The political geography of national parks

Pacific Historical Review

Volumn 74, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 237-266

  Dilsaver, Lary M ^a   Wyckoff, William ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA   (United States)

^b MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; PLANNING HISTORY;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 20644444560     PISSN: 00308684     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.237     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. John Agnew, Katharyne Mitchell, and Gerard Toal, eds., A Companion to Political Geography (Oxford, U.K., 2003), 2-5;
2. Julian Minghi, "Boundary Studies in Political Geography," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 53 (1963), 407;
3. Richard Hartshorne, "Suggestions on the Terminology of Boundaries," ibid., 26 (1936), 56-57;
4. Martin I. Glassner, Political Geography (New York, 1996), 89-94;
5. David Newman, "Boundaries," in Agnew, Mitchell, and Toal, eds., A Companion to Political Geography, 123-137.
6. National Park Service (hereafter NPS), State of the Parks (Washington, D.C., 1980).
7. For general histories of the national park system, see Horace M. Albright, as told to Robert Cahn, The Birth of the National Park Service: The Founding Years, 1913-33 (Salt Lake City, 1985);
8. and Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln, Nebr., 1997).
9. Specific case studies include Robert Righter, Crucible for Conservation: The Story of Grand Teton National Park (Boulder, Colo., 1982);
10. Kay Franklin and Norma Schaefer, Duel for the Dunes: Land Use Conflict on the Shores of Lake Michigan (Urbana, Ill., 1983);
11. Carsten Lien, Olympic Battleground: The Power Politics of Timber Preservation (San Francisco, 1991);
12. Susan R. Schrepfer, The Fight to Save the Redwoods: A History of Environmental Reform, 1917-1978 (Madison, Wisc., 1983);
13. Fred T. Witzig, "The Crane Lake Issue in the Establishment of Voyageurs National Park," Upper Midwest History, 3 (1983) 41-53.
14. The law was titled "An Act to Set Apart a Certain Tract of Land Lying Near the Headwaters of the Yellowstone River as a Public Park," 17 Stat. 32, March 1, 1872;
15. Aubrey L. Haines, The Yellowstone Story (2 vols., Boulder, Colo., 1977), 1: 156-173;
16. Lary M. Dilsaver, ed., America's National Park System: The Critical Documents (Lanham, Md., 1994), 28-29.
17. Chris J. Magoc, Yellowstone: The Creation and Selling of an American Landscape, 1870-1903 (Albuquerque, N.M., 1999), 139-148;
18. Mark Daniel Barringer, Selling Yellowstone: Capitalism and the Construction of Nature (Lawrence, Kans., 2002), 9-10;
19. Native Americans engaged in selective hunting and gathering, construction of trails, and the use of fire. See Peter Nabokov and Lawrence Loendorf, American Indians and Yellowstone National Park: A Documentary Overview (Yellowstone National Park, Wyo., 2002).
20. Langdon Smith and William Wyckoff, "Creating Yellowstone: Montanans in the Early Park Years," Historical Geography, 29 (2001), 93-115.
21. W. Turrentine Jackson, "The Creation of Yellowstone National Park," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 29 (1942), 187-206;
22. Magoc, Yellowstone, 1-20;
23. Judith L. Meyer, The Spirit of Yellowstone: The Cultural Creation of a National Park (Lanham, Md., 1996), 31-42.
24. Smith and Wyckoff, "Creating Yellowstone," 93-115;
25. Jackson, "The Creation of Yellowstone National Park," 192-193;
26. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, 1: 195-198;
27. Richard A. Bartlett, Yellowstone: A Wilderness Besieged (Tucson, 1985), 166;
28. Magoc, Yellowstone, 109-110.
29. Jackson, "The Creation of Yellowstone National Park," 194-204;
30. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, 1: 164-165;
31. Magoc, Yellowstone, 1-20;
32. Bartlett, Yellowstone, 116-117;
33. Barringer, Selling Yellowstone, 20.
34. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, 1: 177-326;
35. Magoc, Yellowstone, 54-77;
36. Smith and Wyckoff, "Creating Yellowstone," 93-115.
37. Bartlett, Yellowstone, 309-325;
38. Magoc, Yellowstone, 126-132;
39. Smith and Wyckoff, "Creating Yellowstone," 108-109.
40. Hiram Martin Chittenden, The Yellowstone National Park (Cincinnati, 1920), 115-116;
41. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, 2: 1-275;
42. Bartlett, Yellowstone, 257-279;
43. Magoc, Yellowstone, 135-136.
44. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, 2: 279-318.
45. Bartlett, Yellowstone, 316-321;
46. Dilsaver, America's National Park System, 36-39;
47. Magoc, Yellowstone, 138-167.
48. Bartlett, Yellowstone, 309-316;
49. Magoc, Yellowstone, 132.
50. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, 2: 342-343;
51. Bartlett, Yellowstone, 350-358;
52. Hugh T. Lovin, "Conservation, Irrigated Farming, and Yellowstone National Park's Cascade Corner," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 93 (2001), 13-25;
53. Michael J. Yochim, "Beauty and the Beet: The Dam Battles of Yellowstone National Park," Montana The Magazine of Western History, 53 (No. 1, 2003), 14-27.
54. E. B. Rogers, "Bills in Congress to Revise Boundaries of Yellowstone National Park," 1941, unpublished manuscript, Montana State University Library Special Collections, Bozeman, Mont.;
55. Emily Sieger, "Building a Better Yellowstone: Boundary Controversies in the Early History of Yellowstone National Park," unpublished manuscript, 1990, Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Mont.;
56. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, 2: 319-336, 417.
57. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, 2: 331.
58. Ibid., 331-332.
59. Lee Whittlesey, personal communication with the authors, Yellowstone National Park, Jan. 24, 2003.
60. For a brief introduction to Yellowstone threats and to the development of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem concept, see National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, Division of Interpretation, Yellowstone Resources and Issues (Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyo., 2002).
61. Alfred Runte has discussed the archetypal role played by Yellowstone in National Parks, 33-47.
62. C. W. Buchholtz, Man in Glacier (West Glacier, Mont., 1976), 1-11, 32-33.
63. Robert H. Keller and Michael F. Turek, American Indians and National Parks (Tucson, 1998), 45-53;
64. Christopher Ashby, "The Blackfeet Agreement of 1895 and Glacier National Park: A Case History" (M.A. thesis, University of Montana, 1985).
65. Buchholtz, Man in Glacier, 30-40;
66. Jack Holterman, Altyn - Boom and Bust, 1897-1902 (West Glacier, Mont., 1991).
67. Don Douma, "Second Bonanza: The History of Oil in Montana," Montana Magazine of History, 3 (No. 4, 1953), 18-30;
68. George Darrow, "The History of Oil Exploration in Northwestern Montana, 1892-1950," Billings Geological Society Guidebook, Sixth Annual Field Conference (Billings, Mont., 1955), 225-232;
69. W. W. Boberg, "Flathead Region, Montana, Alberta and British Columbia, Petroleum Exploration: An Historical Review," Montana Geological Society Field Conference Symposium Guidebook (Billings, Mont., 1984), 1-25;
70. Jerry De Santo, "Drilling at Kintla Lake: Montana's First Oil Well," Montana The Magazine of Western History, 35 (No. 1, 1985), 24-37.
71. Buchholtz, Man in Glacier, 40;
72. Patricia Bick, "Homesteading on the North Fork in Glacier National Park," Glacier National Park Report, 1986, Glacier National Park (hereafter GNP) Library, West Glacier, Mont.
73. T. F. Walsh, "Picturesque Lake McDonald," Rocky Mountain Magazine, 1 (1901), 325-330;
74. Buchholtz, Man in Glacier, 37-40;
75. William Wyckoff and Lary M. Dilsaver, eds., The Mountainous West: Explorations in Historical Geography (Lincoln, Nebr., 1995).
76. Buchholtz, Man in Glacier, 43-49.
77. J. F. Kaufman, "Glacier National Park, Montana: A History of its Establishment and Revision of its Boundaries," GNP Report, July 1954, Montana Historical Society, Helena, Mont.;
78. Historical Research Associates, "Historic Resources Study, Glacier National Park and Historic Structures Survey," GNP Report, 1980, GNP Library, West Glacier, Mont.
79. Kaufman, "Glacier National Park";
80. Ann Regan, "The Blackfeet, the Bureaucrats, and Glacier National Park, 1910-1940," unpublished manuscript, 1986, GNP Library, West Glacier, Mont.
81. Richard West Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History (New Haven, Conn., 1997), 65-66;
82. "Popular Protest Circulated," Kalispell Bee, Dec. 31, 1907;
83. Kaufman, "Glacier National Park";
84. Mike Anderson, "Local Opposition to the Creation of Glacier National Park, 1907-1912," unpublished manuscript, 1971, GNP Library, West Glacier, Mont.;
85. Bick, "Homesteading on the North Fork."
86. Public Law 61-171, 61 Cong., 2 sess. (May 11, 1910);
87. U.S. Department of the Interior, "Laws, Regulations, and General Information Relating to Glacier National Park, Montana" (Washington, D.C., 1911).
88. Keller and Turek, American Indians and National Parks, 51-64;
89. Ashby, "The Blackfeet Agreement of 1895";
90. Preston West to the Secretary of the Interior, Jan. 4, 1916, "Administration and Management" files, GNP Archives, West Glacier, Mont.;
91. E. C. Finney to the Secretary of the Interior, June 21, 1932, in ibid.;
92. Regan, "The Blackfeet"; Associate Director, Legislation to Acting Regional Director, Midwest Region, Jan. 24, 1974, File L7427, GNP Archives, West Glacier, Mont.;
93. "Judge rules that Blackfeet have free access into Glacier Park," Great Falls Tribune, Nov. 2, 1973;telephone interview with Deirdre Shaw, GNP archivist, June 16, 2003.
94. Shaw interview, June 16, 2003;
95. Phillip R. Iverson to Melford R. Wollan, July 11, 1975, file L1425, GNP Archives;
96. Glacier National Park, Land Protection Plan (West Glacier, Mont., 1985), 1-56.
97. Betty MacDavid to authors, June 17, 2003, in authors' possession;
98. see also "Master Deed Listing" in Lands Files of GNP superintendent; Glacier National Park, "NPS Analyzes Short Term ATV Access to Private Parcel within Park," Jan. 14, 2003, GNP Central Files under "Briefing Statements."
99. Buchholtz, Man in Glacier, 48, 71-72;
100. Historical Research Associates, "Historic Resources Study," 172-174;
101. The Wilderness Society, "News Items of Special Interest: Glacier View Dam," The Living Wilderness, 13 (No. 25, 1948), 21-28;
102. Keith Neilson to A. W. Wheeler, Aug. 20, 1965, file L24, GNP Archives.
103. John Ise, Our National Park Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore, Md., 1961), 178;
104. Joseph L. Sax and Robert B. Keiter, "Glacier National Park and Its Neighbors: A Study of Federal Interagency Relations," Ecology Law Quarterly, 14 (1987), 211-241;
105. Rolf O. Peterson, "The Pit or the Pendulum: Issues in Large Carnivore Management in Natural Ecosystems," in James K. Agee and Darryll R. Johnson, eds., Ecosystem Management for Parks and Wilderness (Seattle, 1988), 105-117.
106. National Parks and Conservation Association, "Waterton-Glacier Report," http://www.npca.org/across_the_nation/park_pulse/ glacier/assessment/default.asp (accessed Aug. 13, 2003).
107. Dennis G. Casebier, Mojave Road Guide: An Adventure Through Time (Essex, Calif., 1999), 11-19;
108. Eric C. Nystrom, "From Neglected Space to Protected Place: An Administrative History of Mojave National Preserve," Great Basin Cooperative Ecosystem Study Unit Agreement H8R0701001 (2003), 10-15, 27-30;
109. NPS, Revised Draft Environmental Impact Statement and General Management Plan, Mojave National Preserve (Washington, D.C., July 2000), 230-236.
110. Nystrom, "From Neglected Space," 21-27;
111. NPS, Revised Draft Environmental Impact Statement, 235.
112. Nystrom, "From Neglected Space," 21-27;
113. interview with Ted Weasma, Mojave National Preserve (hereafter MNP) geologist, May 12, 2003, Barstow, Calif.
114. NPS, Revised Draft Environmental Impact Statement, 216, 237-238;
115. Dewey Livingston, "Rock Springs Land and Cattle Company Historic District National Register Nomination," draft report (March 7, 2002), MNP Library, section 8;
116. MNP, "Retirement of Grazing Permits and Removal of Ranching Developments," MNP superintendent's files under "Briefing Statements," Barstow, Calif.;
117. "Water Preserves Dwindling in Size, Numbers," Barstow Desert Dispatch, Oct. 21, 2001.
118. Nystrom, "From Neglected Space," 31-33;
119. NPS, Revised Draft Environmental Impact Statement, 237-238;
120. NPS, Land Protection Plan Mojave National Preserve (Barstow, Calif., 2001), 14.
121. John B. Loomis, Integrated Public Lands Management: Principles and Applications to National Forests, Parks, Wildlife Refuges, and BLM Lands (New York, 1993), 46-49;
122. Charles I. Zinser, Outdoor Recreation: United States National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands (New York, 1995), 528-531.
123. Bureau of Land Management (hereafter BLM), East Mojave National Scenic Area Management Plan (Needles, Calif., May 1988), 1-5, 65-73, MNP Library;
124. Frank Wheat, California Desert Miracle: The Fight for Desert Parks and Wilderness (San Diego, 1999), 1-23;
125. The Wilderness Society, "Failure in the Desert," pamphlet issued Nov. 7, 1986, pp. 1-8, Joshua Tree National Park Library.
126. Wheat, California Desert Miracle, 20-22;
127. Zinser, Outdoor Recreation, 528-531;
128. Loomis, Integrated Public Lands Management, 48-52.
129. BLM and NPS, The California Desert (Sacramento, Nov. 1968), MNP Library.
130. Public Law 94-579, 94 Cong., 2 sess. (Oct. 21, 1976).
131. BLM, The California Desert Conservation Area Plan (Riverside, Calif., 1980), MNP Library, 127-128.
132. Federal Register, 46 (Jan. 16, 1981), 3994.
133. Nystrom, "From Neglected Space," 46-59;
134. Peter Burk, The Making of Mojave National Preserve (Barstow, Calif., 1994), 1-43;
135. Public Law 103-433, 103 Cong., 2 sess. (Oct. 31, 1994).
136. Wheat, California Desert Miracle, 242-264;
137. Nystrom, "From Neglected Space," 67-74;
138. Don Hellmann to Holly Bundock, June 19, 1998, MNP superintendent's files under "Legislative History," Barstow, Calif.; Public Law 103-433.
139. NPS, Land Protection Plan, 14;
140. Weasma interview, May 12, 2003.
141. MNP, Land Protection Plan, 15-16;
142. interview with Mary Martin, MNP Superintendent, May 19, 2003, Barstow, Calif.
143. Interview with Gordon Pine, MNP Lands Coordinator, May 20, 2003, Barstow, Calif.
144. MNP, Land Protection Plan, 13-18.
145. Nystrom, "From Neglected Space," 75-97;
146. MNP, "Draft Superintendent's Annual Narrative Report for Fiscal Year 1995" (1996), File A2621, MNP Central Files, Barstow, Calif.;
147. Jim Specht, "Mojave at Center of Democrat-GOP Fight," Las Vegas Sun, April 24, 1996;
148. John McKinney, "Our New 'Crown Jewel' is Trashed," Los Angeles Times, June 28, 1995.
149. MNP, Land Protection Plan, 17-18;
150. Pine interview, May 20, 2003.
151. Weasma interview, May 12, 2003;
152. NPS, Guide to NPS Regulations Governing Mining Claims (Denver, May 1995);
153. NPS, Draft Environmental Assessment of Mineral Validity Examination Projects for Mojave National Preserve (Denver, March 1, 2001);
154. MNP, "Mining Claims Data," Files of Park Geologist; BLM, Location and Patenting of Mining Claims and Mill Sites in California (Sacramento, Calif., 2000), 39-41.
155. Martin interview, May 19, 2003;
156. interview with Rob Fulton, manager of the California State University Desert Studies Center, May 22, 2003, Goffs, Calif;
157. interview with Dennis Schramm, MNP Chief of Park Support Team, May 6, 2002, Barstow, Calif.;
158. telephone interview with Larry Whalen, MNP Chief of Resource Management, April 19, 2004;
159. Superintendent, Mojave National Preserve to Regional Director, Pacific West Division, April 21, 2003, Superintendent's Files under "Grazing," Barstow, Calif.;
160. MNP, "Superintendent's Annual Report Fiscal Year 2001" (2002), File A2621, MNP Central Files, Barstow, Calif.
161. Elizabeth M. Hamin, Mojave Lands: Interpretive Planning and the National Preserve (Baltimore, 2003), 20-21;
162. Pine interview, May 19, 2003.
163. Julie Cart, "Bush Opens Way for Counties, States to Claim Remote Roads," Los Angeles Times, Jan. 21, 2003;
164. MNP, "San Bernardino County, Revised Statute (R.S.) 2477," MNP Superintendent's Files under "Briefing Statements," Barstow, Calif.
165. Data compiled from National Park Service, The National Parks: Index 2001-2003 (Washington, D.C., 2001).
166. Joshua Tree National Monument, "A History of Joshua Tree National Monument," unpublished internal report (1955), 21-22, Joshua Tree National Park Library. National Park Service, Denver Service Center, General Management Plan, Development Concept Plans, Environmental Impact Statement Joshua Tree National Park (Denver, 1995), 7-8.
167. The Man in the Biosphere Program was established in 1970 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to coordinate research and management of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Each biosphere reserve preserves one or more core areas like national parks, buffer zones with compatible uses, and a transition zone of other uses like agriculture. "Man and the Biosphere Program," UNESCO internet site: http://www.unesco.org/mab (accessed September 23, 1999).
168. From the early 1990s through 2003 the NPS negotiated with the California state park system and local residents along the coast west of Santa Barbara to create a public-private management area to be called Gaviota Coast National Seashore. Ultimately public antagonism to any federal presence halted the project in 2003. Telephone interview with Ray Murray, Chief of Planning, Western Region, May 17, 2004.