Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a therapeutic tool in psychiatry

World Journal of Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 6-25

  Simons, Wim ^a   Dierick, Michel ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b Psychiatric Hospital St Camillus   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Biological psychiatry; Depressive disorder; Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY DISORDER; BIPOLAR MANIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITION; DATA ANALYSIS; DEPRESSION; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GERIATRIC CARE; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MEDICAL PARAMETERS; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEMORY; MOOD; MOOD DISORDER; NONHUMAN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PSYCHIATRY; PSYCHOSIS; PUBLICATION; RANDOMIZATION; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; STANDARDIZATION; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION;

ANXIETY DISORDERS; BIPOLAR DISORDER; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 19444373179     PISSN: 15622975     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15622970510029812     Document Type: Review

References (182)

1. Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL. 1986. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 9:357-381.
2. Alonso P, Pujol J, Cardoner N, Benlloch L, Deus J, Menchon JM, Capdevila A, Vallejo J. 2001. Right prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 158(7):1143-1145.
3. Avery DH, Claypoole K, Robinson L, Neumaier JF, Dunner DL, Scheele L, Wilson L, Roy-Byrne P. 1999. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of medication-resistant depression: preliminary data. J Nerv Ment Dis 187(2):114-117.
4. The Avery-George-Holtzheimer Database of rTMS Depression Studies (Latest update 04/03/2003). http://www.ists.unibe.ch/TMSAvery.htm
5. Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL. 1985. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Lancet i:1106-1107.
6. Barker AT. 2002. The history and basic principles of magnetic nerve stimulation. In: Pascual-Leone A, Davey NJ, Rothwell J, Wassermann EM, Puri BK, editors. Handbook of transcranial magnetic stimulation. New York: Oxford University Press. p 16.
7. Barrett J, Della-Maggiore V, Chouinard PA, Paus T. 2004. Mechanisms of action underlying the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on mood: Behavioral and brain imaging studies. Neuropsychopharmacology [advance online publication 17 March 2004].
8. Bear MF. 1999. Homosynaptic long-term depression: A mechanism for memory? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:9457-9458.
9. Ben-Shachar D, Gazawi H, Riboyad-Levin J, Klein E. 1999. Chronic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation alters beta-adrenergic and 5-HT2 receptor characteristics in rat brain. Brain Res 816(1):78-83.
10. Berman RM, Narasimhan M, Sanacora G, Miano AP, Hoffman RE, Hu XS, Charney DS, Boutros NN. 2000. A randomized clinical trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 47:332-337.
11. Bohning DE, Shastri A, McConnell A, Nahas Z, Lorberbaum JP, Roberts DR, Teneback C, Vincent DJ, George MS. 1999. A combined TMS:fMRI study of intensity-dependent TMS over motor cortex. Biol Psychiatry 45:385-394.
12. Bohning DE. 2000. Introduction and overview of TMS physics. In: George MS, Belmaker RH, editors. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neuropsychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. p 13-44.
13. Bohning DE, Denslow S, Bohning PA, Walker JA, George MS. 2003. A TMS coil positioning/holding system for MR image-guided TMS interleaved with fMRI. Clin Neurophysiol 114(11):2210-2219.
14. Bolwig TG. 2003. Putative common pathways in therapeutic brain stimulation for affective disorders. CNS Spectr 8(7): 490-495.
15. Boutros NN, Gueorguieva R, Hoffman RE, Oren DA, Feingold A, Berman RM. 2002. Lack of a therapeutic effect of a 2-week sub-threshold transcranial magnetic stimulation course for treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatry Res 113(3):245-244.
16. Burt T, Lisanby SH, Sackeim HA. 2002. Neuropsychiatric applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation: A meta analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 5(1):73-103.
17. Calvo-Merino B, Haggard P. 2004. Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Applications in cognitive neuroscience. Rev Neurol 38(4):374-380.
18. Chen R, Classen J, Gerloff C, Celnik P, Wassermann EM, Hallett M, Cohen LG. 1997a. Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology 48(5):1398-1403.
19. Chen R, Gerloff C, Classen J, Wassermann EM, Hallett M, Cohen LG. 1997b. Safety of different inter-train intervals for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and recommendations for safe ranges of stimulation parameters. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 105(6):415-421.
20. Cohrs S, Tergau F, Riech S, Kastner S, Paulus W, Ziemann U, Ruther E, Hajak G. 1998. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation delays rapid eye movement sleep. Neuroreport 26;9(15):3439-3443.
21. Conca A, Di Pauli J, Beraus W, Hausmann A, Peschina W, Schneider H, Konig P, Hinterhuber H. 2002. Combining high and low frequencies in rTMS antidepressive treatment: Preliminary results. Hum Psychopharmacol 17(7):353-356.
22. Cohen H, Kaplan Z, Kotler M, Kouperman I, Moisa R, Grisaru N. 2004. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in posttraumatic stress disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 161:515-524.
23. Cora-Locatelli G, Greenberg BD, Harmon A. 1998. Cortical excitability and augmentation strategies in OCD. Biol Psychiatry 43:77S.
24. National Research Council. 1996. Possible health effects of exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
25. D'Alfonso AA, van Honk J, Hermans E, Postma A, de Haan EH. 2000. Laterality effects in selective attention to threat after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at the prefrontal cortex in female subjects. Neurosci Lett 25;280(3):195-198.
26. D'Alfonso AA, Aleman A, Kessels RP, Schouten EA, Postma A, van Der Linden JA, Cahn W, Greene Y, de Haan EH, Kahn RS. 2002. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of left auditory cortex in patients with schizophrenia: Effects on hallucinations and neurocognition. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 14(1):77-79.
27. Dannon PN, Dolberg OT, Schreiber S, Grunhaus L. 2002. Three and six-month outcome following courses of either ECT or rTMS in a population of severely depressed individuals - Preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry 51(8):687-690.
28. Dearing J, George MS, Greenberg BD, Wasserman EM, Schlaepfer TE, Murphy DL. 1997. Mood effects of prefrontal repetitive high frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in healthy volunteers. CNS Spectrums 2:53-68.
29. Dolberg OT, Schreiber S, Grunhaus L. 2001. Transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced switch into mania: A report of two cases. Biol Psychiatry 49(5):468-470.
30. Dolberg OT, Dannon PN, Schreiber S, Grunhaus L. 2002. Magnetic motor threshold and response to TMS in major depressive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 106:220-223.
31. Eichhammer P, Johann M, Kharraz A, Binder H, Pittrow D, Wodarz N, Hajak G. 2003. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation decreases cigarette smoking. J Clin Psychiatry 64(8):951-953.
32. Ella R, Zwanzger P, Stampfer R, Preuss UW, Muller-Siecheneder F, Moller HJ, Padberg F. 2002. Switch into mania after slow rTMS of the right prefrontal cortex. J Clin Psychiatry 63(3):249.
33. Epstein CM. 1990. Localizing the site of magnetic brain stimulation in humans. Neurology 40:666-670.
34. Epstein CM, Figiel GS, McDonald WM, Amazon-Leece J, Figiel L. 1998. Rapid rate transcranial magnetic stimulation in young and middle-aged refractory depressed patients. Psychiatr Ann 28(1):36-39.
35. Eschweiler WG, Wegerer C, Schlotter W. 2000. Left prefrontal activation predicts therapeutic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression. Psychiatry Res 99:161-172.
36. Feinsod M, Kreinin B, Chistyakov A, Klein E. 1998. Preliminary evidence for a beneficial effect of low-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with major depression and schizophrenia. Depress Anxiety 7(2):65-68.
37. Figiel GS, Epstein C, McDonald WM, Amazon-Leece J, Figiel L, Saldivia A, Glover S. 1998. The use of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in refractory depressed patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 10(l):20-25.
38. Fink M, Kellner CH, Sackeim. HA. 1999. Intractable seizures, status epilepticus, and ECT. J ECT 15(4):282-284.
39. Fitzgerald PB, Brown TL, Daskalakis ZJ. 2002. The application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatry and neurosciences research. Acta Psychiatr Scand 105(5):324-340.
40. Fitzgerald PB, Brown TL, Marston NA, Daskalakis ZJ, De Castella A, Kulkarni J. 2003. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(10):1002-1008.
41. Fitzgerald P. 2003. Is it time to introduce repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation into standard clinical practice for the treatment of depressive disorders? Aust NZ J Psychiatry 37(l):5-11.
42. Fleischmann A, Sternheim A, Etgen AM, Li C, Grisaru N, Belmaker RH. 1996. Transcranial magnetic stimulation down-regulates beta-adrenoreceptors in rat cortex. J Neural Transm 103(11):1361-1366.
43. Garcia-Toro M. 1999. Acute manic symptomatology during repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a patient with bipolar depression. Br J Psychiatry 175:491.
44. Garcia-Toro M, Mayol A, Arnillas H, Capllonch I, Ibarra 0, Crespi M, Mico J, Lafau 0, Lafuente L. 2001a. Modest adjunctive benefit with transcranial magnetic stimulation in medication-resistant depression. J Affect Disord 64(2/3):271-275.
45. Garcia-Toro M, Pascual-Leone A, Romera M, Gonzalez A, Mico J, Ibarra 0, Arnillas H, Capllonch I, Mayol A, Tormos JM. 2001b. Prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as add on treatment in depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71(4):546-548.
46. George MS. 1994. An introduction to the emerging anatomy of depression. Psychiatr Ann 24:635-636.
47. George MS, Ketter TA, Parekh PI. 1994a. Regional brain activity when selecting a response despite interference: an H2150 PET study of the Stroop and an emotional Stroop. Human Brain Mapp 1:194-209.
48. George MS, Ketter TA, Post RM. 1994b. Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in clinical depression. Depression 2:59-72.
49. George MS, Ketter TA, Parekh PI, Horwitz B, Herscovitch P, Post RM. 1995a. Brain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women. Am J Psychiatry 152:341-351.
50. George MS, Post RM, Ketter TA. 1995b. Neural mechanisms of mood disorders. In: Rush AJ, editor. Current review of mood disorders. Philadelphia, PA: Current Medecine. p 1.
51. George MS, Ketter TA, Post RM. 1996a. What functional imaging studies have revealed about the brain basis of mood and emotion. In: Panksepp J, editor. Advances in Biology and Psychiatry. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. p 63-113.
52. George MS, Wassermann EM, Williams WA, Steppel J, Pascual-Leone A, Basser P, Hallett M, Post RM. 1996b. Changes in mood and hormone levels after rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the prefrontal cortex. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 8(2):172-180.
53. George MS, Ketter TA, Parekh PI, Rosinsky N, Ring HA, Pazzaglia PJ, Marangell LB, Callahan AM, Post RM. 1997a. Blunted left cingulate activation in mood disorder subjects during a response interference task (the Stroop). J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 9(l):55-63.
54. George MS, Wassermann EM, Kimbrell TA, Little JT, Williams WE, Danielson AL, Greenberg BD, Hallett M, Post RM. 1997b. Mood improvement following daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression: a placebo-controlled crossover trial. Am J Psychiatry 154(12):1752-1756.
55. George MS, Nahas Z, Speer AM, Kimbrell TA, Wasserman EM, Tenehabach CC, Molloy M, Bohming D, Risch SC, Post RM. 1998. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a new method for investigating the neuroanatomy of depression. In: Ebert D, Ebmeier KP, editors. New models for depression Vol. 9. Basel: Karger. p 94-122.
56. George MS, Lisanby SH, Sackeim HA. 1999. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: applications in neuropsychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56(4):300-311.
57. George MS, Belmaker R. 2000. Historical overview. In: George MS, Belmaker RH, editors. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neuropsychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. p 5-12.
58. George MS, Nahas Z, Molloy M, Speer AM, Oliver NC, Li XB, Arana GW, Risch SC, Ballenger JC. 2000. A controlled trial of daily left prefrontal cortex TMS for treating depression. Biol Psychiatry 48(10):962-970.
59. George MS, Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Li X, Denslow S, Yamanaka K, Mishory A, Foust MJ, Bohning DE. 2002. Mechanisms and state of the art of transcranial magnetic stimulation. J ECT 18(4):170-181.
60. George MS, Nahas Z, Kozel A, Li Xingbao, Yamanaka K, Mishory A, Bohning DE. 2003. Mechanisms and the current state of transcranial magnetic stimulation. CNS Spectr 8(7):496-502, 511-514.
61. Gershon AA, Dannon PN, Grunhaus L. 2003. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry 160:835-845.
62. Greenberg BD, George MS, Martin JD, Benjamin J, Schlaepfer TE, Altemus M, Wassermann EM, Post RM, Murphy DL. 1997. Effect of prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A preliminary study. Am J Psychiatry 154(6):867-869.
63. Greenberg BD, Ziemann U, Cora-Locatelli G, Harmon A, Murphy DL, Keel JC, Wassermann EM. 2000a. Altered cortical excitability in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurology 11;54(l):142-147.
64. Greenberg BD, Murphy DL, Rasmussen SA. 2000b. Neuroanatomically based approaches to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurosurgery and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Psychiatr Clin North Am 23(3):671-686, xii.
65. Grisaru N, Chudakov B, Yaroslavsky Y, Belmaker RH. 1998a. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in mania: A controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 155(11):1608-1610.
66. Grisaru N, Amir M, Cohen H, Kaplan Z. 1998b. Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: A preliminary study. Biol Psychiatry 44(l):52-55.
67. Grisaru N, Bruno R, Pridmore S. 2001. Effect on the emotions of healthy individuals of slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied to the prefrontal cortex. J ECT 17(3):184-189.
68. Grunhaus L, Dannon PN, Schreiber S, Dolberg OH, Amiaz R, Ziv R, Lefkifker E. 2000. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is as effective as electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of nondelusional major depressive disorder: An open study. Biol Psychiatry 47(4):314-324.
69. Grunhaus L, Schreiber S, Dolberg OT, Polak D, Dannon PN. 2003. A randomized controlled comparison of electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in severe and resistant nonpsychotic major depression. Biol Psychiatry 53:324-331.
70. Hausmann A, Marksteiner J, Hinterhube H, Humpel C. 2001. Magnetic stimulation induces neuronal c-fos via tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels in organotypic cortex brain slices. Neurosci Lett 310:105-108.
71. Herwig U, Padberg F, Unger J, Spitzer M, Schonfeldt-Lecuona C. 2001a. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in therapy studies: Examination of the reliability of 'standard' coil positioning by neuronavigation. Biol Psychiatry 50(l):58-61.
72. Herwig U, Schonfeldt-Lecuona C, Wunderlich AP, von Tiesenhausen C, Thielscher A, Walter H, Spitzer M. 2001b. The navigation of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Psychiatry Res 108(2):123-131.
73. Herwig U, Lampe Y, Juengling FD, Wunderlich A, Walter H, Spitzer M, Schonfeldt-Lecuona C. 2003. Add-on rTMS for treatment of depression: a pilot study using stereotaxic coil-navigation according to PET-data. J Psychiatr Res 37(4):267-275.
74. Hoffman RE, Boutros NN, Hu S, Berman RM, Krystal JH, Charney DS. 2000. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Lancet 355(9209): 1073-1075.
75. Hoffman RE, Hawkins KA, Gueorguieva R, Boutros NN, Rachid F, Carroll K, Krystal JH. 2003. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of left temporoparietal cortex and medication-resistant auditory hallucinations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(l):49-56.
76. Hoflich G, Kasper S, Hufnagel A, Ruhrmann S, Moller H-J. 1993. Application of magnetic transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment of drug-resistant major depression: A report of two cases. Hum Psychopharmacol 8:361-365.
77. Holtzheimer PE, Russo J, Avery DH. 2001. A meta-analysis of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 35(4):149-169.
78. Holtzheimer PE 3rd, Russo J, Claypoole KH, Roy-Byrne P, Avery DH. 2004. Shorter duration of depressive episode may predict response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Depress Anxiety 19:24-30.
79. Hoppner J, Schulz M, Irmisch G, Mau R, Schlafke D, Richter J. 2003. Antidepressant efficacy of two different rTMS procedures. High frequency over left versus low frequency over right prefrontal cortex compared with sham stimulation. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 253(2):103-109.
80. Inoue T, Kitaichi Y, Koyama T 2003. Treatment strategy of refractory depression and its presynaptic mechanism of action [abstract]. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi 23 (l):11-20.
81. Iyer MB, Schleper N, Wassermann EM. 2003. Priming stimulation enhances the depressant effect of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurosci 26;23(34): 10867-10872.
82. Jalinous R. 1998. Guide to magnetic stimulation. The Magstim Company Ltd., UK. p 1-59.
83. Jalinous R. 2002. Principles of magnetic stimulator design. In: Pascual-Leone A, Davey NJ, Rothwell J, Wasserman EM, editors. Handbook of transcranial magnetic stimulation. London: Arnold. p 38.
84. Janicak PG, Dowd SM, Martis B, Alam D, Beedle D, Krasuski J, Strong MJ, Sharma R, Rosen C, Viana M. 2002. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: Preliminary results of a randomized trial. Biol Psychiatry 51(8):659-667.
85. Jenkins J, Shajahan PM, Lappin JM, Ebmeier KP. 2002. Right and left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation at 1 Hz does not affect mood in healthy volunteers. BMC Psychiatry 2(1):1.
86. Juckel G, Mendlin A, Jacobs BL. 1999. Electrical stimulation of rat medial prefrontal cortex enhances forebrain serotonin output: Implications for electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 21(3):391-398.
87. Kahkonen S, Wilenius J, Komssi S, Ilmoniemi RJ. 2004. Distinct differences in cortical reactivity of motor and prefrontal cortices to magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 115(3):583-588.
88. Kanno M, Matsumoto M, Togashi H, Yoshioka M, Mano Y. 2004a. Effects of acute repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on extracellular serotonin concentration in the rat prefrontal cortex. J Pharmacol Sci 93(4):451-457.
89. Kanno M, Matsumoto M, Togashi H, Yoshioka M, Mano Y 2004b. Effects of acute repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on dopamine release in the rat dorsolateral striatum. J Neurol Sci. 217(1):73-81.
90. Kaptsan A, Yaroslavsky Y, Applebaum J, Belmaker RH, Grisaru N. 2003. Right prefrontal TMS versus sham treatment of mania: a controlled study. Bipolar Disord 5(1):36-39.
91. Kauffmann CD, Cheema MA, Miller BE. 2004. Slow right prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation as a treatment for medication-resistant depression: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Depress Anxiety 19:59-62.
92. Ketter TA, Andreason PJ, George MS, Lee C, Gill DS, Parekh PI, Willis MW, Herscovitch P, Post RM. 1996. Anterior paralimbic mediation of procaine-induced emotional and psychosensory experiences. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53(1):59-69.
93. Kimbrell TA, Little JT, Dunn RT, Frye MA, Greenberg BD, Wassermann EM, Repella JD, Danielson AL, Willis MW, Benson BE, Speer AM, Osuch E, George MS, Post RM. 1999. Frequency dependence of antidepressant response to left prefrontal. repetitive trnascranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a function of baseline cerebral glucose metabolism. Biol Psychiatry 46:1603-1613.
94. Kimbrell TA, Ketter TA, George MS, Little JT, Benson BE, Willis MW, Herscovitch P, Post RM. 2002. Regional cerebral glucose utilization in patients with a range of severities of unipolar depression. Biol Psychiatry 51(3):237-252.
95. Klein E, Kreinin I, Chistyakov A, Koren D, Mecz L, Marmur S, Ben-Shachar D, Feinsod M. 1999. Therapeutic efficacy of right prefrontal slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression: A double-blind controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56(4):315-320.
96. Kole MH, Fuchs E, Ziemann U, Paulus W, Ebert U. 1999. Changes in 5-HT1A and NMDA binding sites by a single rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation procedure in rats. Brain Res 826(2):309-312.
97. Kosel M, Frick C, Lisanby SH, Fisch HU, Schlaepfer TE. 2003. Magnetic seizure therapy improves mood in refractory major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 28(11):2045-2048.
98. Kozel FA, Nahas Z, deBrux C, Molloy M, Lorberbaum JP, Bohning D, Risch SC, George MS. 2000. How coil-cortex distance relates to age, motor threshold, and antidepressant response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 12(3):376-384.
99. Kozel FA, George MS. 2002. Meta-analysis of left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to treat depression. J Psychiatr Pract 8:270-275.
100. Li DK, Odouli R, Wi S, Janevic T, Golditch I, Bracken TD, Senior R, Rankin R, Iriye R. 2002. A population-based prospective cohort study of personal exposure to magnetic fields during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. Epidemiology 13(1):9-20.
101. Lisanby SH, Belmaker RH. 2000. Animal models of the mechanisms of action of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (RTMS): Comparisons with electroconvulsive shock (ECS). Depress Anxiety 12:178-187.
102. Lisanby SH, Schlaepfer TE, Fisch HU, Sackeim HA. 2001. Magnetic seizure therapy of major depression. (Letter.). Arch Gen Psychiatry 58(3):303-305.
103. Lisanby SH. 2002. Update on magnetic seizure therapy: A novel form of convulsive therapy. J ECT 18(4):182-188.
104. Lisanby SH, Morales O, Payne N, Kwon E, Fitzsimons L, Luber B, Nobler MS, Sackeim HA. 2003. New developments in electroconvulsive therapy and magnetic seizure therapy. CNS Spectr 8(7):529-536.
105. Little JT, Kimbrell TA, Wassermann EM, Grafman J, Figueras S, Dunn RT, Danielson A, Repella J, Huggins T, George MS, Post RM. 2000. Cognitive effects of 1- and 20-hertz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression: Preliminary report. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 13(2):119-124.
106. Loo C, Mitchell P, Sachdev P, McDarmont B, Parker G, Gandevia S. 1999. Double-blind controlled investigation of transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of resistant major depression. Am J Psychiatry 156(6):946-948.
107. Loo CK, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC, McDarmont BN, Mitchell PB, Sachdev PS. 2000. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in controlled treatment studies: Are some "Sham" forms active? Biol Psychiatry 47:325-331.
108. Loo CK, Mitchell PB, Croker VM, Malhi GS, Wen W, Gandevia SC, Sachdev PS. 2003a. Double-blind controlled investigation of bilateral prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of resistant major depression. Psychol Med 33(1): 33-40.
109. Loo CK, Sachdev PS, Haindl W, Wen W, Mitchell PB, Croker VM, Malhi GS. 2003b. High (15 Hz) and low (1 Hz) frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation have different acute effects on regional cerebral blood flow in depressed patients. Psychol Med 33(6):997-1006.
110. Malenka RC, Nicoll RA. 1999. Long-term potentiation: A decade of progress? Science 285:1870-1874.
111. Manes F, Jorge R, Morcuende M, Yamada T, Paradiso S, Robinson RG. 2001. A controlled study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a treatment of depression in the elderly. Int Psychogeriatr 13(2):225-231.
112. Martin JLR, Barbanoj MJ, Schlaepfer TE, Clos S, Perez V, Kulisevsky J, Gironell A. 2003a. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating depression (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 2.
113. Martin JL, Barbanoj MJ, Perez V, Sacristan M. 2003b. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CDO03387. Review.
114. Martin JL, Barbanoj MJ, Schlaepfer TE, Thompson E, Perez V, Kulisevsky J. 2003c. Repetitive tranascranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of depression. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 182:480-491.
115. Martis B, Alam D, Dowd SM, Hill SK, Sharma RP, Rosen C, Pliskin N, Martin E, Carson V, Janicak PG. 2003. Neurocognitive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in severe major depression. Clin Neurophysiol 114(6):1125-1132.
116. Mayberg HS, Liotti M, Brannan SK, McGinnis S, Mahurin RK, Jerabek PA, Silva JA, Tekell JL, Martin CC, Lancaster JL, Fox PT. 1999. Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: Converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. Am J Psychiatry 156(5):675-682.
117. McCann UD, Kimbrell TA, Morgan CM, Anderson T, Geraci M, Benson BE, Wassermann EM, Willis MW, Post RM. 1998. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55(3):276-279.
118. McConnell KA, Nahas Z, Shastri A, Lorberbaum JP, Kozel FA, Bohning DE, George MS. 2001. The transcranial magnetic stimulation motor threshold depends on the distance from coil to underlying cortex: A replication in healthy adults comparing two methods of assessing the distance to cortex. Biol Psychiatry 49(5):454-459.
119. McNamara B, Ray JL, Arthurs OJ, Boniface S. 2001. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression and other psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med 31(7):1141-1146.
120. Menkes DL, Bodnar P, Ballesteros RA, Swenson MR. 1999. Right frontal lobe slow frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (SF r-TMS) is an effective treatment for depression: A case-control pilot study of safety and efficacy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 67:1113-1115.
121. Michael N, Erfurth A. 2004. Treatment of bipolar mania with right prefrontal rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Affect Disord 78(3):253-257.
122. Mitchel P. 2002. 15 Hz and 1 Hz TMS have different acute effects on cerebral blood flow in depressed patients [abstract]. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 5:S7.
123. Modugno N, Curra A, Conte A, Inghilleri M, Fofi L, Agostino R, Manfredi M, Berardelli A. 2003. Depressed intracortical inhibition after long trains of subthreshold repetitive magnetic stimuli at low frequency. Clin Neurophysiol 114(12):2416-2422.
124. Moser DJ, Jorge RE, Manes F, Paradiso S, Benjamin ML, Robinson RG. 2002. Improved executive functioning following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology 58:1288-1290.
125. Mosimann UP, Rihs TA, Engeler J, Fisch HU, Schlaepfer TE. 2000. Mood effects of repetitive transcranial stimulation (rTMS) of left prefrontal cortex in healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Res 94:251-256.
126. Mosimann UP, Marre SC, Werlen S, Schmitt W, Hess CW, Fisch HU, Schlaepfer TE. 2002. Antidepressant effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the elderly: Correlation between effect size and coil-cortex distance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59(6):560-561.
127. Mottaghy FM, Keller CE, Gangitano M, Ly J, Thall M, Parker JA, Pascual-Leone A. 2002. Correlation between cerebral blood flow and treatlment effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 115(1/2):1-14.
128. Nadeau SE, McCoy KJ, Crucian GP, Greer RA, Rossi F, Bowers D, Goodman WK, Heilman KM, Triggs WJ. 2002. Cerebral blood flow changes in depressed patients after treatment with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: Evidence of individual variability. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 15(3):159-175.
129. Nahas Z, DeBrux C, Chandler V, Lorberbaum JP, Speer AM, Molloy MA, Liberatos C, Risch SC, George MS. 2000. Lack of significant changes on magnetic resonance scans before and after 2 weeks of daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression. J ECT 16(4):380-390.
130. Nahas Z, Lomarev M, Roberts DR, Shastri A, Lorberbaum JP, Teneback C, McConnell K, Vincent DJ, Li X, George MS, Bohning DE. 2001a. Unilateral left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) produces intensity-dependent bilateral effects as measured by interleaved BOLD fMRI. Biol Psychiatry 50(9):712-720.
131. Nahas Z, Teneback CC, Kozel A, Speer AM, DeBrux C, Molloy M, Stallings L, Spicer KM, Arana G, Bohning DE, Risch SC, George MS. 2001b. Brain effects of TMS delivered over prefrontal cortex in depressed adults: role of stimulation frequency and coil-cortex distance. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 13(4):459-470.
132. Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Li X, Anderson B, George MS. 2003. Left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment of depression in bipolar affective disorder: A pilot study of acute safety and efficacy. Bipolar Disord 5(l):40-47.
133. Nedjat S, Folkerts HW. 1999. Induction of a reversible state of hypomania by rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left prefrontal cortex. J ECT 15:166-168.
134. Neggers SF, Langerak TR, Schutter DJ, Mandl RC, Ramsey NF, Lemmens PJ, Postma A. 2004. A stereotactic method for image-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation validated with fMRI and motor-evoked potentials. Neuroimage 21(4):1805-1817.
135. Nobler MS, Teneback CC, Nahas Z, Bohning DE, Shastri A, Kozel FA, George MS. 2000. Structural and functional neuroimaging of electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Depress Anxiety 12:144-156.
136. O'Connor M, Brenninkmeyer C, Morgan A, Bloomingdale K, Thall M, Vasile R, Leone AP. 2003. Relative effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy on mood and memory: A neurocognitive risk-benefit analysis. Cogn Behav Neurol 16(2):118-127.
137. Ogiue-Ikeda M, Kawato S, Ueno S. 2003. The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on long-term potentiation in rat hippocampus depends on stimulus intensity. Brain Res 993(1/2):222-226.
138. 11C] raclopride positron emission tomography study in anesthetized macaque monkeys. Biol Psychiatry 55:484-489.
139. Padberg F, Zwanzger P, Thoma H, Kathmann N, Haag C, Greenberg BD, Hampel H, Moller HJ. 1999. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in pharmacotherapy-refractory major depression: Comparative study of fast, slow and sham rTMS. Psychiatry Res 88(3):163-171.
140. Padberg F, Zwanzger P, Keck ME, Kathmann N, Mikhaiel P, Ella R, Rupprecht P, Thoma H, Hampel H, Toschi N, Moller HJ. 2002b. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression: relation between efficacy and stimulation intensity. Neuropsychopharmacology 27(4):638-645.
141. Padberg F, Möller H-J. 2003. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Does it have potential in the treatment of depression? CNS Drugs 17(6):383-403.
142. Pascual-Leone A, Valls-Sole J, Wassermann EM, Hallett M. 1994. Responses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Brain 117(Pt 4):847-858.
143. Pascual-Leone A, Catala MD, Pascual-Leona P. 1996. Lateralised effect of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex on mood. Neurology 46:499-502.
144. Pascual-Leone A, Grafman J, Cohen LG, Roth BJ, Hallett M. 1997. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: A new tool for the study of higher cognitive functions in humans. In: Boller F, Grafman J, editors. Handbook of neuropsychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. p 267-290.
145. Pascual-Leone A, Davey NJ, Rothwell J, Wassermann EM, Puri BK, editors. Handbook of transcranial magnetic stimulation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
146. Paus T, Castro-Alamancos MA, Petrides M. 2001. Corticocortical connectivity of the human mid-dorsolateral frontal cortex and its modulation by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 14(8):1405-1411.
147. Pridmore S, Filho JAF, Nahas Z, Liberatos C, George MS. 1998. Motor threshold in transcranial magnetic stimulation: A comparison of a neurophysiological and a visualization of movement method. J ECT 14:25-27.
148. Pridmore S. 1999. Rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation and normalization of the dexamethasone suppression test. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 53(1):33-37.
149. Pridmore S. 2000a. Substitution of rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation treatments for electroconvulsive therapy treatments in a course of electroconvulsive therapy. Depress Anxiety 12(3):118-123.
150. Pridmore S, Bruno R, Turnier-Shea Y, Reid P, Rybak M. 2000b. Comparison of unlimited numbers of rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and ECT treatment sessions in major depressive episode. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 3(2):129-134.
151. Pridmore S, Khan UA, Reid P, George MS. 2001. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression: An overview. German J Psychiatry 4:43-50.
152. Reid PD, Pridmore S. 1999. Dexamethasone suppresion test reversal in rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation-treated depression. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 33:274-277.
153. Robertson EM, Theoret H, Pascual-Leone A. 2003. Studies in cognition: The problems solved and created by transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Cogn Neurosci 15(7):948-960.
154. Rosenberg PB, Mehndiratta RB, Mehndiratta YP, Wamer A, Rose RB, Balish M. 2002. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 14(3):270-276.
155. Ruohonen J, Ilmoniemi RJ. 2002. Physical principles for transcranial magnetic stimulation. In: Pascual-Leone A, Davey NJ, Rothwell J, Wasserman EM, editors. Handbook of transcranial magnetic stimulation. London: Arnold. p 25.
156. Sachdev PS, McBride R, Loo CK, Mitchell PB, Malhi GS, Croker VM. 2001. Right versus left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A preliminary investigation. J Clin Psychiatry 62(12):981-984.
157. Sackeim HA. 1994. Magnetic stimulation therapy and ECT. Convuls Ther 10:255-258.
158. Sakkas P, Mihalopoulou P, Mourtzouhou P, Psarros C, Masdrakis V, Politis A, Christodoulou GN. 2003. Induction of mania by rTMS: Report of two cases. Eur Psychiatry 18(4):196-198.
159. Schlaepfer TE, Kosel M, Nemeroff CB. 2003. Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of affective disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:201-205.
160. Schule C, Zwanzger P, Baghai T, Mikhaiel P, Thoma H, Moller HJ, Rupprecht R, Padberg F. 2003. Effects of antidepressant pharmacotherapy after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression: An open follow-up study. J Psychiatr Res 37(2):145-153.
161. Shajahan PM, Glabus MF, Steele JD, Doris AB, Anderson K, Jenkins JA, Gooding PA, Ebmeier KP. 2002. Left dorso-lateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation affects cortical excitability and functional connectivity, but does not impair cognition in major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 26(5):945-954.
162. Speer AM, Kimbrell TA, Wassermann EM, D Repella J, Willis MW, Herscovitch P, Post RM. 2000. Opposite effects of high and low frequency rTMS on regional brain activity in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry (12):1133-1141.
163. Stanton OK, Sejnowsky TJ. 1989. Associative long-term depression in the hippocampus induced by hebbian covariance. Nature 339:215-218.
164. Strafella AP, Paus T, Barrett J, Dagher A. 2001. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human prefrontal cortex induces dopamine release in the caudate nucleus. J Neurosci 21(15):RC157.
165. Strafella AP, Paus T, Fraraccio M, Dagher A. 2003. Striatal dopamine release induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Brain 126(Pt 12):2609-2616.
166. Szuba MP, Rai A, Kastenberg J, et al. 1999. Rapid mood and endocrine effects of TMS in major depression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. Washington: American Psychiatric Press. p 201.
167. Szuba MP, O'Reardon JP, Dwight LE. 2000. Physiological effects of electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression. Depress Anxiety 12:170-177.
168. Szuba MP, O'Reardon JP, Rai AS, Snyder-Kastenberg J, Amsterdam JD, Gettes DR, Wassermann E, Evans DL. 2001. Acute mood and thyroid stimulating hormone effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 50(1):22-27.
169. Teneback CC, Nahas Z, Speer AM, Molloy M, Stallings LE, Spicer KM, Risch SC, George MS. 1999. Changes in prefrontal cortex and paralimbic activity in depression following two weeks of daily left prefrontal TMS. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 11(4):426-435.
170. Tormos JM, Catala MD, Pascual-Leone A. 1999. Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Rev Neurol 29(2):165-171 [Spanish].
171. Tsutsumi T, Fujiki M, Akiyoshi J, Horinouchi Y, Isogawa K, Hori S, Nagayama H. 2002. Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on forced swimming test. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 26(1):107-111.
172. Verkasalo PK, Pukkala E, Kaprio J, Heikkila KV, Koskenvuo M. 1996. Magnetic fields of high voltage power lines and risk of cancer in Finnish adults: Nationwide cohort study. Br Med J 313(7064):1047-1051.
173. Wagner T, Gangitano M, Romero R, Theoret H, Kobayashi M, Anschel D, Ives J, Cuffin N, Schomer D, Pascual-Leone A. 2004. Intracranial measurement of current densities induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in the human brain. Neurosci Lett 354(2):91-94.
174. Wassermann EM. 1998. Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: Report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5-7, 1996. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 108(1):1-16.
175. Wassermann EM. 2000. Side effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Depress Anxiety 12:124-129.
176. Weissman JD, Epstein CM, Davey KR. 1992. Magnetic brain stimulation and brain size: relevance to animal studies. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 85(3):215-219.
177. Wu T, Sommer M, Tengau F, Paulus W. 2000. Lasting influence of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on intracortical excitability in human subjects. Neurosci Lett 287:37-40.
178. Zangen A, Hyodo K. 2002. TMS induces increases in extracellular levels of dopamine and glutamate in the nucleus accumbens. Neuroreport 13(18):2401-2405.
179. Ziemann U, Paulus W, Rothenberger A. 1997. Decreased motor inhibition in Tourette's disorder: evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation. Am J Psychiatry 154(9):1277-1284.
180. Ziemann U, Hallet M. 2000. Basic neurophysiological studies with TMS. In: George MS, Belmaker RH, editors. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neuropsychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. p 45-98.
181. Zwanzger P, Ella R, Keck ME, Rupprecht R, Padberg F. 2002. Occurrence of delusions during repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 51:602-603.
182. Zwanzger P, Baghai TC, Padberg F, Ella R, Minov C, Mikhaiel P, Schüle C, Thoma H, Rupprecht R. 2003. The combined dexamethasone-CRH test before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 28(3):376-385.