The A2 milk case: A critical review

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 59, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 623-631

  Truswell, A S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

A1 A2 variants of casein in cow milk; Coronary heart disease; Type 1 diabetes

Indexed keywords

BETA CASEIN; BETA CASOMORPHINE 7; CHOLESTEROL; NEUROPEPTIDE; PANCREAS ISLET CELL ANTIBODY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTIFICIAL MILK; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AUTOIMMUNITY; BREAST FEEDING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CORONARY RISK; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DIABETOGENESIS; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE MODEL; ENZYME INHIBITION; FOOD COMPOSITION; GENETIC RISK; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HLA TYPING; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INCIDENCE; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MILK; MORTALITY; MOUSE STRAIN; NONHUMAN; PATENT; PROTEIN INTAKE; PROTEIN POLYMORPHISM; RAT STRAIN; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; STROKE;

ANIMALS; CASEINS; CAUSALITY; CORONARY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; ENDORPHINS; HUMANS; MILK; PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS; RATS;

ANIMALIA; RODENTIA;

EID: 19144367833     PISSN: 09543007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602104     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Abbott RD, Curb JD, Rodriguez BL, Sharp DS, Burchfiel CM & Yano K (1990): Effect of dietary calcium and milk consumption on risk of thromboembolic stroke in older middle-aged men: the Honolulu heart program. Stroke 27, 813-818.
2. Altman DG (1991): Practical Statistics for Medical Research, p 298. London: Chapman & Hall.
3. Armstrong B & Doll R (1975): Environmental factors and cancer incidence in different countries with special reference to dietary practices. Int. J. Cancer 15, 617-631.
4. Beaglehole R & Jackson R (2003): Balancing research for new risk factors and action for the prevention of chronic diseases. NZ Med. J. 116, 291-292.
5. Beales PE, Elliott RB, Flohé S, Hill JP, Kolb H, Pozzilli P, Wang GS, Wasmuth H & Scott FW (2000): A multi-centre, blinded international trial of the effect of A1 and A2 β-casein variants on diabetes incidence in two rodent models of spontaneous Type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 45, 1240-1246.
6. Borch-Johnsen K, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Zachau-Christiansen B, Joner G, Christy M, Kasrup K & Nerup J (1984): Relation between breast-feeding and incidence rates of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A hypothesis. Lancet 2, 1083-1086.
7. Bostick RM, Kushi LH, Wu Y, Meyer KA, Sellers TA & Folsom AR (1999): Relation of calcium, vitamin D and dairy food intake to ischaemic heart disease mortality among postmenopausal women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 149, 151-161.
8. Coleman DL, Kazuva JE & Leiter EH (1990): Effect of diet on incidence of diabetes in non obese diabetic mice. Diabetes 39, 432-436.
9. Committee of Medical Aspects of Food & Nutrition Policy (1998): Nutritional aspects of the development of cancer. Report of the Working Group on Diet and Cancer of the Committee of Medical Aspects of Food & Nutrition Policy. London: The Stationery Office.
10. Couzin J (2003): Diabetes' brave new world. Science 300, 1862-1865.
11. Crawford RA, Boland MJ & Hill JP (2003): Changes over time in the associations between deaths due to ischaemic heart disease and some main food types. Austral. J. Dairy Technol. 58, 183.
12. Elliott RB (1992): Epidemiology of diabetes in Polynesia & New Zealand: In Epidemiology and Etiology of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes in the Young, eds Levy-Marchal C & Czernichow P, Vol 21, pp 66-71. Basel: Karger.
13. Elliott RB, Harris DP, Hill JP, Bibby NJ & Wasmuth HE (1999): Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and cow milk: casein variant consumption. Diabetologia 42, 292-296.
14. Elliott RB, Wasmuth HE, Bibby NJ & Hill JP (1997): The role of β-casein variants in the induction of insulin-dependent diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse and humans. In Seminar on Milk Protein Polymorphism. IDF Special Issue no. 9702, pp 445-453. Brussels: International Dairy Federation.
15. Elwood PC, Yarnell JWG & Burr ML (1991): Epidemiological studies of cardiovascular disease: progress report VII. Cardiff. MRC Epidemiology Unit.
16. FAO/WHO Expert Consultation (1998): Carbohydrates in human nutrition. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, FAO Food & Nutrition Paper 66. Rome: Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN.
17. Gerstein HC (1994): Cow's milk exposure and type 1 diabetes mellitus. A critical review of the clinical literature. Diabetes Care 17, 13-19.
18. Goldberg JP, Folta C & Must A (2002): Milk: can a 'good' food be so bad? Pediatrics 110, 826-832.
19. Grundy SM & Abrams J (1983): Comparison of actions of soy protein and casein on metabolism of plasma lipoproteins and humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 38, 245-252.
20. Hartwig A, Teschemacher H, Lehmann W, Gauly M & Erhardt G (1997): Influence of genetic polymorphisms in bovine milk on the occurrence of bioactive peptides. In Milk Protein Polymorphism, pp 459-460. Brussels: International Dairy Federation.
21. Hill JP, Boland M, Crawford RA & Norris CS (2003): Changes in milk consumption are not responsible for increase in the incidence of type-1 diabetes or decrease in the incidence of deaths due to ischaemic heart disease. Austral. J. Dairy Technol. 58, 188.
22. Hill JP, Crawford RA & Boland MJ (2002): Milk and consumers health: a review of the evidence for a relationship between the consumption of beta casein A1 with heart disease and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Proc. NZ Soc. Animal Production 62, 111-114.
23. Howard AN & Marks J (1977): Hypocholesterolaemic effect of milk. Lancet ii, 255.
24. Howard AN & Marks J (1979): Effect of milk products on serum cholesterol. Lancet ii, 957.
25. Howard AN & Marks J (1982): The lack of evidence for a hypocholesterolaemic factor in milk. Atherosclerosis 45, 243-247.
26. Hussi E, Miettinen TA, Ollus A, Kostiainen E, Ehnholm C, Haglund B, Huttunen JK & Manninen V (1981): Lack of serum cholesterol-lowering effect of skimmed milk and butter milk under controlled conditions. Atherosclerosis 39, 267-272.
27. Jones M, Swerdlow AJ, Gill LE & Goldacre MJ (1998): Pre-natal and early life risk factors for childhood onset diabetes mellitus: a record linkage study. J. Epidemiol. 27, 444-449.
28. Keys A (1971): Sucrose in the diet and coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 14, 193-202.
29. Keys A (1973): Letter to the editors. Atherosclerosis 18, 352.
30. Kimpimaki T, Erkkola M, Korhonen S, Kupila A, Vertanen SM, Ilonen J. Simell O & Knip M (2001): Short-term exclusive breast-feeding predisposes young children with increased genetic risk of Type 1 diabetes to progressive beta-cell autoimmunity. Diabetologia 44, 63-69.
31. Laugesen M & Elliott R (2003): Ischaemic heart disease, Type 1 diabetes, and cow milk A1 β-casein. NZ Med. J. 116, 295-313.
32. Malkani S, Nomplegi D, Hanse JW, Greiner DL, Mordes JP & Rossini AA (1997): Dietary cows milk protein does not alter the frequency of diabetes in he BB rat. Diabetes 46, 1133-1140.
33. Mann GV (1977): A factor in yoghurt which lowers cholesteremia in man. Atherosclerosis 26, 335.
34. Mann JI, Appelby PN, Key TJA & Thorogood M (1997): Dietary determinants of ischaemic heart disease in health conscious individuals. Heart 78, 450-455.
35. Mann J & Skeaff M (2003): Editorial: β-casein variants and atherosclerosis - claims are premature. Atherosclerosis 170, 11-12.
36. Mayer EJ, Hamman RF, Gay EC, Lezotte DC, Savitz DA & Kingen-smith GJ (1988): Reduced risk of IDDM among breast-fed children. Diabetes 37, 1625-1632.
37. McLachlan CNS (1996a): New Zealand patent application 306584.
38. McLachlan CNS (1996b): WTO patent application 96/35239.
39. 1, ischaemic heart disease mortality, and other illnesses. Med. Hypotheses 56, 262-272.
40. Meisel H (2001): Bioactive peptides from milk proteins: a perspective for consumers and producers. Austral. J. Dairy Technol. 56, 83-92.
41. Muntoni S & Muntoni S (1999): New insights into the epidemiology of Type 1 diabetes in Mediterranean countries. Diabetes/Metab. Res. Rev. 15, 133-140.
42. Ness AR, Davey Smith G & Hart C (2002): Milk, coronary heart disease and mortality. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 55, 379-383.
43. New Zealand patent application 295774 (1994): Method of selecting non-diabetogenic milk or milk products and milk or milk products so selected. Filed by New Zealand Dairy Board and the NZ Child Health Research Foundation.
44. New Zealand patent application 314285 (1998): 'Immune response diagnostic test' filed in 1998 by NZ Dairy Board & Child Health Research Foundation.
45. Ng-Kwi-Hang KF & Grosclaude F (1992): Advanced Dairy Chemistry, Vol 1 Proteins, pp 405-455. London: Elsevier.
46. Norris JM, Klingensmith G, Yu L, Hoffman M, Chase HP, Erlich HA, Hamman RF, Eisenbarth GS & Rewers M (1996): Lack of association between early exposure to cow's milk protein and β-cell autoimmunity. Diabetes autoimmunity study in the young (DAISY). J. Am. Med. Assoc. 276, 609-614.
47. Norris JM & Scott FW (1996): A meta-analysis of infant diet and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: do biases play a role? Epidemiology 7, 87-92.
48. Paxson JA, Weber JG & Kulczycki A (1997): Cow's milk-free diet does not prevent diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes 46, 1711-1717.
49. Powers AS (2001): Diabetes mellitus. In Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, eds Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL & Jameson JL, 15th Edition, pp 2112-2114. New York: McGraw Hill.
50. Reijonen H, Ilonen J, Knip M & Åkerblom HK (1991): HLA-DQB1 alleles and absence of Asp 57 as susceptibility factors of IDDM in Finland. Diabetes 40, 1640-1644.
51. Roberts DCK, Truswell AS, Sullivan DR, Gorrie J, Darnton Hill I, Norton H, Thomas MA & Allen JK (1982): Milk, plasma cholesterol and controls in nutritional experiments. Atherosclerosis 42, 323-325.
52. Sacks FM, Breslow JL, Wood PG & Kass EH (1983): Lack of an effect of dairy protein (casein) and soy protein on plasma cholesterol of strict vegetarians. An experiment and a critical review. J. Lipid Res. 24, 1012-1020.
53. Scott FW (1990): Cow milk and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: is there a relationship? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51, 489-491.
54. Scott F (1995): AAP recommendations on cow milk, soy and early infant feeding. Pediatrics 96, 515-517.
55. Scott FW (1996): Food-induced type1 diabetes in the BB rat. Diabetes/Metab. Rev. 12, 341-359.
56. Shaper AG, Wannamethee G & Walker M (1991): Milk, butter and heart disease. BMJ 302, 785-786.
57. Snowdon DA, Phillips RL & Fraser GE (1984): Meat consumption and fatal ischaemic heart disease. Prevent. Med. 13, 490-500.
58. Stahelin HB, Eichholzer M & Gey KF (1992): Nutritional factors correlating with cardiovascular disease: results of the Basel study. Biblioteca Nutritio Dieta 49, 24-35.
59. Tailford KA, Berry CL, Thomas AC & Campbell JH (2003): A casein variant in cows milk is atherogenic. Atherosclerosis 170, 13-19.
60. Teschemacher H, Umbach M, Hamel U, Praetorius K, Ahert-Hilder G, Brantl V, Lottspeich F & Henschen A (1986): No evidence for the presence of β-casomorphins in human plasma after ingestion of cow's milk or milk products. J. Dairy Res. 53, 135-138.
61. Truswell AS (2002): Meat consumption and cancer of the large bowel. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 56 (Suppl 1), S19-S24.
62. van Raaij JMA, Katan MB & Hautvast JGAJ (1979): Casein, soya protein, serum cholesterol. Lancet ii, 958.
63. van Raaij JMA, Katan MB, Hautvast JGAJ & Hermus RJJ (1981): Effects of casein versus soy protein diets on serum cholesterol and lipoproteins in young healthy volunteers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34, 1261-1271.
64. van Raaij JMA, Katan MB, West CE & Hautvast JGAJ (1982): Influence of diets containing casein, soy isolate, and soy concentrate on serum cholesterol and lipoproteins in middle-aged volunteers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 35, 925-934.
65. Virtanen SM, Räsänen L, Aro A, Lindstrom J, Sipppola H, Lounama R, Toivanen L, Tuomilehto J & Åkerblom HK (1991): Infant feeding in children <7 years of age with newly diagnosed IDDM. Diabetes Care 14, 415-417.
66. Virtanen SM, Läärä E, Hyppönen E, Reijonen H, Räsänen L, Aro A, Knip M, Ilonen J & Åkerblom HK (2000): Cows milk consumption, HLA-DQBI genotype, and type 1 diabetes. A nested case-control study of siblings of children with diabetes. Diabetes 49, 912-917.
67. WHO/FAO Consultation (2003): Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of chronic diseases. Report of a joint WHO/FAO Consultation, WHO Technical Report Series 916. Geneva: Word Health Organization.
68. Willett W (1990): Nutritional Epidemiology, pp 8-9. New York: Oxford University Press.
69. World Cancer Research Fund (1997): Total fat and breast cancer. In Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective, pp 261-267. Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research.
70. Yudkin J (1964): Diet and coronary thrombosis. Hypothesis and fact. Lancet ii, 155-162.