메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 829-840

Review article: Recent trends in diagnosis and treatment of faecal incontinence

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATROPINE PLUS DIPHENOXYLATE; CODEINE; COLESTIPOL; COLESTYRAMINE; ESTROGEN; LOPERAMIDE; PHENYLEPHRINE; VALPROIC ACID;

EID: 2042505695     PISSN: 02692813     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01931.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (31)

References (125)
  • 2
    • 0029091733 scopus 로고
    • Community-based prevalence of anal incontinence
    • Nelson R, Norton N, Cautley E, Furner S. Community-based prevalence of anal incontinence. Jama 1995; 274: 559-61.
    • (1995) Jama , vol.274 , pp. 559-561
    • Nelson, R.1    Norton, N.2    Cautley, E.3    Furner, S.4
  • 3
    • 0030027699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of fecal incontinence: The silent affliction
    • Johanson JF, Lafferty J. Epidemiology of fecal incontinence: the silent affliction. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 33-6.
    • (1996) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.91 , pp. 33-36
    • Johanson, J.F.1    Lafferty, J.2
  • 4
    • 0031722973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal incontinence in Wisconsin nursing homes: Prevalence and associations
    • Nelson R, Furner S, Jesudason V. Fecal incontinence in Wisconsin nursing homes: prevalence and associations. Dis Colon Rectum 1998; 41: 1226-9.
    • (1998) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.41 , pp. 1226-1229
    • Nelson, R.1    Furner, S.2    Jesudason, V.3
  • 5
    • 0021988593 scopus 로고
    • Incontinence in the elderly: Prevalence and prognosis
    • Campbell AJ, Reinken J, McCosh L. Incontinence in the elderly: prevalence and prognosis. Age Ageing 1985; 14: 65-70.
    • (1985) Age Ageing , vol.14 , pp. 65-70
    • Campbell, A.J.1    Reinken, J.2    McCosh, L.3
  • 6
    • 0027185528 scopus 로고
    • U.S. householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Prevalence, sociodemography, and health impact
    • Drossman DA, Li Z, Andruzzi E, et al. U.S. householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Prevalence, sociodemography, and health impact. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 1569-80.
    • (1993) Dig Dis Sci , vol.38 , pp. 1569-1580
    • Drossman, D.A.1    Li, Z.2    Andruzzi, E.3
  • 7
    • 0036282356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of faecal incontinence in adults aged 40 years or more living in the community
    • Perry S, Shaw C, McGrother C, et al. Prevalence of faecal incontinence in adults aged 40 years or more living in the community. Gut 2002; 50: 480-4.
    • (2002) Gut , vol.50 , pp. 480-484
    • Perry, S.1    Shaw, C.2    McGrother, C.3
  • 8
    • 2042454511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice guidelines: Diagnosis and management of fecal incontinence
    • in press
    • Rao SS. Practice guidelines: diagnosis and management of fecal incontinence. Am J Gastroenterol 2004 (in press).
    • (2004) Am J Gastroenterol
    • Rao, S.S.1
  • 10
    • 0027396713 scopus 로고
    • Etiology and management of fecal incontinence
    • Jorge JM, Wexner SD. Etiology and management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1993; 36: 77-97.
    • (1993) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.36 , pp. 77-97
    • Jorge, J.M.1    Wexner, S.D.2
  • 11
    • 0033038123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems
    • Vaizey CJ, Carapeti E, Cahill JA, Kamm MA. Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems. Gut 1999; 44: 77-80.
    • (1999) Gut , vol.44 , pp. 77-80
    • Vaizey, C.J.1    Carapeti, E.2    Cahill, J.A.3    Kamm, M.A.4
  • 13
    • 0032917583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Descending perineum syndrome: Audit of clinical and laboratory features and outcome of pelvic floor retraining
    • Harewood GC, Coulie B, Camilleri M, Rath-Harvey D, Pemberton JH. Descending perineum syndrome: audit of clinical and laboratory features and outcome of pelvic floor retraining. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 126-30.
    • (1999) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.94 , pp. 126-130
    • Harewood, G.C.1    Coulie, B.2    Camilleri, M.3    Rath-Harvey, D.4    Pemberton, J.H.5
  • 14
    • 0037741686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current techniques of assessing defecation dynamics
    • Rao SS, Sun WM. Current techniques of assessing defecation dynamics. Dig Dis 1997; 15: 64-77.
    • (1997) Dig Dis , vol.15 , pp. 64-77
    • Rao, S.S.1    Sun, W.M.2
  • 15
    • 0025338917 scopus 로고
    • Anorectal function investigations in incontinent and continent patients. Differences and discriminatory value
    • Felt-Bersma RJ, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Meuwissen SG. Anorectal function investigations in incontinent and continent patients. Differences and discriminatory value. Dis Colon Rectum 1990; 33: 479-86
    • (1990) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.33 , pp. 479-486
    • Felt-Bersma, R.J.1    Klinkenberg-Knol, E.C.2    Meuwissen, S.G.3
  • 16
    • 0031020778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How useful are manometric tests of anorectal function in the management of defecation disorders?
    • Rao SS, Patel RS. How useful are manometric tests of anorectal function in the management of defecation disorders? Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 469-75.
    • (1997) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.92 , pp. 469-475
    • Rao, S.S.1    Patel, R.S.2
  • 18
    • 0030917650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manometric evaluation of defecation disorders: Part II. Fecal incontinence
    • Rao SS. Manometric evaluation of defecation disorders: Part II. Fecal incontinence. Gastroenterologist 1997; 5: 99-111.
    • (1997) Gastroenterologist , vol.5 , pp. 99-111
    • Rao, S.S.1
  • 19
    • 0029004005 scopus 로고
    • Relationship of symptoms in faecal incontinence to specific sphincter abnormalities
    • Engel AF, Kamm MA, Bartram CI, Nicholls RJ. Relationship of symptoms in faecal incontinence to specific sphincter abnormalities. Int J Colorectal Dis 1995; 10: 152-5.
    • (1995) Int J Colorectal Dis , vol.10 , pp. 152-155
    • Engel, A.F.1    Kamm, M.A.2    Bartram, C.I.3    Nicholls, R.J.4
  • 20
    • 0026581639 scopus 로고
    • Utility of a combined test of anorectal manometry, electromyography, and sensation in determining the mechanism of 'idiopathic' faecal incontinence
    • Sun WM, Donnelly TC, Read NW. Utility of a combined test of anorectal manometry, electromyography, and sensation in determining the mechanism of 'idiopathic' faecal incontinence. Gut 1992; 33: 807-13.
    • (1992) Gut , vol.33 , pp. 807-813
    • Sun, W.M.1    Donnelly, T.C.2    Read, N.W.3
  • 21
    • 0028946891 scopus 로고
    • Anorectal function in patients with complete spinal transaction before and after sacral posterior rhizotomy
    • Sun WM, MacDonagh R, Forster D, Thomas DG, Smallwood R, Read NW. Anorectal function in patients with complete spinal transaction before and after sacral posterior rhizotomy. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 990-8.
    • (1995) Gastroenterology , vol.108 , pp. 990-998
    • Sun, W.M.1    MacDonagh, R.2    Forster, D.3    Thomas, D.G.4    Smallwood, R.5    Read, N.W.6
  • 22
    • 0026475695 scopus 로고
    • Anorectal function in patients with complete supraconal spinal cord lesions
    • MacDonagh R, Sun WM, Thomas DG, Smallwood R, Read NW. Anorectal function in patients with complete supraconal spinal cord lesions. Gut 1992; 33: 1532-8.
    • (1992) Gut , vol.33 , pp. 1532-1538
    • MacDonagh, R.1    Sun, W.M.2    Thomas, D.G.3    Smallwood, R.4    Read, N.W.5
  • 23
    • 0029841709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can biofeedback therapy improve anorectal function in fecal incontinence?
    • Rao SS, Welcher KD, Happel J. Can biofeedback therapy improve anorectal function in fecal incontinence? Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 2360-6.
    • (1996) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.91 , pp. 2360-2366
    • Rao, S.S.1    Welcher, K.D.2    Happel, J.3
  • 24
    • 0031012416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of loperamide oxide on gastrointestinal transit time and anorectal function in patients with chronic diarrhea and faecal incontinence
    • Sun WM, Read NW, Verlinden M. Effects of loperamide oxide on gastrointestinal transit time and anorectal function in patients with chronic diarrhea and faecal incontinence. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32: 34-8.
    • (1997) Scand J Gastroenterol , vol.32 , pp. 34-38
    • Sun, W.M.1    Read, N.W.2    Verlinden, M.3
  • 26
    • 0023179557 scopus 로고
    • Effect of age, gender, and parity on anal canal pressures. Contribution of impaired anal sphincter function to fecal incontinence
    • McHugh SM, Diamant NE. Effect of age, gender, and parity on anal canal pressures. Contribution of impaired anal sphincter function to fecal incontinence. Dig Dis Sci 1987; 32: 726-36.
    • (1987) Dig Dis Sci , vol.32 , pp. 726-736
    • McHugh, S.M.1    Diamant, N.E.2
  • 27
    • 0010978912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current methods of performing anorectal manometry (ARM) - An inter-center comparison
    • Rao SSC, Diamant NE, Enck P. Current methods of performing anorectal manometry (ARM) - an inter-center comparison. Gastroenterology 1999; 116: G4633.
    • (1999) Gastroenterology , vol.116
    • Rao, S.S.C.1    Diamant, N.E.2    Enck, P.3
  • 28
    • 0032974079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal incontinence with normal anal canal pressures: Where is the pitfall?
    • Siproudhis L, Bellisssant E, Pagenault M, et al. Fecal incontinence with normal anal canal pressures: where is the pitfall? Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 1556-63.
    • (1999) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.94 , pp. 1556-1563
    • Siproudhis, L.1    Bellisssant, E.2    Pagenault, M.3
  • 30
    • 0023488457 scopus 로고
    • Impaired rectal sensation in idiopathic faecal incontinence
    • Hancke E, Schurholz M. Impaired rectal sensation in idiopathic faecal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis 1987; 2: 146-8.
    • (1987) Int J Colorectal Dis , vol.2 , pp. 146-148
    • Hancke, E.1    Schurholz, M.2
  • 31
    • 0025073821 scopus 로고
    • Relation between rectal sensation and anal function in normal subjects and patients with faecal incontinence impaired rectal sensation in idiopathic faecal incontinence
    • Sun WM, Read NW, Miner PB, Hancke E, Schurholz M. Relation between rectal sensation and anal function in normal subjects and patients with faecal incontinence impaired rectal sensation in idiopathic faecal incontinence. Gut 1990; 31: 1056-61.
    • (1990) Gut , vol.31 , pp. 1056-1061
    • Sun, W.M.1    Read, N.W.2    Miner, P.B.3    Hancke, E.4    Schurholz, M.5
  • 32
    • 0023635765 scopus 로고
    • Anorectal sensitivity and responses to rectal distention in patients with ulcerative colitis
    • Rao SS, Read NW, Davison PA, Bannister JJ, Holdsworth CD. Anorectal sensitivity and responses to rectal distention in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1987; 93: 1270-5.
    • (1987) Gastroenterology , vol.93 , pp. 1270-1275
    • Rao, S.S.1    Read, N.W.2    Davison, P.A.3    Bannister, J.J.4    Holdsworth, C.D.5
  • 34
    • 0025336850 scopus 로고
    • Rectal mucosal electrosensory testing - Evidence for a rectal sensory neuropathy in idiopathic constipation
    • Kamm MA, Lennard-Jones JE. Rectal mucosal electrosensory testing - evidence for a rectal sensory neuropathy in idiopathic constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 1990; 33: 419-23.
    • (1990) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.33 , pp. 419-423
    • Kamm, M.A.1    Lennard-Jones, J.E.2
  • 36
    • 0023195771 scopus 로고
    • Anorectal temperature sensation: A comparison of normal and incontinent patients
    • Miller R, Bartolo DC, Cervero F, Mortensen NJ. Anorectal temperature sensation: a comparison of normal and incontinent patients. Br J Surg 1987; 74: 511-5.
    • (1987) Br J Surg , vol.74 , pp. 511-515
    • Miller, R.1    Bartolo, D.C.2    Cervero, F.3    Mortensen, N.J.4
  • 37
    • 0022520638 scopus 로고
    • New method for assessment of anal sensation in various anorectal disorders
    • Roe AM, Bartolo DC, Mortensen NJ. New method for assessment of anal sensation in various anorectal disorders. Br J Surg 1986; 73: 310-2.
    • (1986) Br J Surg , vol.73 , pp. 310-312
    • Roe, A.M.1    Bartolo, D.C.2    Mortensen, N.J.3
  • 38
    • 0026008133 scopus 로고
    • Anorectal sensory and motor function in neurogenic fecal incontinence. Comparison between multiple sclerosis and diabetes mellitus
    • Caruana BJ, Wald A, Hinds JP, Eidelman BH. Anorectal sensory and motor function in neurogenic fecal incontinence. Comparison between multiple sclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 465-70.
    • (1991) Gastroenterology , vol.100 , pp. 465-470
    • Caruana, B.J.1    Wald, A.2    Hinds, J.P.3    Eidelman, B.H.4
  • 39
    • 0029907526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disturbances in anorectal function in patients with diabetes mellitus and faecal incontinence
    • Sun WM, Katsinelos P, Horowitz M, Read NW. Disturbances in anorectal function in patients with diabetes mellitus and faecal incontinence. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 1007-12.
    • (1996) Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.8 , pp. 1007-1012
    • Sun, W.M.1    Katsinelos, P.2    Horowitz, M.3    Read, N.W.4
  • 41
    • 0035000958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiologic evaluation of anorectal disorders
    • Bartram C. Radiologic evaluation of anorectal disorders. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2001; 30: 55-75.
    • (2001) Gastroenterol Clin North Am , vol.30 , pp. 55-75
    • Bartram, C.1
  • 42
    • 0026062150 scopus 로고
    • Anal endosonography in the investigation of faecal incontinence
    • Law PJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography in the investigation of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1991; 78: 312-4.
    • (1991) Br J Surg , vol.78 , pp. 312-314
    • Law, P.J.1    Kamm, M.A.2    Bartram, C.I.3
  • 43
    • 0028989630 scopus 로고
    • Anal endosonography in faecal incontinence
    • Bartram CI, Sultan AH. Anal endosonography in faecal incontinence. Gut 1995; 37: 4-6.
    • (1995) Gut , vol.37 , pp. 4-6
    • Bartram, C.I.1    Sultan, A.H.2
  • 44
    • 0028350865 scopus 로고
    • Anal endosonography for identifying external sphincter defects confirmed histologically
    • Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Talbot IC, Nicholls RJ, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography for identifying external sphincter defects confirmed histologically. Br J Surg 1994; 81: 463-5.
    • (1994) Br J Surg , vol.81 , pp. 463-465
    • Sultan, A.H.1    Kamm, M.A.2    Talbot, I.C.3    Nicholls, R.J.4    Bartram, C.I.5
  • 47
    • 0033048360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraobserver and interobserver agreement in anal endosonography
    • Gold DM, Halligan S, Kmiot WA, Bartram CI. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement in anal endosonography. Br J Surg 1999; 86: 371-5.
    • (1999) Br J Surg , vol.86 , pp. 371-375
    • Gold, D.M.1    Halligan, S.2    Kmiot, W.A.3    Bartram, C.I.4
  • 48
    • 0031046657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How reproducible are measures of the anal sphincter muscle diameter by endoanal ultrasound?
    • Enck P, Heyer T, Gantke B, et al. How reproducible are measures of the anal sphincter muscle diameter by endoanal ultrasound? Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 293-6.
    • (1997) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.92 , pp. 293-296
    • Enck, P.1    Heyer, T.2    Gantke, B.3
  • 49
    • 0021265758 scopus 로고
    • Defecography: II. Contribution to the diagnosis of defecation disorders
    • Mahieu P, Pringot J, Bodart P. Defecography: II. Contribution to the diagnosis of defecation disorders. Gastrointest Radiol 1984; 9: 253-61.
    • (1984) Gastrointest Radiol , vol.9 , pp. 253-261
    • Mahieu, P.1    Pringot, J.2    Bodart, P.3
  • 51
    • 0028286308 scopus 로고
    • Does defecography help in diagnosis and clinical decision-making in defecation disorders?
    • Hiltunen KM, Kolehmainen H, Matikainen M. Does defecography help in diagnosis and clinical decision-making in defecation disorders? Abdom Imaging 1994; 19: 355-8.
    • (1994) Abdom Imaging , vol.19 , pp. 355-358
    • Hiltunen, K.M.1    Kolehmainen, H.2    Matikainen, M.3
  • 52
    • 0026476631 scopus 로고
    • Combined anorectal manometry and defecography in 50 consecutive adults with fecal incontinence
    • Rex DK, Lappas JC. Combined anorectal manometry and defecography in 50 consecutive adults with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1992; 35: 1040-5.
    • (1992) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.35 , pp. 1040-1045
    • Rex, D.K.1    Lappas, J.C.2
  • 54
    • 0030627225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic MR colpocystorectography assessing pelvic-floor descent
    • Lienemann A, Anthuber C, Baron A, Kohz P, Reiser M. Dynamic MR colpocystorectography assessing pelvic-floor descent. Eur Radiol 1997; 7: 1309-17.
    • (1997) Eur Radiol , vol.7 , pp. 1309-1317
    • Lienemann, A.1    Anthuber, C.2    Baron, A.3    Kohz, P.4    Reiser, M.5
  • 55
    • 0034051650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosing enteroceles using dynamic magnetic resonance imaging
    • Lienemann A, Anthuber C, Baron A, Reiser M. Diagnosing enteroceles using dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43: 205-13.
    • (2000) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.43 , pp. 205-213
    • Lienemann, A.1    Anthuber, C.2    Baron, A.3    Reiser, M.4
  • 56
    • 0036240833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic MR imaging of the pelvic floor performed with patient sitting in an open-magnet unit versus with patient supine in a closed-magnet unit
    • Bertschinger KM, Hetzer FH, Roos JE, Treiber K, Marincek B, Hilfiker PR. Dynamic MR imaging of the pelvic floor performed with patient sitting in an open-magnet unit versus with patient supine in a closed-magnet unit. Radiology 2002; 223; 501-8.
    • (2002) Radiology , vol.223 , pp. 501-508
    • Bertschinger, K.M.1    Hetzer, F.H.2    Roos, J.E.3    Treiber, K.4    Marincek, B.5    Hilfiker, P.R.6
  • 57
    • 7144229365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interobserver agreement in defecography - An international study
    • Muller-Lissner SA, Bartolo DC, Christiansen J, et al. Interobserver agreement in defecography - an international study. Z Gastroenterol 1998; 36: 273-9.
    • (1998) Z Gastroenterol , vol.36 , pp. 273-279
    • Muller-Lissner, S.A.1    Bartolo, D.C.2    Christiansen, J.3
  • 59
    • 0035024666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical neurophysiology and electrodiagnostic testing of the pelvic floor
    • Olsen AL, Rao SS. Clinical neurophysiology and electrodiagnostic testing of the pelvic floor. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2001; 30: 33-54, v-vi.
    • (2001) Gastroenterol Clin North Am , vol.30 , pp. 33-54
    • Olsen, A.L.1    Rao, S.S.2
  • 60
    • 0035018886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surgical treatment of constipation and fecal incontinence
    • Rotholtz NA, Wexner SD. Surgical treatment of constipation and fecal incontinence. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2001; 30: 131-66.
    • (2001) Gastroenterol Clin North Am , vol.30 , pp. 131-166
    • Rotholtz, N.A.1    Wexner, S.D.2
  • 61
    • 0028288743 scopus 로고
    • Colorectal physiological tests: Use or abuse of technology?
    • Wexner SD, Jorge JM. Colorectal physiological tests: use or abuse of technology? Eur J Surg 1994; 160: 167-74.
    • (1994) Eur J Surg , vol.160 , pp. 167-174
    • Wexner, S.D.1    Jorge, J.M.2
  • 62
    • 0034039065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective assessment of the clinical value of anorectal investigations
    • Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA. Prospective assessment of the clinical value of anorectal investigations. Digestion 2000; 61: 207-14.
    • (2000) Digestion , vol.61 , pp. 207-214
    • Vaizey, C.J.1    Kamm, M.A.2
  • 64
    • 0036167503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic transperineal ultrasound in the diagnosis of pelvic floor disorders: Pilot study
    • Beer-Gabel M, Teshler M, Barzilai N, et al. Dynamic transperineal ultrasound in the diagnosis of pelvic floor disorders: pilot study. Dis Colon Rectum 2002; 45: 239-48.
    • (2002) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.45 , pp. 239-248
    • Beer-Gabel, M.1    Teshler, M.2    Barzilai, N.3
  • 65
    • 0034991165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic pudendal neurostimulation: A novel method for measuring pudendal nerve terminal motor latency
    • Shafik A. Magnetic pudendal neurostimulation: a novel method for measuring pudendal nerve terminal motor latency. Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 112: 1049-52.
    • (2001) Clin Neurophysiol , vol.112 , pp. 1049-1052
    • Shafik, A.1
  • 66
    • 0035113474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the sacroanal motor pathway by magnetic and electric stimulation in patients with fecal incontinence
    • Morren GL, Walter S, Lindehammar H, Hallbook O, Sjodahl R. Evaluation of the sacroanal motor pathway by magnetic and electric stimulation in patients with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44: 167-72.
    • (2001) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.44 , pp. 167-172
    • Morren, G.L.1    Walter, S.2    Lindehammar, H.3    Hallbook, O.4    Sjodahl, R.5
  • 68
    • 0026245980 scopus 로고
    • Pressure ulcers. Physical, supportive, and local aspects of management
    • Alvarez OM, Childs EJ. Pressure ulcers. Physical, supportive, and local aspects of management. Clin Pediatr Med Surg 1991; 8: 869-90.
    • (1991) Clin Pediatr Med Surg , vol.8 , pp. 869-890
    • Alvarez, O.M.1    Childs, E.J.2
  • 69
    • 0033082884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal incontinence in the institutionalized elderly: Incidence, risk factors, and prognosis
    • Chassagne P, Landrin I, Neveu C, et al. Fecal incontinence in the institutionalized elderly: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis. Am J Med 1999; 106: 185-90.
    • (1999) Am J Med , vol.106 , pp. 185-190
    • Chassagne, P.1    Landrin, I.2    Neveu, C.3
  • 71
    • 0017109162 scopus 로고
    • Effect of caffeine on the human small intestine
    • Wald A, Back C, Bayless TM. Effect of caffeine on the human small intestine. Gastroenterology 1976; 71: 738-42.
    • (1976) Gastroenterology , vol.71 , pp. 738-742
    • Wald, A.1    Back, C.2    Bayless, T.M.3
  • 73
    • 0031688201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of loperamide on ileoanal pouch function
    • Herbst F, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ. Effects of loperamide on ileoanal pouch function. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 1428-32.
    • (1998) Br J Surg , vol.85 , pp. 1428-1432
    • Herbst, F.1    Kamm, M.A.2    Nicholls, R.J.3
  • 74
    • 0028574819 scopus 로고
    • Loperamide improves anal sphincter function and continence after restorative proctocolectomy
    • Hallgren T, Fasth S, Delbro DS, Nordgren S, Oresland T, Hulten L. Loperamide improves anal sphincter function and continence after restorative proctocolectomy. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 2612-8.
    • (1994) Dig Dis Sci , vol.39 , pp. 2612-2618
    • Hallgren, T.1    Fasth, S.2    Delbro, D.S.3    Nordgren, S.4    Oresland, T.5    Hulten, L.6
  • 75
    • 0018891047 scopus 로고
    • Acute effect of diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil) in patients with chronic diarrhea and fecal incontinence
    • Harford WV, Krejs GJ, Santa Ana CA, Fordtran JS. Acute effect of diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil) in patients with chronic diarrhea and fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 1980; 78: 440-3.
    • (1980) Gastroenterology , vol.78 , pp. 440-443
    • Harford, W.V.1    Krejs, G.J.2    Santa Ana, C.A.3    Fordtran, J.S.4
  • 77
    • 0031041046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of oestrogen replacement on faecal incontinence in postmenopausal women
    • Donnelly V, O'Connell PR, O'Herlihy C. The influence of oestrogen replacement on faecal incontinence in postmenopausal women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 311-5.
    • (1997) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.104 , pp. 311-315
    • Donnelly, V.1    O'Connell, P.R.2    O'Herlihy, C.3
  • 78
    • 0035063544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical phenylephrine increases anal canal resting pressure in patients with faecal incontinence
    • Cheetham MJ, Kamm MA, Phillips RK. Topical phenylephrine increases anal canal resting pressure in patients with faecal incontinence. Gut 2001; 48: 356-9.
    • (2001) Gut , vol.48 , pp. 356-359
    • Cheetham, M.J.1    Kamm, M.A.2    Phillips, R.K.3
  • 79
    • 0033989051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of topical phenylephrine in the treatment of faecal incontinence
    • Carapeti EA, Kamm MA, Phillips RK. Randomized controlled trial of topical phenylephrine in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 2000; 87: 38-42.
    • (2000) Br J Surg , vol.87 , pp. 38-42
    • Carapeti, E.A.1    Kamm, M.A.2    Phillips, R.K.3
  • 80
    • 0033869408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, controlled trial of topical phenylephrine for fecal incontinence in patients after ileoanal pouch construction
    • Carapeti EA, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ, Phillips RK. Randomized, controlled trial of topical phenylephrine for fecal incontinence in patients after ileoanal pouch construction. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43: 1059-63.
    • (2000) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.43 , pp. 1059-1063
    • Carapeti, E.A.1    Kamm, M.A.2    Nicholls, R.J.3    Phillips, R.K.4
  • 81
    • 0031781328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The technical aspects of biofeedback therapy for defecation disorders
    • Rao SS. The technical aspects of biofeedback therapy for defecation disorders. Gastroenterologist 1998; 6: 96-103.
    • (1998) Gastroenterologist , vol.6 , pp. 96-103
    • Rao, S.S.1
  • 82
    • 0025163446 scopus 로고
    • Investigation of mode of action of biofeedback in treatment of fecal incontinence
    • Miner PB, Donnelly TC, Read NW. Investigation of mode of action of biofeedback in treatment of fecal incontinence. Dig Dis Sci 1990; 35: 1291-8.
    • (1990) Dig Dis Sci , vol.35 , pp. 1291-1298
    • Miner, P.B.1    Donnelly, T.C.2    Read, N.W.3
  • 83
    • 0027359875 scopus 로고
    • Biofeedback training in disordered defecation. A critical review
    • Enck P. Biofeedback training in disordered defecation. A critical review. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 1953-60.
    • (1993) Dig Dis Sci , vol.38 , pp. 1953-1960
    • Enck, P.1
  • 85
    • 0025608175 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of biofeedback training in improving faecal incontinence and anorectal physiologic function
    • Loening-Baucke V. Efficacy of biofeedback training in improving faecal incontinence and anorectal physiologic function. Gut 1990; 31: 1395-402.
    • (1990) Gut , vol.31 , pp. 1395-1402
    • Loening-Baucke, V.1
  • 86
    • 0021867301 scopus 로고
    • Biofeedback treatment of fecal incontinence in geriatric patients
    • Whitehead WE, Burgio KL, Engel BT. Biofeedback treatment of fecal incontinence in geriatric patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985; 33: 320-4.
    • (1985) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.33 , pp. 320-324
    • Whitehead, W.E.1    Burgio, K.L.2    Engel, B.T.3
  • 88
    • 0020529303 scopus 로고
    • Biofeedback for neurogenic fecal incontinence: Rectal sensation is a determinant of outcome
    • Wald A. Biofeedback for neurogenic fecal incontinence: rectal sensation is a determinant of outcome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1983; 2: 302-6.
    • (1983) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr , vol.2 , pp. 302-306
    • Wald, A.1
  • 89
    • 0028606788 scopus 로고
    • Biofeedback training is useful in fecal incontinence but disappointing in constipation
    • Keck JO, Staniunas RJ, Coller JA, et al. Biofeedback training is useful in fecal incontinence but disappointing in constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 1271-6.
    • (1994) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.37 , pp. 1271-1276
    • Keck, J.O.1    Staniunas, R.J.2    Coller, J.A.3
  • 92
    • 0033068048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective, randomized study comparing the effect of augmented biofeedback with sensory biofeedback alone on fecal incontinence after obstetric trauma
    • Fynes MM, Marshall K, Cassidy M, et al. A prospective, randomized study comparing the effect of augmented biofeedback with sensory biofeedback alone on fecal incontinence after obstetric trauma. Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42: 753-61.
    • (1999) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.42 , pp. 753-761
    • Fynes, M.M.1    Marshall, K.2    Cassidy, M.3
  • 93
    • 0032887939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome of biofeedback for faecal incontinence
    • Norton C, Kamm MA. Outcome of biofeedback for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1999; 86: 1159-63.
    • (1999) Br J Surg , vol.86 , pp. 1159-1163
    • Norton, C.1    Kamm, M.A.2
  • 95
    • 0023852048 scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of the effects of postanal repair in neurogenic faecal incontinence
    • Womack NR, Morrison JF, Williams NS. Prospective study of the effects of postanal repair in neurogenic faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1988; 75: 48-52.
    • (1988) Br J Surg , vol.75 , pp. 48-52
    • Womack, N.R.1    Morrison, J.F.2    Williams, N.S.3
  • 96
    • 0036208416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term outcome of overlapping anal sphincter repair
    • Halverson AL, Hull TL. Long-term outcome of overlapping anal sphincter repair. Dis Colon Rectum 2002; 45: 345-8.
    • (2002) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.45 , pp. 345-348
    • Halverson, A.L.1    Hull, T.L.2
  • 97
    • 0034700863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term results of overlapping anterior anal-sphincter repair for obstetric trauma
    • Malouf AJ, Norton CS, Engel AF, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MA. Long-term results of overlapping anterior anal-sphincter repair for obstetric trauma. Lancet 2000; 355: 260-5.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 260-265
    • Malouf, A.J.1    Norton, C.S.2    Engel, A.F.3    Nicholls, R.J.4    Kamm, M.A.5
  • 98
    • 0030805120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gluteus maximus augmentation for the treatment of fecal incontinence
    • Meehan JJ, Hardin WD Jr, Georgeson KE. Gluteus maximus augmentation for the treatment of fecal incontinence. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32: 1045-8.
    • (1997) J Pediatr Surg , vol.32 , pp. 1045-1048
    • Meehan, J.J.1    Hardin Jr., W.D.2    Georgeson, K.E.3
  • 99
    • 0029046285 scopus 로고
    • Anal dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of intractable fecal incontinence
    • Baeten CG, Geerdes BP, Adang EM, et al. Anal dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of intractable fecal incontinence. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1600-5.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.332 , pp. 1600-1605
    • Baeten, C.G.1    Geerdes, B.P.2    Adang, E.M.3
  • 100
    • 0032919792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of patients with faecal incontinence
    • Sielezneff I, Malouf AJ, Bartolo DC, Pryde A, Douglas S. Dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of patients with faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1999; 86: 61-5.
    • (1999) Br J Surg , vol.86 , pp. 61-65
    • Sielezneff, I.1    Malouf, A.J.2    Bartolo, D.C.3    Pryde, A.4    Douglas, S.5
  • 102
    • 0036159754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of faecal incontinence
    • Chapman AE, Geerdes B, Hewett P, et al. Systematic review of dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 2002; 89: 138-53.
    • (2002) Br J Surg , vol.89 , pp. 138-153
    • Chapman, A.E.1    Geerdes, B.2    Hewett, P.3
  • 103
    • 18544363596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety and efficacy of the artificial bowel sphincter for fecal incontinence: Results from a multicenter cohort study
    • Wong WD, Congliosi SM, Spencer MP, et al. The safety and efficacy of the artificial bowel sphincter for fecal incontinence: results from a multicenter cohort study. Dis Colon Rectum 2002; 45: 1139-53.
    • (2002) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.45 , pp. 1139-1153
    • Wong, W.D.1    Congliosi, S.M.2    Spencer, M.P.3
  • 104
    • 0025866669 scopus 로고
    • The anal continence plug: A disposable device for patients with anorectal incontinence
    • Mortensen N, Humphreys MS. The anal continence plug: a disposable device for patients with anorectal incontinence. Lancet 1991; 338: 295-7.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.338 , pp. 295-297
    • Mortensen, N.1    Humphreys, M.S.2
  • 106
    • 0028791601 scopus 로고
    • Perianal injection of autologous fat for treatment of sphincteric incontinence
    • Shafik A. Perianal injection of autologous fat for treatment of sphincteric incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1995; 38: 583-7.
    • (1995) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.38 , pp. 583-587
    • Shafik, A.1
  • 107
    • 0031851436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen in the treatment of faecal incontinence
    • Kumar D, Benson MJ, Bland JE. Glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 978-9.
    • (1998) Br J Surg , vol.85 , pp. 978-979
    • Kumar, D.1    Benson, M.J.2    Bland, J.E.3
  • 108
    • 0027198635 scopus 로고
    • Polytetrafluoroethylene injection for the treatment of partial fecal incontinence
    • Shafik A. Polytetrafluoroethylene injection for the treatment of partial fecal incontinence. Int Surg 1993; 78: 159-61.
    • (1993) Int Surg , vol.78 , pp. 159-161
    • Shafik, A.1
  • 109
    • 0036073737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injectable silicone biomaterial for faecal incontinence due to internal anal sphincter dysfunction
    • Keneflck NJ, Vaizey CJ, Malouf AJ, Norton CS, Marshall M, Kamm MA. Injectable silicone biomaterial for faecal incontinence due to internal anal sphincter dysfunction. Gut 2002; 51: 225-8.
    • (2002) Gut , vol.51 , pp. 225-228
    • Keneflck, N.J.1    Vaizey, C.J.2    Malouf, A.J.3    Norton, C.S.4    Marshall, M.5    Kamm, M.A.6
  • 110
    • 0032927855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is electrostimulation of the pelvic floor an effective treatment for neurogenic faecal incontinence?
    • Osterberg A, Graf W, Eeg-Olofsson K, Hallden M, Pahlman L. Is electrostimulation of the pelvic floor an effective treatment for neurogenic faecal incontinence? Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34: 319-24.
    • (1999) Scand J Gastroenterol , vol.34 , pp. 319-324
    • Osterberg, A.1    Graf, W.2    Eeg-Olofsson, K.3    Hallden, M.4    Pahlman, L.5
  • 111
    • 0025833623 scopus 로고
    • Transanal electrostimulation for fecal incontinence: Clinical, psychologic, and manometric prospective study
    • Pescatori M, Pavesio R, Anastasio G, Daini S. Transanal electrostimulation for fecal incontinence: clinical, psychologic, and manometric prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum 1991; 34: 540-5.
    • (1991) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.34 , pp. 540-545
    • Pescatori, M.1    Pavesio, R.2    Anastasio, G.3    Daini, S.4
  • 112
    • 0028198762 scopus 로고
    • Effect of electrostimulation on sphincter function in neurogenic fecal continence
    • Scheuer M, Kuijpers HC, Bleijenberg G. Effect of electrostimulation on sphincter function in neurogenic fecal continence. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 590-4.
    • (1994) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.37 , pp. 590-594
    • Scheuer, M.1    Kuijpers, H.C.2    Bleijenberg, G.3
  • 114
    • 0347411151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and effectiveness of temperature-controlled radio-frequency energy delivery to the anal canal (Secca(R) procedure) for the treatment of fecal incontinence
    • Efron JE, Corman ML, Fleshman J, et al. Safety and effectiveness of temperature-controlled radio-frequency energy delivery to the anal canal (Secca(R) procedure) for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2003; 46: 1606-16.
    • (2003) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.46 , pp. 1606-1616
    • Efron, J.E.1    Corman, M.L.2    Fleshman, J.3
  • 115
    • 0037978068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extended two-year results of radio-frequency energy delivery for the treatment of fecal incontinence (the Secca procedure)
    • Takahashi T, Garcia-Osogobio S, Valdovinos MA, Belmonte C, Barreto C, Velasco L. Extended two-year results of radio-frequency energy delivery for the treatment of fecal incontinence (the Secca procedure). Dis Colon Rectum 2003; 46: 711-5.
    • (2003) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.46 , pp. 711-715
    • Takahashi, T.1    Garcia-Osogobio, S.2    Valdovinos, M.A.3    Belmonte, C.4    Barreto, C.5    Velasco, L.6
  • 116
    • 0028865831 scopus 로고
    • Electrical stimulation of sacral spinal nerves for treatment of faecal incontinence
    • Matzel KE, Stadelmaier U, Hohenfellner M, Gall FP. Electrical stimulation of sacral spinal nerves for treatment of faecal incontinence. Lancet 1995; 346: 1124-7.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.346 , pp. 1124-1127
    • Matzel, K.E.1    Stadelmaier, U.2    Hohenfellner, M.3    Gall, F.P.4
  • 117
    • 0036066263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medium-term results of permanent sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence
    • Kenefick NJ, Vaizey CJ, Cohen RC, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MA. Medium-term results of permanent sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 2002; 89: 896-901.
    • (2002) Br J Surg , vol.89 , pp. 896-901
    • Kenefick, N.J.1    Vaizey, C.J.2    Cohen, R.C.3    Nicholls, R.J.4    Kamm, M.A.5
  • 118
    • 0025018133 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary report: The antegrade continence enema
    • Malone PS, Ransley PG, Kiely EM. Preliminary report: the antegrade continence enema. Lancet 1990; 336: 1217-8.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.336 , pp. 1217-1218
    • Malone, P.S.1    Ransley, P.G.2    Kiely, E.M.3
  • 119
    • 0032730231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The button cecostomy for management of fecal incontinence
    • Duel BP, Gonzalez R. The button cecostomy for management of fecal incontinence. Pediatr Surg Int 1999; 15: 559-61.
    • (1999) Pediatr Surg Int , vol.15 , pp. 559-561
    • Duel, B.P.1    Gonzalez, R.2
  • 120
    • 0030699132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continent appendicostomy in the bowel management of fecally incontinent children
    • Levitt MA, Soffer SZ, Pena A. Continent appendicostomy in the bowel management of fecally incontinent children. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32: 1630-3.
    • (1997) J Pediatr Surg , vol.32 , pp. 1630-1633
    • Levitt, M.A.1    Soffer, S.Z.2    Pena, A.3
  • 121
    • 0032825610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antegrade continence enema for the treatment of fecal incontinence in adults: Use of gastric tube for catheterizable access to the descending colon
    • Bruce RG, el-Galley RE, Wells J, Galloway NT. Antegrade continence enema for the treatment of fecal incontinence in adults: use of gastric tube for catheterizable access to the descending colon. J Urol 1999; 161: 1813-6.
    • (1999) J Urol , vol.161 , pp. 1813-1816
    • Bruce, R.G.1    El-Galley, R.E.2    Wells, J.3    Galloway, N.T.4
  • 122
    • 0031975413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to achieve a successful Malone antegrade continence enema
    • Curry JI, Osborne A, Malone PS. How to achieve a successful Malone antegrade continence enema. J Pediatr Surg 1998; 33: 138-41.
    • (1998) J Pediatr Surg , vol.33 , pp. 138-141
    • Curry, J.I.1    Osborne, A.2    Malone, P.S.3
  • 123
    • 0031861431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent advances in the surgical treatment of faecal incontinence
    • Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ. Recent advances in the surgical treatment of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 596-603.
    • (1998) Br J Surg , vol.85 , pp. 596-603
    • Vaizey, C.J.1    Kamm, M.A.2    Nicholls, R.J.3
  • 124
    • 0025787012 scopus 로고
    • The trephine colostomy: A permanent left iliac fossa end colostomy without recourse to laparotomy
    • Senapati A, Phillips RK. The trephine colostomy: a permanent left iliac fossa end colostomy without recourse to laparotomy. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1991; 73: 305-6.
    • (1991) Ann R Coll Surg Engl , vol.73 , pp. 305-306
    • Senapati, A.1    Phillips, R.K.2
  • 125
    • 0025409065 scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of colostomy as a bowel management alternative in selected spinal cord injury patients
    • Saltzstein RJ, Romano J. The efficacy of colostomy as a bowel management alternative in selected spinal cord injury patients. J Am Paraplegia Soc 1990; 13: 9-13.
    • (1990) J Am Paraplegia Soc , vol.13 , pp. 9-13
    • Saltzstein, R.J.1    Romano, J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.