oberbeck R.H. Morrison On the formation of lunar herringbone pattern Lunar Planet. Sci. IV 1973 107-123
93. O'Brian, D.P., Greenberg, R. The collisional and dynamical evolution of main-belt and NEA size distributions. Icarus. Submitted for publication
94. E. Pierazzo A.M. Vickery H.J. Melosh A reevaluation of impact melt production Icarus 127 1997 408-422
95. T.L. Pierce D.A. Crown Morphologic and topographic analyses of debris aprons in the eastern Hellas region, Mars Icarus 163 2002 46-65
96. R.J. Pike Size-dependence in the shape of fresh impact craters on the Moon D.J. Roddy R.B. Merrill Impact and Explosion Cratering 1977 Pergamon New York 489-509
97. R.J. Pike D.E. Wilhelms Secondary-impact craters on the Moon: Topographic form and geologic process Lunar Planet. Sci. IX 1978 907-909
98. J.B. Plescia Recent flood lavas in the Elysium region of Mars Icarus 88 1990 465
99. J.B. Plescia Cerberus Fossae, Elysium, Mars: A source for lava and water Icarus 164 2003 79-95
100. B. Preblich A. McEwen D. Studer Mapping rays and secondary craters from Zunil, Mars Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXVI 2005 Abstract 2112
101. C. Quantin P. Allemand N. Mangold C. Delacourt Ages of Valles Marineris (Mars) landslides and implications for canyon history Icarus 172 2004 555-572
102. D. Rabinowitz E. Helin K. Lawrence S. Pravdo A reduced estimate of the number of kilometer-sized near-Earth asteroids Nature 403 2000 165-166
103. D. Reiss S. van Gasselt G. Neukum R. Jaumann Absolute dune ages and implications for the time of formation of gullies in Nirgal Vallis, Mars J. Geophys. Res. 109 2004 10.1029
104. S.W. Ruff P.R. Christensen Bright and dark regions of Mars: Particle sizes and mineralogical characteristics based on Thermal Emission Spectrometer data J. Geophys. Res. 107 2002 10.1029/2001JE001580 5127
105. S.W. Ruff 10 colleagues Mars' "White Rock" feature lacks evidence of an aqueous origin: Results from Mars Global Surveyor J. Geophys. Res. 106 2001 23,921-23,928
106. Schaller, E.L., Murray, B.C., Byrne, S., 2003. McMurdo crater: A unique impact event on the South Polar layered deposits. Sixth International Conference on Mars. Abstract 3165
107. R.M. Schmidt K.R. Housen Some recent advances in the scaling of impact and explosion cratering Int. J. Impact Eng. 5 1987 543-560
108. P. Schultz Uncovering Mars Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXIII 2002 Abstract 1790
109. P.H. Schultz D.E. Gault Atmospheric effects on martian ejecta emplacement J. Geophys. Res. 84 1979 7669-7687
110. P.H. Schultz D.E. Gault Clustered impacts - Experiments and implications J. Geophys. Res. 90 1985 3701-3732
111. P.H. Schultz A.B. Lutz Polar wanderings of Mars Icarus 73 1988 91-141
112. P.H. Schultz J. Singer A comparison of secondary craters on the Moon, Mercury, and Mars Lunar Planet. Sci. XI 1980 2243-2259
113. E.M. Shoemaker Interpretation of lunar craters Z. Kopal Physics and Astronomy of the Moon 1962 Academic Press New York 283-359
114. E.M. Shoemaker Preliminary analysis of the fine structure of the lunar surface in Mare Cognitum In: W.N. Hess D.H. Menzel J.A. O'Keefe (Eds.) The Nature of the Lunar Surface 1965 Johns Hopkins Press Baltimore 1966, vol. 2, pp. 23-77, JPL Tech. Report No. 32-700
115. V.V. Shuvalov Multidimensional hydrodynamic code SOVA for interfacial flows: Application to the thermal layer effect Shock Waves 9 1999 381-390
116. V.V. Shuvalov Displacement of target material due to impact Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXIII 2002 Abstract 1259
117. N.M. Siebert J.S. Kargel Small-scale martian polygonal terrain: Implications for liquid surface water Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 2001 899-902
118. P.H. Smith 25 colleagues Results from the Mars Pathfinder camera Science 278 1997 1758-1765
119. L.A. Soderblom C.D. Condit R.A. West B.M. Herman T.J. Kreidler Martian planetwide crater distributions: Implications for geologic history and surface processes Icarus 22 1974 239-263
120. S.W. Squyres 18 colleagues In-situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment on Mars Science 306 2004 1709-1714
121. R.G. Strom S. Croft N. Barlow The martian impact cratering record In: H. Kieffer B. Jakosky C.W. Snyder M.S. Matthews (Eds.) Mars 1992 Univ. of Arizona Press Tucson 383-423
122. S.T. Stewart J.D. O'Keefe T.A. Ahrens The relationship between rampart crater morphologies and the amount of subsurface ice Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXII 2001 Abstract 2092
123. K.L. Tanaka The stratigraphy of Mars Proc. Lunar Plan. Sci. Conf. XXVII J. Geophys. Res. Suppl. 91 1986 E139-E158
124. A.V. Teterev Cratering model of asteroid and comet impact on a planetary surface Int. J. Impact Eng. 23 1999 921-932
125. P.C. Thomas M.C. Malin K.S. Edgett M.H. Carr W.K. Hartmann A.P. Ingersoll P.B. James L.A. Soderblom J. Veverka R. Sullivan North-south differences between the residual polar caps on Mars Nature 404 2000 161-164
126. Thompson, S.L., Lauson, H.S., 1972. Improvements in the Chart D Radiation-Hydrodynamic Code III: Revised analytical equation of state. Sandia Nat. Labs, Albuquerque, NM, SC-RR-61 0714, p. 119
127. L.L. Tornabene H.Y. McSween J.E. Moersch J.L. Piatek K.A. Milam P.R. Christensen Recognition of rayed craters on Mars in THEMIS thermal infrared imagery: Implications for martian meteorite source regions Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXVI 2005 Abstract 1970
128. G.A. Valentine K.H. Wohletz Numerical models of Plinian eruption columns and pyroclastic flows J. Geophys. Res. 94 1989 1867-1887
129. A.R. Vasavada T.J. Milavec D.A. Paige Microcraters on Mars: Evidence for past climate variations J. Geophys. Res. 98 1993 3469-3476
130. A.M. Vickery Size-velocity distribution of large ejecta fragments Icarus 67 1986 224-236
131. A.M. Vickery Variation in ejecta size with ejection velocity Geophys. Res. Lett. 14 1987 726-729
132. W. Weibull A statistical distribution function of wide applicability J. Appl. Mech. 18 1951 140-147
133. S.C. Werner A.W. Harris G. Neukum B.A. Ivanov The near-Earth asteroid size-frequency distribution: A snapshot of the lunar impactor size-frequency distribution Icarus 156 2002 287-290
134. S.C. Werner S. van Gasselt G. Neukum Continual geological activity in Athabasca Valles, Mars J. Geophys. Res. 108 2003 8081
135. D.E. Wilhelms V.R. Oberbeck H.R. Aggarwal Size-frequency distributions of primary and secondary lunar impact craters Lunar Planet. Sci. IX 1978 3735-3762
136. K.H. Zahnle P. Schenk H. Levison L. Dones Cratering rates in the outer Solar System Icarus 163 2003 263-289