Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries of the lower limbs in thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand

New Zealand Veterinary Journal

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 171-183

  Perkins, N R ^a   Reid, S W J ^b   Morris, R S ^a  

^a MASSEY UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Equine; Horse; Logistic regression; Musculoskeletal injury; Racing injury; Wastage

Indexed keywords

AGED; ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; HORSE; INJURY; LEG; LEG INJURY; LIMB; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURY; NEW ZEALAND; NONHUMAN; REDUCTION; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RISK; RISK FACTOR; SEASON; TRAINING; WINTER;

EQUIDAE; EQUUS CABALLUS;

EID: 20444488161     PISSN: 00480169     EISSN: 11760710     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2005.36502     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Aldridge T. The New Zealand Turf Register: 2000–2001. P 1. New Zealand Thoroughbred Racing, Wellington, NZ, 2001
2. Bailey CJ. Wastage in the Australian Thoroughbred Racing Industry. PhD thesis, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, 1998
3. Bailey CJ, Reid SWJ, Hodgson DR, Suann CJ, Rose RJ. Risk factors associated with musculoskeletal injuries in Australian Thoroughbred racehorses. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 32, 47–55, 1997
4. Bailey CJ, Reid SWJ, Hodgson DR, Bourke JM, Rose RJ. Flat, hurdle and steeple racing: risk factors for musculoskeletal injury. Equine Veterinary Journal 30, 498–503, 1998
5. Boyde A, Firth EC. Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 8. Quantitative back-scattered electron SEM and confocal fluorescence microscopy of the epiphysis of the third metacarpal bone. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53, 123–32, 2005
6. Carrier TK, Estberg L, Stover SM, Gardner IA, Johnson BJ, Read DH, Ardans AA. Association between long periods without high-speed workouts and risk of complete humeral or pelvic fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses: 54 cases (1991-1994). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 212, 1582–7, 1998
7. Clanton C, Kobluk C, Robinson RA, Gordon B. Monitoring surface conditions of a Thoroughbred racetrack. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 198, 613–20, 1991
8. Cohen ND, Peloso JG, Mundy GD, Fisher M, Holland RE, Little TV, Misheff MM, Watkins JP, Honnas CM, Moyer W. Racing-related factors and results of pre-race physical inspection and their association with musculoskeletal injuries incurred in Thoroughbreds during races. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 211, 454–63, 1997
9. Cohen ND, Mundy GD, Peloso JG, Carey VJ, Amend NK. Results of physical inspection before races and race-related characteristics and their association with musculoskeletal injuries in Thoroughbreds during races. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 215, 654–61, 1999
10. Cohen ND, Berry SM, Peloso JG, Mundy DG, Howard IC. Association of high-speed exercise with racing injury in Thoroughbreds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 216, 1273–8, 2000
11. Dohoo I, Martin W Stryhn H. Veterinary Epidemiologic Research. AVC Inc, Charlottetown, Canada, 2003
12. Estberg L, Gardner IA, Stover SM, Johnson BJ, Case JT, Ardans AA. Cumulative racing-speed exercise distance cluster as a risk factor for fatal musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses in California. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 24, 253–63, 1995
13. Estberg L, Stover SM, Gardner IA, Drake CM, Johnson BJ, Ardans AA. Highspeed exercise history and catastrophic racing fracture in Thoroughbreds. American Journal ofVeterinary Research 57, 1549–55, 1996 a
14. Estberg L, Stover SM, Gardner IA, Johnson BJ, Case JT, Ardans AA. Fatal musculoskeletal injuries incurred during racing and training in Thoroughbreds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 208, 92–6, 1996 b
15. Estberg L, Gardner IA, Stover SM, Johnson BJ. A case-crossover study of intensive racing and training schedules and risk of catastrophic injury and lay-up in California Thoroughbred racehorses. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 33, 159–70, 1998 a
16. Estberg L, Stover SM, Gardner IA, Johnson BJ, Jack RA, Case JT, Ardans AA, Read DH, Anderson ML, Barr BC, Daft BM, Kinde H, Moore J, Stoltz J, Woods, L. Relationship between race start characteristics and risk of catastrophic injury in Thoroughbreds: 78 cases (1992). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 212, 544–9, 1998b
17. Firth EC. Problems in quantifying bone response to exercise in horses: a review. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52, 216–29, 2004
18. Firth EC, Rogers CW. Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 7. Bone and articular cartilage response in the carpus. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53, 113–22, 2005
19. Firth EC, Rogers CW, Perkins NR, Anderson BH, Grace ND. Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 1. Study design, and clinical, nutritional, radiological and histological observations. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52, 261–71, 2004a
20. Firth EC, Rogers CW, Anderson BH. Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 4. Morphometric, microscopic and biomechanical properties of the digital tendons of the forelimb. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52, 285–92, 2004b
21. Firth EC, Rogers CW Doube M, Jopson NB. Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 6. Bone parameters in radius, third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones of young racetrack-trained Thoroughbreds. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53, 101–12, 2005
22. Hill AE, Stover SM, Gardner IA, Kane AJ, Whitcomb MB, Emerson AG. Risk factors for and outcomes of noncatastrophic suspensory apparatus injury in Thoroughbred racehorses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 218, 1136–44, 2001
23. Hosmer DW Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression. 2nd Edtm. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, USA, 2000
24. Jeffcott LB, Rossdale PD, Freestone J, Frank CJ, Towers-Clark PF. An assessment of wastage in Thoroughbred racing from conception to 4 years of age. Equine Veterinary Journal 14, 185–98, 1982
25. Johnson BJ, Stover SM, Daft BM, Kinde H, Read DH, Barr BC, Anderson M, Moore J, Woods L, Stoltz J, Blanchard P. Cause of death in racehorses over a 2-year period. Equine Veterinary Journal 26, 327–30, 1994
26. Kane AJ, Stover SM, Gardner IA, Case JT, Johnson BJ, Read DH, Ardans AA. Horseshoe characteristics as possible risk factors for fatal musculoskeletal injury of Thoroughbred racehorses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57, 1147–52, 1996
27. Mohammed HO, Hill T, Lowe J. Risk factors associated with injuries in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 23, 445–8, 1991
28. Moyer WM, Spencer PA, Kallish M. Relative incidence of dorsal metacarpal disease in young Thoroughbred racehorses training on two different surfaces. Equine Veterinary Journal 23, 166–8, 1991
29. Patterson-Kane JC, Firth EC, Goodship AE, Parry DAD. Age-related differences in collagen crimp patterns in the superficial digital flexor tendon core region of untrained horses. Australian Veterinary Journal 75, 39–44, 1997
30. Peloso JG, Mundy GD, Cohen ND. Prevalence of, and factors associated with, musculoskeletal racing injuries of Thoroughbreds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 204, 620–6, 1994
31. Perkins NR, Reid SWJ, Morris RS. Effect of training location and time period on racehorse performance in New Zealand. 1. Descriptive analysis. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52, 236–42, 2004 a
32. Perkins NR, Reid SWJ, Morris RS. Effect of training location and time period on racehorse performance in New Zealand. 2. Multivariable analysis. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52, 243–9, 2004 b
33. Perkins NR, Rogers CW Firth EC, Anderson BH. Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 3. In vivo ultrasonographic assessment of the cross-sectional area and echogenicity of the superficial digital flexor tendon. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52, 280–4, 2004 c
34. Perkins NR, Reid SWJ, Morris RS. Profiling the New Zealand Thoroughbred racing industry. 1. Training, racing and general health patterns. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53, 59–68, 2005 a
35. Perkins NR, Reid SWJ, Morris RS. Profiling the New Zealand Thoroughbred racing industry. 2. Conditions interfering with training and racing. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53, 69–76, 2005 b
36. Perkins NR, Reid SWJ, Morris RS. Risk factors for injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon and suspensory apparatus in Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53, 184–92, 2005 c
37. Pool RR, Meagher DM. Pathologic findings and pathogenesis of racetrack injuries. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 6, 1–30, 1990
38. Rogers CW, Firth EC. Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 2. Measurement error and effect of training stage on the relationship between objective and subjective criteria of training workload. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52, 272–9, 2004
39. Rogers CW, Firth EC, Anderson BH. Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 5. Kinematic effects. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53, 95–100, 2005
40. Rossdale PD, Hopes R, Wingfield Digby NJ, Offord K. Epidemiological study of wastage among racehorses 1982 and 1983. Veterinary Record 116, 66–9, 1985
41. Secombe CJ, Firth EC, Perkins NR, Bailey D, Anderson BH. The quantitative assessment of photodensity of the third carpal bone in the horse. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52, 70–5, 2004
42. Stover SM, Johnson BJ, Daft BM, Read DH, Anderson M, Barr BC, Kinde H, Moore J, Stoltz J, Ardans AA, Pool RR. An association between complete and incomplete stress fractures of the humerus in racehorses. Equine Veterinary Journal 24, 260–3, 1992
43. Williams RB, Harkins LS, Hammond CJ, Wood JLN. Racehorse injuries, clinical problems and fatalities records on British racecourses from flat racing and National Hunt racing during 1996, 1997 and 1998. Equine Veterinary Journal 33, 478–86, 2001