Influence of metabolic syndrome on hypertension-related target organ damage

Journal of Internal Medicine

Volumn 257, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 503-513

  Mulè, Giuseppe ^a,b   Nardi, E ^a   Cottone, S ^a   Cusimano, P ^a   Volpe, V ^a   Piazza, G ^a   Mongiovi R ^a   Mezzatesta, G ^a   Andronico, G ^a   Cerasola, G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO   (Italy)

^b NONE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Essential hypertension; Left ventricular hypertrophy; Metabolic syndrome; Microalbuminuria; Target organ damage

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; FEMALE; GENDER; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE MASS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTENSION RETINOPATHY; KIDNEY DISEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MICROALBUMINURIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINOGRAPHY;

ADULT; ALBUMINURIA; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HEART VENTRICLES; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; KIDNEY; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MIDDLE AGED; MYOCARDIUM; OBESITY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RETINA; RETINAL DISEASES; SEX DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 20144380553     PISSN: 09546820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01493.x     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 2004; 109: 433-8.
2. Groop L, Orho-Melander M. The dysmetabolic syndrome. J Intern Med 2001; 250: 105-20.
3. The Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486-97.
4. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA 2002; 288: 2709-16.
5. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14,719 initially healthy American women. Circulation 2003; 107: 391-7.
6. Sattar N, Gaw A, Scherbakova O et al. Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation 2003; 108: 414-9.
7. Schillaci G, Pirro M, Vaudo G et al. Prognostic value of the metabolic syndrome in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1817-22.
8. Sahn DJ, DeMaria A, Kisslo J, Weiman A. The committee on M-mode standardization of the American Society of Echocardiography. Circulation 1978; 58: 1072-3.
9. Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM et al. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol 1986; 57: 450-8.
10. de Simone G, Daniels SR, Devereux RB et al. Left ventricular mass and body size in normotensive children and adults: assessment of allometric relations and the impact of overweight. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20: 1251-60.
11. 2003 European Society of Hypertension. European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1011-53.
12. de Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR et al. Effect of growth on variability of left ventricular mass: assessment of allometric signals in adults and children and of their capacity to predict cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 1056-62.
13. de Simone G, Devereux RB, Roman MJ et al. Assessment of left ventricular function by the midwall fractional shortening/end-systolic stress relation in human hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: 1444-51.
14. Keith NM, Wagener HP, Barker NW. Some different types of essential hypertension: their course and prognosis. Am J Med Sci 1939; 197: 332-43.
15. Draper N, Smith H. Applied Regression Analysis, 3rd edn. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
16. Chinali M, Devereux RB, Howard BW et al. Comparison of cardiac structure and function in American Indians with and without the metabolic syndrome (The Strong Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 2004; 93: 40-4.
17. Cuspidi C, Meani S, Fusi V et al. Metabolic syndrome and target organ damage in untreated essential hypertensives. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 1991-8.
18. Strauss DS. Growth-stimulatory actions of insulin in vitro and in vivo. Endocr Rev 1984; 5: 356-67.
19. Holmang A, Yoshida N, Jennische E et al. The effects of hyperinsulinaemia on myocardial mass, blood pressure regulation and central haemodynamics in rats. Eur J Clin Invest 1996; 26: 973-8.
20. Andronico G, Mangano M-T, Mulè G et al. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and sodium-lithium countertransport in essential hypertension and in hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. J Hypertens 1993; 11: 1097-101.
21. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Schillaci G et al. Circulating insulin and insulin growth factor-1 are independent determinants of left ventricular mass and geometry in essential hypertension. Circulation 1999; 100: 1802-7.
22. Kamide K, Nagano M, Nakano N et al. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular complications in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 1165-71.
23. Tomiyama H, Doba N, Kushiro T et al. The relationship of hyperinsulinemic state to left ventricular hypertrophy, microalbuminuria, and physical fitness in borderline and mild hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1997; 10: 587-91.
24. Lind L, Andersson PE, Ahrén B et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension is associated with the insulin resistance syndrome. J Hypertens 1995; 13: 433-8.
25. Quiñones Galvan A, Galetta F, Natali A et al. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. No independent relation to left ventricular mass in humans. Circulation 2000; 102: 2233-8.
26. Rutter MK, Parise H, Benjamin EJ et al. Impact of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance on cardiac structure and function: sex-related differences in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003; 107: 448-54.
27. Malmqvist K, Ohman KP, Lind L et al. Relationships between left ventricular mass and the renin-angiotensin system, catecholamines, insulin and leptin. J Intern Med 2002; 252: 430-9.
28. DeFronzo RA, Cooke CR, Andres R et al. The effect of insulin on renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in man. J Clin Invest 1975; 55: 845-55.
29. de Simone G, Devereux RB, Camargo MJ et al. Influence of sodium intake on in vivo left ventricular anatomy in experimental renovascular hypertension. Am J Physiol 1993; 264(Pt. 2): H2103-10.
30. Andronico G, Mangano M, Mulè G et al. In vivo relationship between insulin and endothelin role of insulin-resistance. J Hum Hypertens 1997; 11: 63-6.
31. Sugden PH, An overview of endothelin signaling in the cardiac myocyte. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2003; 35: 871-86.
32. Rowe JW, Young JB, Minaker KL et al. Effects of insulin and glucose infusions on sympathetic nervous system activity in normal man. Diabetes 1981; 30: 219-25.
33. Simpson P. Norepinephrine-stimulated hypertrophy of cultured rat myocardial cells is an alpha 1 adrenergic response. J Clin Invest 1983; 72: 732-8.
34. Schlaich MP, Kaye DM, Lambert E et al. Relation between cardiac sympathetic activity and hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 2003; 108: 560-5.
35. Engeli S, Negrel R, Sharma AM. Physiology and pathophysiology of the adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system. Hypertension 2000; 35: 1270-7.
36. Rajapurohitam V, Gan XT, Kirshenbaum LA et al. The obesity associated peptide leptin induces hypertrophy in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Circ Res 2003; 93: 277-9.
37. Barouch LA, Berkowitz DE, Harrison RW et al. Disruption of leptin signaling contributes to cardiac hypertrophy independently of body weight in mice. Circulation 2003; 108: 754-9.
38. Paolisso G, Tagliamonte MR, Galderisi M et al. Plasma leptin level is associated with myocardial wall thickness in hypertensive insulin-resistant men. Hypertension 1999; 34: 1047-52.
39. Palaniappan L, Carnethon M, Fortmann SP. Association between microalbuminuria and the metabolic syndrome: NHANES III. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16: 952-8.
40. Andronico G, Ferrara L, Mulè G et al. Insulin, sodium-lithium countertransport, and microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1998; 31: 110-3.
41. Mykkanen L, Zaccaro DJ, Wagenknecht LE et al. Microalbuminuria is associated with insulin resistance in nondiabetic subjects: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes 1998; 47: 793-800.
42. Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Quiñones Galvan A et al. Insulin resistance in microalbuminuric hypertension: sites and mechanisms. Hypertension 1995; 26: 789-95.
43. Srinivasan SR, Myers L, Berenson GS. Risk variables of insulin resistance syndrome in African American and Caucasian young adults with microalbuminuria: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13: 1274-9.
44. Borch-Johnsen K, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Strandgaard S et al. Microalbuminuria is strongly associated with NIDDM and hypertension, but not with the insulin resistance syndrome: the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 1998; 41: 694-700.
45. Brenner B. Hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury and progressive nature of kidney disease. Kidney Int 1983; 23: 647-55.
46. Schmieder RE, Messerli FH, Garavaglia G, Nunez B. Glomerular hyperfiltration indicates early target organ damage in essential hypertension. JAMA 1990; 264: 2775-80.
47. Schmieder RE, Veelken R, Gatzka CD et al. Predictors for hypertensive nephropathy; results of 6-year follow-up study in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1995; 13: 357-65.
48. Chagnac A, Weinstein T, Korzets A et al. Glomerular hemodynamics in severe obesity. Am J Physiol 2000; 278: F817-22.
49. Dengel DR, Goldberg AP, Mayuga RS et al. Insulin resistance, elevated glomerular filtration fraction, and renal injury. Hypertension 1996; 28: 127-32.
50. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 683-9.
51. Vakili BA, Okin PM, and Devereux RB. Prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J 2001; 141: 334-41.
52. Cerasola G, Cottone S, Mulè G et al. Microalbuminuria, renal dysfunction and cardiovascular complication in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1996; 14: 915-20.
53. Karalliedde J, Viberti G. Microalbuminuria and cardiovascular risk. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 986-93.
54. Wong TY, Duncan BB, Golden SH et al. Associations between the metabolic syndrome and retinal microvascular signs: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 2949-54.
55. Wong TY, Mitchell P. Hypertensive retinopathy. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2310-7.
56. Jørgensen ME, Bjerregaard P, Gyntelberg F, Borch-Johnsen K and the Greenland Population Study. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among the Inuit in Greenland. A comparison between two proposed definitions. Diabetes Med 2004; 21: 1237-42.
57. Gupta R, Deedwania PC, Gupta A et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an Indian urban population. Int J Cardiol 2004; 97: 257-61.