Creating Yellowstone: Montanans in the Early Park Years

Historical Geography

Volumn 29, Issue , 2001, Pages 93-115

  Smith, Langdon ^a   Wyckoff, William ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

^b MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 0347122234     PISSN: 10916458     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Bozeman (Mont.) Avant Courier, 5 September 1872. Also see a copy of the Historical Records for Fiscal Years 1931-32-33, Yellowstone National Park Archives, No. 978.7.
2. Two good examples of the importance of locals in the development of western national parks are: Duane A. Smith, Mesa Verde National Park: Shadows of the Centuries (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988), and Robert W. Righter, Crucible for Conservation: The Creation of Grand Teton National Park (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1982).
3. Two good examples of the importance of locals in the development of western national parks are: Duane A. Smith, Mesa Verde National Park: Shadows of the Centuries (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988), and Robert W. Righter, Crucible for Conservation: The Creation of Grand Teton National Park (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1982).
4. Richard West Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997): 16-21.
5. R.B. Keiter, "Preserving Nepal's National Parks: Law and Conservation in the Developing World," Ecology Law Quarterly 22:3 (1995): 591-674.
6. Chris Joseph Magoc, Yellowstone: The Creation and Selling of an American Landscape, 1870-1903 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999); Paul Schullery, Searching for Yellowstone: Wonder and Ecology in the Last Wilderness (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997); Aubrey L. Haines, The Yellowstone Story: A History of our First National Park, Vols. 1 and 2 (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1977).
7. Chris Joseph Magoc, Yellowstone: The Creation and Selling of an American Landscape, 1870-1903 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999); Paul Schullery, Searching for Yellowstone: Wonder and Ecology in the Last Wilderness (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997); Aubrey L. Haines, The Yellowstone Story: A History of our First National Park, Vols. 1 and 2 (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1977).
8. Chris Joseph Magoc, Yellowstone: The Creation and Selling of an American Landscape, 1870-1903 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999); Paul Schullery, Searching for Yellowstone: Wonder and Ecology in the Last Wilderness (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997); Aubrey L. Haines, The Yellowstone Story: A History of our First National Park, Vols. 1 and 2 (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1977).
9. Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks, 7-9.
10. Judith L. Meyer, The Spirit of Yellowstone: The Cultural Evolution of a National Park (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1996): 48-51.
11. Joni Kinsey, "Thomas Moran's Surveys of Yellowstone and the Grand Canyon: The Coalition of Art, Business and Government," in Anne Morand, ed., Splendors of the West: Thomas Moran's Art of the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone (Seattle: Birmingham Museum of Art, in association with University of Washington Press, 1990): 29-34.
12. John F. Sears, Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
13. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, Vol. 1: 98.
14. Nathaniel Langford, Diary of the Washburn Expedition to the Yellowstone and Firehole Rivers in the Year 1870 (St. Paul: F.J. Haynes, 1905): xi.
15. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, Vol. 1: 101.
16. Duane H. Hampton, How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1971): 21; F. Tilden, The National Parks (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1968): 92.
17. Duane H. Hampton, How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1971): 21; F. Tilden, The National Parks (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1968): 92.
18. Truman Everts, "Thirty-Seven Days of Peril," Scribner's Monthly, 3:1 (November 1871): 1-17.
19. Ibid., 17.
20. Magoc, Yellowstone, 9.
21. For comprehensive coverage of early Yellowstone photographers, see Lee H. Whittlesey, "Everyone Can Understand A Picture: Photographers and the Promotion of Early Yellowstone"; James S. Brust and Whittlesey, "Thomas J. Hine: One of Yellowstone's Earliest Photographers"; and Steven B. Jackson, "Joshua Crissman: Yellowstone's Forgotten Photographer," Montana The Magazine of Western History 49:2 (1999): 2-37, 2-13. Early Yellowstone stereo views are available in the Yellowstone National Park Archives, the Montana State University Special Collections, and at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Mont.
22. For comprehensive coverage of early Yellowstone photographers, see Lee H. Whittlesey, "Everyone Can Understand A Picture: Photographers and the Promotion of Early Yellowstone"; James S. Brust and Whittlesey, "Thomas J. Hine: One of Yellowstone's Earliest Photographers"; and Steven B. Jackson, "Joshua Crissman: Yellowstone's Forgotten Photographer," Montana The Magazine of Western History 49:2 (1999): 2-37, 2-13. Early Yellowstone stereo views are available in the Yellowstone National Park Archives, the Montana State University Special Collections, and at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Mont.
23. For comprehensive coverage of early Yellowstone photographers, see Lee H. Whittlesey, "Everyone Can Understand A Picture: Photographers and the Promotion of Early Yellowstone"; James S. Brust and Whittlesey, "Thomas J. Hine: One of Yellowstone's Earliest Photographers"; and Steven B. Jackson, "Joshua Crissman: Yellowstone's Forgotten Photographer," Montana The Magazine of Western History 49:2 (1999): 2-37, 2-13. Early Yellowstone stereo views are available in the Yellowstone National Park Archives, the Montana State University Special Collections, and at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Mont.
24. Harry J. Norton, Wonder-Land Illustrated: or, Horseback Rides Through the Yellowstone National Park (Virginia City, Mont.: H.J. Norton, 1873).
25. Meyer, The Spirit of Yellowstone, 48-51. Also see Robert E. Strahorn, The Enchanted Land (Omaha, Nebr.: New West Publishing Co., 1881); Robert E. Strahorn, To the Rockies and Beyond (Chicago: Belford, Clarke, and Company, 1881); Henry J. Winser, The Great Northwest (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1883); Henry J. Winser, The Yellowstone National Park: A Manual for Tourists (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1883).
26. Meyer, The Spirit of Yellowstone, 48-51. Also see Robert E. Strahorn, The Enchanted Land (Omaha, Nebr.: New West Publishing Co., 1881); Robert E. Strahorn, To the Rockies and Beyond (Chicago: Belford, Clarke, and Company, 1881); Henry J. Winser, The Great Northwest (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1883); Henry J. Winser, The Yellowstone National Park: A Manual for Tourists (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1883).
27. Meyer, The Spirit of Yellowstone, 48-51. Also see Robert E. Strahorn, The Enchanted Land (Omaha, Nebr.: New West Publishing Co., 1881); Robert E. Strahorn, To the Rockies and Beyond (Chicago: Belford, Clarke, and Company, 1881); Henry J. Winser, The Great Northwest (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1883); Henry J. Winser, The Yellowstone National Park: A Manual for Tourists (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1883).
28. Meyer, The Spirit of Yellowstone, 48-51. Also see Robert E. Strahorn, The Enchanted Land (Omaha, Nebr.: New West Publishing Co., 1881); Robert E. Strahorn, To the Rockies and Beyond (Chicago: Belford, Clarke, and Company, 1881); Henry J. Winser, The Great Northwest (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1883); Henry J. Winser, The Yellowstone National Park: A Manual for Tourists (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1883).
29. Meyer, The Spirit of Yellowstone, 48-51. Also see Robert E. Strahorn, The Enchanted Land (Omaha, Nebr.: New West Publishing Co., 1881); Robert E. Strahorn, To the Rockies and Beyond (Chicago: Belford, Clarke, and Company, 1881); Henry J. Winser, The Great Northwest (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1883); Henry J. Winser, The Yellowstone National Park: A Manual for Tourists (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1883).
30. Ibid., 31.
31. Yi-Fu Tuan, "Language and the Making of Place: A Narrative-Descriptive Approach," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 81:4 (1991): 684-96.
32. Majoc, Yellowstone, 80.
33. The term Wonderland appeared in local newspapers immediately after the establishment of Yellowstone in March 1872 (Avant Courier, 18 April 1872) and remained common in articles at least through 1890.
34. Sears, Sacred Places, 165.
35. Joan Michele Zenzen, "Promoting National Parks: Images of the West in the American Imagination, 1864-1972." Ph.D. diss., College Park: University of Maryland, 1997: 216-21.
36. Some travel accounts focused on accidents involving horses, pack animals, and wagons (Avant Courier, 16 August 1877; Avant Courier, 26 August 1880; Enterprise, 18 June 1883; Enterprise, 26 February 1884). As tourists began to push farther into Yellowstone and extend the tourist season past the summer months, some were caught in winter storms (Avant Courier, 1 January 1881; Avant Courier, 17 September 1885; Enterprise, 29 January 1886; Enterprise, 19 February 1887); or the icy waters of Yellowstone Lake (Enterprise, 9 September 1884). By the mid-1880s, accounts of masked bandits robbing tourists in stage coaches and on trains added to the growing Wild West image of the park (Enterprise, 5 September 1884; Enterprise, 9 July 1887; Enterprise, 23 July 1887).
37. Some travel accounts focused on accidents involving horses, pack animals, and wagons (Avant Courier, 16 August 1877; Avant Courier, 26 August 1880; Enterprise, 18 June 1883; Enterprise, 26 February 1884). As tourists began to push farther into Yellowstone and extend the tourist season past the summer months, some were caught in winter storms (Avant Courier, 1 January 1881; Avant Courier, 17 September 1885; Enterprise, 29 January 1886; Enterprise, 19 February 1887); or the icy waters of Yellowstone Lake (Enterprise, 9 September 1884). By the mid-1880s, accounts of masked bandits robbing tourists in stage coaches and on trains added to the growing Wild West image of the park (Enterprise, 5 September 1884; Enterprise, 9 July 1887; Enterprise, 23 July 1887).
38. Some travel accounts focused on accidents involving horses, pack animals, and wagons (Avant Courier, 16 August 1877; Avant Courier, 26 August 1880; Enterprise, 18 June 1883; Enterprise, 26 February 1884). As tourists began to push farther into Yellowstone and extend the tourist season past the summer months, some were caught in winter storms (Avant Courier, 1 January 1881; Avant Courier, 17 September 1885; Enterprise, 29 January 1886; Enterprise, 19 February 1887); or the icy waters of Yellowstone Lake (Enterprise, 9 September 1884). By the mid-1880s, accounts of masked bandits robbing tourists in stage coaches and on trains added to the growing Wild West image of the park (Enterprise, 5 September 1884; Enterprise, 9 July 1887; Enterprise, 23 July 1887).
39. Some travel accounts focused on accidents involving horses, pack animals, and wagons (Avant Courier, 16 August 1877; Avant Courier, 26 August 1880; Enterprise, 18 June 1883; Enterprise, 26 February 1884). As tourists began to push farther into Yellowstone and extend the tourist season past the summer months, some were caught in winter storms (Avant Courier, 1 January 1881; Avant Courier, 17 September 1885; Enterprise, 29 January 1886; Enterprise, 19 February 1887); or the icy waters of Yellowstone Lake (Enterprise, 9 September 1884). By the mid-1880s, accounts of masked bandits robbing tourists in stage coaches and on trains added to the growing Wild West image of the park (Enterprise, 5 September 1884; Enterprise, 9 July 1887; Enterprise, 23 July 1887).
40. Some travel accounts focused on accidents involving horses, pack animals, and wagons (Avant Courier, 16 August 1877; Avant Courier, 26 August 1880; Enterprise, 18 June 1883; Enterprise, 26 February 1884). As tourists began to push farther into Yellowstone and extend the tourist season past the summer months, some were caught in winter storms (Avant Courier, 1 January 1881; Avant Courier, 17 September 1885; Enterprise, 29 January 1886; Enterprise, 19 February 1887); or the icy waters of Yellowstone Lake (Enterprise, 9 September 1884). By the mid-1880s, accounts of masked bandits robbing tourists in stage coaches and on trains added to the growing Wild West image of the park (Enterprise, 5 September 1884; Enterprise, 9 July 1887; Enterprise, 23 July 1887).
41. Some travel accounts focused on accidents involving horses, pack animals, and wagons (Avant Courier, 16 August 1877; Avant Courier, 26 August 1880; Enterprise, 18 June 1883; Enterprise, 26 February 1884). As tourists began to push farther into Yellowstone and extend the tourist season past the summer months, some were caught in winter storms (Avant Courier, 1 January 1881; Avant Courier, 17 September 1885; Enterprise, 29 January 1886; Enterprise, 19 February 1887); or the icy waters of Yellowstone Lake (Enterprise, 9 September 1884). By the mid-1880s, accounts of masked bandits robbing tourists in stage coaches and on trains added to the growing Wild West image of the park (Enterprise, 5 September 1884; Enterprise, 9 July 1887; Enterprise, 23 July 1887).
42. Some travel accounts focused on accidents involving horses, pack animals, and wagons (Avant Courier, 16 August 1877; Avant Courier, 26 August 1880; Enterprise, 18 June 1883; Enterprise, 26 February 1884). As tourists began to push farther into Yellowstone and extend the tourist season past the summer months, some were caught in winter storms (Avant Courier, 1 January 1881; Avant Courier, 17 September 1885; Enterprise, 29 January 1886; Enterprise, 19 February 1887); or the icy waters of Yellowstone Lake (Enterprise, 9 September 1884). By the mid-1880s, accounts of masked bandits robbing tourists in stage coaches and on trains added to the growing Wild West image of the park (Enterprise, 5 September 1884; Enterprise, 9 July 1887; Enterprise, 23 July 1887).
43. Some travel accounts focused on accidents involving horses, pack animals, and wagons (Avant Courier, 16 August 1877; Avant Courier, 26 August 1880; Enterprise, 18 June 1883; Enterprise, 26 February 1884). As tourists began to push farther into Yellowstone and extend the tourist season past the summer months, some were caught in winter storms (Avant Courier, 1 January 1881; Avant Courier, 17 September 1885; Enterprise, 29 January 1886; Enterprise, 19 February 1887); or the icy waters of Yellowstone Lake (Enterprise, 9 September 1884). By the mid-1880s, accounts of masked bandits robbing tourists in stage coaches and on trains added to the growing Wild West image of the park (Enterprise, 5 September 1884; Enterprise, 9 July 1887; Enterprise, 23 July 1887).
44. Some travel accounts focused on accidents involving horses, pack animals, and wagons (Avant Courier, 16 August 1877; Avant Courier, 26 August 1880; Enterprise, 18 June 1883; Enterprise, 26 February 1884). As tourists began to push farther into Yellowstone and extend the tourist season past the summer months, some were caught in winter storms (Avant Courier, 1 January 1881; Avant Courier, 17 September 1885; Enterprise, 29 January 1886; Enterprise, 19 February 1887); or the icy waters of Yellowstone Lake (Enterprise, 9 September 1884). By the mid-1880s, accounts of masked bandits robbing tourists in stage coaches and on trains added to the growing Wild West image of the park (Enterprise, 5 September 1884; Enterprise, 9 July 1887; Enterprise, 23 July 1887).
45. Some travel accounts focused on accidents involving horses, pack animals, and wagons (Avant Courier, 16 August 1877; Avant Courier, 26 August 1880; Enterprise, 18 June 1883; Enterprise, 26 February 1884). As tourists began to push farther into Yellowstone and extend the tourist season past the summer months, some were caught in winter storms (Avant Courier, 1 January 1881; Avant Courier, 17 September 1885; Enterprise, 29 January 1886; Enterprise, 19 February 1887); or the icy waters of Yellowstone Lake (Enterprise, 9 September 1884). By the mid-1880s, accounts of masked bandits robbing tourists in stage coaches and on trains added to the growing Wild West image of the park (Enterprise, 5 September 1884; Enterprise, 9 July 1887; Enterprise, 23 July 1887).
46. Some travel accounts focused on accidents involving horses, pack animals, and wagons (Avant Courier, 16 August 1877; Avant Courier, 26 August 1880; Enterprise, 18 June 1883; Enterprise, 26 February 1884). As tourists began to push farther into Yellowstone and extend the tourist season past the summer months, some were caught in winter storms (Avant Courier, 1 January 1881; Avant Courier, 17 September 1885; Enterprise, 29 January 1886; Enterprise, 19 February 1887); or the icy waters of Yellowstone Lake (Enterprise, 9 September 1884). By the mid-1880s, accounts of masked bandits robbing tourists in stage coaches and on trains added to the growing Wild West image of the park (Enterprise, 5 September 1884; Enterprise, 9 July 1887; Enterprise, 23 July 1887).
47. Some travel accounts focused on accidents involving horses, pack animals, and wagons (Avant Courier, 16 August 1877; Avant Courier, 26 August 1880; Enterprise, 18 June 1883; Enterprise, 26 February 1884). As tourists began to push farther into Yellowstone and extend the tourist season past the summer months, some were caught in winter storms (Avant Courier, 1 January 1881; Avant Courier, 17 September 1885; Enterprise, 29 January 1886; Enterprise, 19 February 1887); or the icy waters of Yellowstone Lake (Enterprise, 9 September 1884). By the mid-1880s, accounts of masked bandits robbing tourists in stage coaches and on trains added to the growing Wild West image of the park (Enterprise, 5 September 1884; Enterprise, 9 July 1887; Enterprise, 23 July 1887).
48. T.H. Vincent, "Our Geyser Trip," diary, 1882. Collection 64a, Montana State University Library Special Collections.
49. Frazier Boutelle, Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1890): 5.
50. Sears, Sacred Places, 181.
51. Avant Courier, 11 July 1872; Avant Courier, 11 September 1874; Avant Courier, 8 September 1881; Norton, Wonder-Land Illustrated.
52. Avant Courier, 11 July 1872; Avant Courier, 11 September 1874; Avant Courier, 8 September 1881; Norton, Wonder-Land Illustrated.
53. Avant Courier, 11 July 1872; Avant Courier, 11 September 1874; Avant Courier, 8 September 1881; Norton, Wonder-Land Illustrated.
54. N.A. Switzer, "Trip to the Geysers," diary, 1876. Collection 356, Montana State University Library Special Collections.
55. Avant Courier, 8 August 1872.
56. Livingston (Mont.) Enterprise, 28 January 1886.
57. Avant Courier, 1 September 1882.
58. Ibid.
59. Enterprise, 16 July 1887.
60. Schullery, Searching for Yellowstone, 17-30.
61. Avant Courier, 18 September 1874.
62. Avant Courier, 9 July 1875.
63. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, Vol. 1: 216-239.
64. P.W. Norris, Report Upon the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of Interior for the Year 1880 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1881): 4.
65. Magoc, Yellowstone, 5.
66. The trick of adding soap to make geysers erupt was discovered in 1885 by a Chinese man who established a laundry business in a large tent over a hot spring in the Upper Geyser Basin. According to a widely read newspaper correspondent of the day, when soap was added to the hot spring filled with dirty laundry, an enormous geyser eruption scattered the tent, laundry, and laundryman. See Bob Burdette, Enterprise, 28 July 1888; Haines, The Yellowstone Story, Vol. 2: 17-18.
67. The trick of adding soap to make geysers erupt was discovered in 1885 by a Chinese man who established a laundry business in a large tent over a hot spring in the Upper Geyser Basin. According to a widely read newspaper correspondent of the day, when soap was added to the hot spring filled with dirty laundry, an enormous geyser eruption scattered the tent, laundry, and laundryman. See Bob Burdette, Enterprise, 28 July 1888; Haines, The Yellowstone Story, Vol. 2: 17-18.
68. Avant Courier, 11 September 1874. Possibly the first reference of the Grand Rounds came in 1874, in a letter by Mr. Hyde of Deer Lodge, Mont.
69. For more information on early road building, see: Bob Randolph O'Brien, "The Yellowstone National Park Road System: Past, Present and Future." (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1965): 34.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid., 50; Haines, The Yellowstone Story, Vol. 1: 195.
72. Ibid., 50; Haines, The Yellowstone Story, Vol. 1: 195.
73. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, Vol. 1: 237.
74. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, Vol. 2: 218.
75. Avant Courier, 9 September 1880.
76. Sellars, Preserving Nature in National Parks, 10-11.
77. Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979): 44.
78. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, Vol. 1: 196.
79. Avant Courier, 14 August 1874.
80. Thomas Windham, Earl of Dunraven, The Great Divide: Travels in the Upper Yellowstone in the Summer of 1874 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1876): 207.
81. Avant Courier, 22 August 1872.
82. Avant Courier, 29 October 1875.
83. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, Vol. 1: 277.
84. Yellowstone Foundation, A Yellowstone Album: A Photographic Celebration of the First National Park (Boulder: Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1997): 77.
85. Avant Courier, 26 August 1880.
86. Enterprise, 2 January 1886.
87. Enterprise, 30 September 1880.
88. Avant Courier, 17 June 1886.
89. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, Vol. 2: 479.
90. Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America (London: Oxford University Press, 1964): 229-242.
91. Majoc, Yellowstone, 56.
92. See Sarah Ellen Broadbent, "Sportsmen and the Evolution of the Conservation Idea in Yellowstone: 1882-1894." Master's thesis, Montana State University, 1997.
93. Avant Courier, 22 April 1886.
94. Enterprise, 22 February 1890.
95. Avant Courier, 28 February 1884.
96. Avant Courier, 25 August 1881.
97. Broadbent, "Sportsmen and the Evolution of the Conservation Idea in Yellowstone," 107-8; John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation (New York: Winchester Press, 1975): 136-137;
98. Broadbent, "Sportsmen and the Evolution of the Conservation Idea in Yellowstone," 107-8; John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation (New York: Winchester Press, 1975): 136-137;
99. Dennis L. Lynch and Stephen Larrabee, "Private Lands Within National Forests: Origins, Problems, and Opportunities," The US. Forest Service A History (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976): 202-204.
100. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873.
101. Avant Courier, 22 September 1881.
102. Avant Courier, 23 February 1883.
103. Avant Courier, 15 February 1883.
104. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
105. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
106. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
107. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
108. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
109. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
110. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
111. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
112. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
113. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
114. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
115. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
116. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
117. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
118. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
119. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
120. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
121. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
122. Avant Courier, 12 December 1873; Avant Courier, 7 March 1873; Avant Courier, 21 March 1878; Avant Courier, 1 August 1878; Avant Courier, 24 June 1880; Avant Courier, 19 August 1880; Avant Courier, 22 September 1881; Avant Courier, 9 February 1882; Avant Courier, 28 December 1882; Avant Courier, 18 January 1883; Avant Courier, 23 January 1883; Avant Courier, 15 February 1883; Enterprise, 25 March 1884; Avant Courier, 14 June 1884; Avant Courier, 3 September 1885; Enterprise, 1 November 1885; Enterprise, 2 October 1886; Avant Courier, 10 August 1889; Enterprise, 17 May 1890.
123. Moses Harris, Report of the Superintendent of the National Park to the Secretary of Interior (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1889): 23.
124. Avant Courier, 10 September 1885.
125. Sellars, Preserving Nature in National Parks, 25; Richard A. Bartlett, Yellowstone: A Wilderness Besieged (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1985): 316-321; Hampton, How the U.S. Calvary Saved Our National Parks, 121-29.
126. Sellars, Preserving Nature in National Parks, 25; Richard A. Bartlett, Yellowstone: A Wilderness Besieged (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1985): 316-321; Hampton, How the U.S. Calvary Saved Our National Parks, 121-29.
127. Sellars, 7-17.