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P. H. Smith and the IMP team, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 4003 (1997). The IMP is multispectral, mineralogical filters from 440 to 1000 nm, and stereoscopic, two eyes separated by 15 cm. The mast, deployed on sol 2, raised the camera 0.61 m to a height of 1.85 m above the martian surface; azimuth and elevation motors allow it to look in any direction (although straight down is a protected, light-and dust-tight position). The resolution is 1 mrad per pixel and the FOV is 14.4°; panoramas are mosaicked from these individual frames.
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J. Geophys. Res.
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note
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Dust is defined as particles less than about 20 μm in diameter and typically is transported in the atmosphere in suspension; sand is comprised of grains 62 to 2000 μm in diameter and is transported typically in saltation (a series of short hops along the surface); granules are defined as particles 2000 to 4000 μm in diameter and are transported by traction along the surface.
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7
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1842312772
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personal communication
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P. James and J. F. Bell III, personal communication (1997).
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R. Greeley et al., in Mars (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1992), pp. 730.
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1842266545
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note
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By matching features in the left and right cameras, an automated machine vision algorithm produces dense range maps of the near field that are projected into a 3-D model as a connected polygonal mesh. Distance and angle measurements can be made on features viewed in the model using a mouse-driven 3-D cursor and a point-and-click interface.
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16
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0004234142
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Pergammon, New York
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Impact and Explosion Cratering, D. J. Roddy, R. O. Pepin, R. B. Merrill Eds. (Pergammon, New York, 1977), pp. 489-509; ibid., pp. 1043-1056.
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Impact and Explosion Cratering
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Roddy, D.J.1
Pepin, R.O.2
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Impact and Explosion Cratering, D. J. Roddy, R. O. Pepin, R. B. Merrill Eds. (Pergammon, New York, 1977), pp. 489-509; ibid., pp. 1043-1056.
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18
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P. D. Komar, Sedimentology 34, 1165 (1987); P. D. Komar, in Floods: Hydrological, Sedimentological and Geomorphological Implications, K. Beven and P. Carling, Eds. (Wiley, New York, 1989), pp. 107-130; P. D. Komar and P. A. Carling, Sedimentology 38 (1991).
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P. D. Komar, Sedimentology 34, 1165 (1987); P. D. Komar, in Floods: Hydrological, Sedimentological and Geomorphological Implications, K. Beven and P. Carling, Eds. (Wiley, New York, 1989), pp. 107-130; P. D. Komar and P. A. Carling, Sedimentology 38 (1991).
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P. D. Komar, Sedimentology 34, 1165 (1987); P. D. Komar, in Floods: Hydrological, Sedimentological and Geomorphological Implications, K. Beven and P. Carling, Eds. (Wiley, New York, 1989), pp. 107-130; P. D. Komar and P. A. Carling, Sedimentology 38 (1991).
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Sedimentology
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1842379289
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note
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U.S. Geological Survey, Topographic map of the western region of Mars, Atlas of Mars 1:15M Topographic Series, Western Region, Miscellaneous Investigation Map I-2160, Sheet 2 of 3 (1991).
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24
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1842346335
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M. C. Malin and D. B. Eppler, NASA Tech. Mem. 84211, 272 (1981); J. E. O'Connor and V. R. Baker, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 104, 267 (1992).
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R. Zurek, Icarus 50, 288 (1982).
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27
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1842361003
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M. S. thesis, University of Arizona
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R. J. Reid, M. S. thesis, University of Arizona (1997).
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(1997)
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Reid, R.J.1
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0023480448
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This effect was also observed using Viking Lander imaging data by E. Guinness et al., J. Geophys. Res. 92, E575 (1987).
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J. Geophys. Res.
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29
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1842386027
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note
-
The locations of rock and soil types are shown on the foldout with enlargements of the type localities or on the reverse page.
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30
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1842303283
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-
note
-
The relative reflectance value is a ratio of the measured counts per second for the object in the scene to the counts per second measured for the known reflectance of the IMP radiometric calibration targets when both are subjected to direct solar and diffuse sky illumination. These targets were calibrated in the laboratory relative to Spectralon standards.
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-
-
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31
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-
1842324240
-
-
note
-
The red/blue ratio is the ratio of the reflectance of the 600-nm filter divided by the reflectance of the 440-nm filter. The kink parameter, or curvature index, is the deviation between 530 nm and a straight line between the red and blue filters (27).
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-
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32
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0022268379
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R. Morris, H. V. Lauer Jr., C. A. Lawson, E. K. Gibson Jr., G. A. Nace, C. Stewart, J. Geophys. Res. 90, 3126 (1985); D. M. Sherman, R. G. Burns, V.M. Burns, ibid. 87, 10169 (1982).
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Morris, R.1
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33
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R. Morris, H. V. Lauer Jr., C. A. Lawson, E. K. Gibson Jr., G. A. Nace, C. Stewart, J. Geophys. Res. 90, 3126 (1985); D. M. Sherman, R. G. Burns, V.M. Burns, ibid. 87, 10169 (1982).
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T. B. McCord, R. L. Huguenin, D. Mink, C. Pieters, Icarus 31, 25 (1977); R. B. Singer, J. Geophys. Res. 87, 10159 (1982).
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R. Morris, D. C. Golden, J. F. Bell III, H. V. Lauer, Jr., J. Geophys. Res. 100, 5319 (1995); J. L. Bishop, C. M. Pieters, R. G. Burns, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 4583 (1993).
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Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
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Bishop, J.L.1
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Burns, R.G.3
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0001146402
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J. B. Adams, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 4829 (1974); E. A. Cloutis and M. J. Gaffey, ibid. 96, 22809 (1991).
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Adams, J.B.1
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0030707623
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R. Rieder et al., Science 278, 1771 (1997).
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(1997)
Science
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Rieder, R.1
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46
-
-
1842309937
-
-
note
-
Solar images were taken with exposure times of about 1 ms; flight software subtracted a 0-ms image from the original image to correct for the electronic shutter effect, located the sun in the image, and returned a 31 by 31 subframe containing the sun. The dark current (at -20°C in a 1 ms exposure) is typically a small fraction of a count (< 0.1% of the signal) and is ignored. Flat field uncertainties caused a variation in the integrated flux of ± 1%; this was the main source of error. We converted the pixel values from counts to intensity units using the temperature dependent responsivity. The center of the sun is located and a cumulative integral of encircled flux as a function of increasing radius is determined. The background intensity, due to scattered light in the atmosphere and within the camera, is determined and subtracted from the direct sunlight.
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-
-
-
47
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0030657741
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T. Schofield et al., Science 278, 1752 (1997).
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(1997)
Science
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Schofield, T.1
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48
-
-
1842355211
-
-
note
-
The first two frames of each set are taken on either side of the sun, the symmetry of the diffraction is used to determine the solar azimuth more precisely than can be done with only the IMP pointing information (<3 mrad). A pointing uncertainty of ∼ 18 mrad may also exist in elevation, but can be corrected for using the brightness contours in each image. All the pixel counts are calibrated to correct for dark current, flat field, electronic shutter effect, exposure time, and absolute responsivity, yielding intensity values as a function of angle from the sun. We modeled the multiply scattered light using the doubling and adding method. Both spherical (Mie) and nonspherical particles (36) are included in the simulation; their properties in the model may be varied and the output (I/F) is scaled by the solar energy entering the martian atmosphere at each of the filter bandpasses for comparison with the data.
-
-
-
-
51
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1842354253
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personal communication
-
T. Clancy, personal communication (1997). This value comes from a study of Hubble Space Telescope images of Mars.
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(1997)
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Clancy, T.1
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53
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0002003378
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Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ
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B. Jakosky and R. M. Haberte, in Mars (Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1992), pp. 969-1016.
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Jakosky, B.1
Haberte, R.M.2
-
54
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1842352212
-
-
note
-
The observations were taken at 16:48 coordinated universal time (midpoint) on 7 July 1997 at a phase angle of 43.4°. An air mass correction was applied using a wavelength independent optical depth of 0.5.
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-
-
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55
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36749051221
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Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX
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W. Grundy and U. Fink, in Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1991 (Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX), pp. 215-218 (1992); B. Zellner and E. N. Wells, Lunar Planet. Sci XXV, 1541 (1994).
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Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1991
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Grundy, W.1
Fink, U.2
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56
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0011489405
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W. Grundy and U. Fink, in Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1991 (Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX), pp. 215-218 (1992); B. Zellner and E. N. Wells, Lunar Planet. Sci XXV, 1541 (1994).
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(1994)
Lunar Planet. Sci
, vol.25
, pp. 1541
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Zellner, B.1
Wells, E.N.2
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59
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1842398728
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note
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We thank the Pathfinder project team led by A. Spear and B. Muirhead, J. Wellman, T. Tomey, M. Golombek, J. Crisp, R. Anderson. We also thank R. Reynolds, C. Shinohara, R. Singer, L. Doose, D. Crowe, S. Bell, R. Tanner, J. Weinberg, R. Marcialis, T. Friedman, M. Williams, D. Koschny, R. Kramm, H. Hartwig, J. Martin, D. Barnett, M. Bigler, T. Gallagher, J. Eastman, W. Green, S. Lavoie, E. DeJong, A. Runkle, D. Alexander, J. Lorre, M. McAuley, S. Suzuki, and the magnetics group from Denmark led by J. Knudsen.
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