Clinical profile of HIV in India

Indian Journal of Medical Research

Volumn 121, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 377-394

  Kumarasamy, N ^a   Vallabhaneni, Snigdha ^b   Flanigan, Timothy P ^b   Mayer, Kenneth H ^b   Solomon, Suniti ^a  

^a YRG CENTRE FOR AIDS RESEARCH AND EDUCATION   (India)

^b BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

AIDS; Antiretroviral therapy; Developing countries; Generic; HAART; HIV; India; Natural history; OIs; Opportunistic infections; Tuberculosis

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; BACTERIAL VACCINE; COTRIMOXAZOLE; EFAVIRENZ; ISONIAZID; NEVIRAPINE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; STAVUDINE;

ABDOMINAL MASS; ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DEMENTIA; DIARRHEA; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG COST; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; ESOPHAGITIS; EYE DISEASE; FEVER; FUNGAL MENINGITIS; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEPATITIS; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME; INDIA; INDIVIDUALIZATION; LEUKOPLAKIA; LIPODYSTROPHY; LUNG TUBERCULOSIS; MOUTH ULCER; NAUSEA; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PERIODONTAL DISEASE; PIGMENT DISORDER; PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI; PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; PRURITUS; RETINITIS; REVIEW; SKIN CANCER; SKIN INFECTION; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; STROKE; SURVIVAL TIME; THRUSH; VASCULITIS;

AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; CHILD; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INDIA;

EID: 18844389478     PISSN: 09715916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Haynes BF, Pantaleo G, Fauci AS. Towards an understanding of the correlates of protective immunity to HIV infection. Science 1996; 271 : 324-8.
2. Pantaleo G, Fauci AS. Immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. Annu Rev Microbiol 1996; 50 : 825-54.
3. Fauci AS, Pantaleo G, Stanley S, Weissman D. Immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV infection. Annal Int Med 1996; 93 : 4386-91.
4. Kumarasamy N, Solomon S, Flanigan TP, Hemalatha R, Thyagarajan SP, Mayer KH. Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus disease in southern India. Clin Inf Dis 2003; 36 : 79-85.
5. Hira SK, Shroff HJ, Lanjewar DN, Dholkia YN, Bhatia VP, Dupont HL. The natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection among adults in Mumbai. Natl Med J India 2003; 16:126-31.
6. Mocroft A, Johnson MA, Philips AN. Factors affecting survival in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AIDS 1996; 10 : 1057-65.
7. Petruckevitch A, Del Amo J, Phillips AN, Johnson AM, Stephenson J, Desmond N, et al. Disease progression and survival following specific AIDS-defining conditions: a retrospective cohort study of 2048 HIV-infected persons in London. AIDS 1998; 12 : 1007-13.
8. Friedland GH, Saltzman B, Vileno J, Freeman K, Schrager LK, Klein RS. Survival differences in patients with AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991; 4:144-53.
9. d'Arminio Monfote A, Vago L, Lazarin A, Boldorini R, Bini T, Guzzetti S, et al. AIDS defining illnesses in 250 HIV-infected patients : a comparitiye study of clinical autopsy diagnosis. AIDS 1992; 6 : 467-74.
10. Mohar A, Romo J, Salido F, Jessurun J, Ponce de Leon S, Reyes E, et al. The spectrum of clinical and pathological manifestations of AIDS in consecutive series of autopsied patients in Mexico. AIDS 1992; 6 : 467-73.
11. Mirdha BR. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in stool in HIV-seropositive man. Indian J Gastroenterol 2003; 22 : 25.
12. Kumarasamy N, Solomon S, Yesudian P, Sugumar P. First report of Kaposi's sarcoma in an AIDS patient from Madras, India. Indian J Dermatol 1996; 41 : 23 -5.
13. Lanjewar DN, Bhosale A, Iyer A. Spectrum of dermatopathologic lesions associated with HIV/AIDS in India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2002; 45 : 293-8.
14. Shroff HJ, Dashatwar DR, Deshpande RP, Waigmann HR. AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma in an Indian female. J Assoc Physicians India. 1993; 41:241-2.
15. Singh A, Bairy I, Shivananda PG. Spectrum of opportunistic infections in AIDS cases. Indian J Med Sci 2003; 57 : 16-21.
16. Misra SN, Sengupta D, Satpathy SK. AIDS in India: recent trends in opportunistic infections. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1998; 29 : 373-6.
17. Solomon S, Kumarasamy N, Anuradha S, Vennila R, Pal JA. TB and HIV infection - an association. Indian J Med Microbiol 1994; 12 : 313-4.
18. Ghate MV, Mehendale SM, Mahajan BA, Yadav R, Brahme RG, Divekar AD, et al. Relationship between clinical condition and CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected persons, Pune, Maharashtra, India. Natl Med J India 2000; 13 : 183-7.
19. Dye C, Scheele S, Dolin P, Pathania V, Raviglione MC. Consensus statement. Global burden of tuberculosis: estimated incidence, prevalence, and mortality by country. WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project. JAMA 1999; 282 : 677-86.
20. Prasad R, Saini JK, Gupta R, Kannaujia RK, Sarin S, Suryakant, et al. A comparative study of clinico-radiological spectrum of tuberculosis among HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative patients. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2004; 46 : 99-103.
21. Ramachandran R, Datta M, Subramani R, Baskaran G, Paramasivan CN, Swaminathan S. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among tuberculosis patients in Tamil Nadu. Indian J Med Res 2003; 118 : 147-51.
22. Gothi D, Joshi JM. Clinical and laboratory observations of TB in a Mumbai (India) Clinic. Post Grad Med J 2004; 80 : 97-100.
23. Sharma SK, Aggarwal G, Seth P, Saha PK. Increasing HIV seropositivity among adult tuberculosis patients in Delhi. Indian J Med Res 2003; 117 : 239-42.
24. Deivanayagam CN, Rajasekaran S, Venkatesan R, Mahilmaran A, Ahmed PR, Annadurai S, et al. Prevalence of acquired MDR-TB and HIV co-infection. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2002; 44 : 237-42.
25. Ravilglione M, Harries A, Msika R, Wilkinson D, Nunn P. Tuberculosis and HIV current status in Africa. AIDS 1997; 11 (Suppl B) : S115-23.
26. Vajpayee M, Kanswal S, Seth P, Wig N, Pandey RM. Tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected Indian patients. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2004; 18 : 209-13.
27. Kumar P, Sharma N, Sharma NC, Patnaik S. Clinical profile of tuberculosis in patients with HIV Infection/AIDS. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2002; 44 : 159-63.
28. Lanjewar DN, Duggal R. Pulmonary pathology in patients with AIDS: an autopsy study from Mumbai. HIV Med 2001; 2 : 266-71.
29. Vajpayee M, Kanswal S, Seth P, Wig N. Spectrum of opportunistic infections and profiles of CD4 cell counts among AIDS patients in Northern India. Infection 2003; 31 : 336-40.
30. Rupali P, Abraham OC, Zachariah A, Subramanian S, Mathai D. Aetiology of prolonged fever in antiretroviral-naive human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Natl Med J India 2003; 16 : 193-9.
31. Hira SK, Dupont HL, Lanjewar DN, Dholakia YN. Severe weight loss: the predominant clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection in India. Natl Med J India 1998; 11 : 256-8.
32. Kumarasamy N, Solomon S, Purnima M, Tokhuga Yepthomi, C. Venkatesan, R. Edwin Amalraj, et al. High plasma viral load in persons co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis in south India. 9th International Congress on Infectious Diseases; 2000 April, 10- 13; Buenos Aires, Argentina (abstr).
33. Shelburne SA, Hamill RJ, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Greenberg SB, Atmar RL, Musher DW, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: emergence of a unique syndrome during highly active antiretroviral therapy. Medicine 2002; 81 : 213-27.
34. Kumarasamy N, Chaguturu S, Mayer KH, Solomon S, Yepthomi T, Balakrihnan P, et al. Incidence of immune reconstitution syndrome in HIV-TB co-infected patients after initiation of generic HAART in India. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 2004; 37 : 1574-6.
35. World Health Organization. Scaling up anti-retroviral therapy in resource limited settings: treatment guidelines for a public health approach. 2003 Geneva.
36. Whalen CC, Horsburgh CR, Hom D, Lahart C, Simberkoff M, Ellner J. Accelerated course of HIV infection after tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151 : 129-35.
37. Bell JC, Rose DN, Sacks HS. Tuberculosis preventive therapy for HIV-infected people in sub-Saharan Africa is cost-effective. AIDS. 1999; 13 :1549-56.
38. Sengupta D, Lal S, Shrinivas. Opportunistic infection in AIDS. J Indian Med Assoc 1994; 92 : 24-6.
39. Shenoy R, Kapadi SN, Pai KP, Kini H, Mallya S, Khadilkar UN, et al. Fine needle aspiration diagnosis in HIV-related lymphadenopathy in Mangalore, India. Acta Cytol 2002; 46 : 35-9.
40. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and Expanded Surveillance Case Definition for AIDS Among Adolescents and Adults. MMWR 1993; 41 RR-17: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00018871.htm. accessed on October 4, 2004.
41. Jones JL, Hanson DL, Dworkin MS, Alderton DL, Fleming PL, Kaplan JE, Ward J. Surveillance for AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses, 1992-1997. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1999; 48 :1-22.
42. Deshmukh SD, Ghaisas MV, Rane SR, Bapat VM. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and its association with other opportunistic infections in AIDS - an autopsy report of five cases. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2003; 46 : 207-11.
43. Arora VK, Tumbanatham A, Kumar SV, Ratnakar C. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia simulating as pulmonary tuberculosis in AIDS. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 1996; 38 : 253-7.
44. Usha MM, Rajendran P, Thyagarajan SP, Solomon S, Kumarasamy N, Yepthomi T, et al. Identification of Pneumocystis carinii in induced sputum in AIDS patients in Chennai (Madras). Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2000; 43 : 291-6.
45. Pitchenik AE, Ganjei P, Torres A, Evans DA, Rubin E, Baiser H. Sputum examination for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respire Dis 1986; 133 : 226-9.
46. Dworkin MS, Williamson F, Jones JL, Kaplan JE; Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Project. Prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for HIV-infected patients: impact on risk for infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33 : 393-8.
47. National Institutes of Health. 2001 USPHS/IDSA Guidelines for the Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in Persons Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA): http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/op_infections/ 0I_112801.html#pneumonia. accessed on October 25, 2004.
48. UNAIDS. WHO/UNAIDS Secretariat Recommendations on the Use of Cotrimaxazole in Adults and Children living with HIV/AIDS in Africa: http://www.unaids.org/html/pub/publications/irc-pub04 /recommendation_en_pdf.pdf. accessed on October 25, 2004.
49. Bansal S, Kashyap S, Pal LS, Goel A. Clinical and bacteriological profile of community acquired pneumonia in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2004; 46 : 17-22.
50. Feikin DR, Feldman C, Schuchat A, Janoff EN. Global strategies to prevent bacterial pneumonia in adults with HIV disease. Lancet Infect Dis 2004; 4 : 445-55.
51. Ranjana KH, Priyokumar K, Singh TJ, Gupta ChC, Sharmila L, Singh PN, et al. Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection among HIV-infected patients in Manipur state, India. J Infect 2002; 45 : 268-71.
52. Ranganathan K, Reddy BVR, Kumarasamy N, Solomon S, Viswanathan R, Johnson NW. Oral lesions and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in 300 south Indian patients. Oral Dis 2000; 6 : 152-7.
53. Anil S, Chalacombe SJ. Oral Lesion in HIV and AIDS in Asia. Oral Dis 1997; 3 (Suppl 1): 36-40.
54. Holmes K, Stephen LXG. Oral lesions of HIV infections in developing countries. Oral Dis 2002; 8 (Suppl 2) : 40-3.
55. Robinson PG. Treatment of HIV associated periodontal disease. Oral Dis 1997; 3 (Suppl 1) : S238-40.
56. Patton LL. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of oral opportunistic infections in adults with HIV/AIDS as markers of immune suppression and viral burden. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000; 90 : 182-8.
57. Cowan FM, French RS, Mayaud P, Gopal R, Robinson NJ, de Oliveira SA, et al. Seroepidemiological study of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in Brazil, Estonia, India, Morocco, and Sri Lanka. Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79 : 286-90.
58. Singh A, Thappa DM, Hamide A. The spectrum of mucocutaneous manifestations during the evolutionary phases of HIV disease: an emerging Indian scenario. J Dermatol 1999; 26 : 294-304.
59. Woo S-B, Sonis ST. Recurrent aphthous ulcers: a review of diagnosis and treatment. J Am Dent Assoc 1996; 127 : 1202-13.
60. Coldiron BM, Bergstresser PR. Prevalence and clinical spectrum of skin disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Dermatol 1989; 125 : 357-61.
61. Panda S, Sarkar S, Mandal BK, Singh TB, Singh KL, Mitra DK, et al. Epidemic of herpes zoster following HIV epidemic in Manipur, India. J Infect 1994; 28 : 167-73.
62. Reynolds SJ, Risbud AR, Shepherd ME. Recent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection and the risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 acquisition in India. J Infect Dis 2003; 187 : 1513-21.
63. Chatterjee R, Mukhopadhyay D, Murmu N, Jana S. Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection among prostitutes in Calcutta. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2001; 20 : 113-7.
64. Singh PN, Ranjana K, Singh YI, Singh KP, Sharma SS, Kulachandra M, et al. Indigenous disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in the state of Manipur, India: report of four autochthonous cases. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37 : 2699-702.
65. N. Kumarasamy, Solomon S, Madhivanan P, Ravikumar B, Thyagarajan SP, Yesudian P. Dermatologic manifestations among human immunodeficiency virus patients in south India. Int Journal of Dermatol 2000; 39 : 192-5.
66. Trent J, Kirsner, R. Cutaneous manifestations of HIV: a primer. Adv Skin Wound Care 2004; 17 : 116-29.
67. Bason MM, Berger TG, Nesbitt Jr LT. Pruritic papular eruption of HIV-disease. Int J Dermatol 1993; 32 : 784-9.
68. Kumarasamy N, Lai A, Cecelia AJ, Saghayam S, Solomon S, Flanigan TP, et al. Toxicities and adverse events following Generic HAART in South Indian HIV-infected individuals. 7th International Congress on Drug Therapy and HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK, Nov 14-18, 2004. Abstract no. P189.
69. Ablashi D, Chatlynne L, Cooper H, Thomas D, Yadav M, Norhanom AW, et al. Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) in countries of Southeast Asia compared to the USA, the Caribbean and Africa. Br J Cancer 1999; 81 : 893-7.
70. Wadia RS, Pujari SN, Kothari S, Udhar M, Kulkarni S, Bhagat S, Nanivadekar A. Neurological manifestations of HIV disease. J Assoc Physicians India 2001; 49 : 343-8.
71. Satishchandra P, Nalini A, Gourie-Devi M, Khanna N, Santosh V, Ravi V, et al. Profile of neurologic disorders associated with HIV/AIDS from Bangalore, south India (1989-96). Indian J Med Res 2000; 111 : 14-23.
72. Santosh V, Shankar SK, Das S, Pal L, Ravi V, Desai A, et al. Pathological lesions in HIV positive patients. Indian J Med Res 1995; 101 : 134-41.
73. Aquinas SR, Tarey SD, Ravindran GD, Nagamani D, Ross C. Cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS - need for early diagnosis. J Assoc Physicians India 1996; 44 : 178-80.
74. Khanna N, Chandramuki A, Desai A, Ravi V. Cryptococcal infections of the central nervous system: an analysis of predisposing factors, laboratory findings and outcome in patients from South India with special reference to HIV infection. J Med Microbiol 1996; 45 : 376-9.
75. Mamidi A, DeSimone JQ, Pomerantz RJ. Central nervous system infections in individuals with HIV-1 infection. J Neurovirol 2002; 8 : 158-67.
76. Lanjewar DN, Jain PP, Shetty CR. Profile of central nervous system pathology in patients with AIDS: an autopsy study from India. AIDS 1998; 12 : 309-13.
77. Chadha DS, Handa A, Sharma SK, Varadarajulu P, Singh AP. Seizures in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Assoc Physicians India 2000; 48 : 573-6.
78. Garg RK, Kar AM. Neurocysticercosis: Diagnosis and treatment in special situations. In: Singh G, Prabhakar S, editor. Taenia solium cysticercosis. Wallingford, CABI Publishing; 2002 p. 281-7.
79. Mathew MJ, Chandy MJ. Central nervous system toxoplasmosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: An emerging disease in India. Neurol India 1999; 47 : 182-7.
80. Meisheri YV, Mehta S, Patel U. A prospective study of seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in general population, and in HIV/AIDS patients in Mumbai, India. J Postgrad Med 1997; 43 : 93-7.
81. Katrak SM, Shembalkar PK, Bijwe SR, Bhandarkar LD. The clinical, radiological and pathological profile of tuberculous meningitis in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Neurol Sci 2000; 181 : 118-26.
82. Shankar SK, Satishchandra P, Mahadevan A, Yasha TC, Nagaraja D, Taly AB, et al. Low prevalence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in India and Africa: is there a biological explanation? J Neurovirol 2003; 9 (Suppl 1) : 59-67.
83. Maschke M, Kastrup O, Esser S, Ross B, Hengge U, Hufnagel A. Incidence and prevalence of neurological disorders associated with HIV since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 69 : 376-80.
84. Garg RK. HIV infection and seizures. Postgrad Med J 1999; 175 : 387-90.
85. Kothari K, Goyal S. Clinical profile of AIDS. J Assoc Physicians India 2001; 49 : 435-8.
86. Chandra PS, Ravi V, Desai A, Subbakrishna DK. Anxiety and depression among HIV-infected heterosexuals - a report from India. J Psychosom Res 1998; 45 : 401-9.
87. Prasad KN, Nag VL, Dhole TN, Ayyagari A. Identification of enteric pathogens in HIV-positive patients with diarrhoea in northern India. J Health Popul Nutr 2000; 18 : 23-6.
88. Joshi M, Chowdhary AS, Dalal PJ, Maniar JK. Parasitic diarrhoea in patients with AIDS. Natl Med J India 2002; 15 : 72-4.
89. Mohandas, Sehgal R, Sud A, Malla N. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic pathogens in HIV-seropositive individuals in Northern India. Jpn J Infect Dis 2002; 55 : 83-4.
90. Anand L, Dhanachand C, Brajachand N. Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections in HIV positive patients in Manipur. J Commun Dis 1998; 30 :19-22.
91. Kumarasamy N, Flanigan T, Mahajan A, Amalraj E, Mayer K, Solomon S. Comparative study of chronic diarrhea in persons with HIV in South India. 13th World AIDS Conference, July 9-14, 2000; Durban, South Africa. Abstr: MoPeB 2267.
92. Current WL, Garcia LS. Cryptosporidiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991; 4 : 325-58.
93. Rathi PM, Amarapurkar DN, Borges NE, Koppikar GV, Kalro RH. Spectrum of liver diseases in HIV infection. Indian J Gastroenterol 1997; 16 : 94-5.
94. Quan CM, Krajden M, Grigoriew GA, Salit IE. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17 : 117-9.
95. Sud A, Singh J, Dhiman RK, Wanchu A, Singh S, Chawla Y. Hepatitis B virus co-infection in HIV infected patients. Trop Gastroenterol 2001; 22 : 90-2.
96. Saha MK, Chakrabarti S, Panda S, Naik TN, Manna B, Chatterjee A, et al. Prevalence of HCV & HBV infection amongst HIV seropositive intravenous drug users & their non-injecting wives in Manipur, India. Indian J Med Res 2000; 111 : 37-9.
97. Marx MA, Murugavel KG, Sivaram S, Balakrishnan P, Steinhoff M, Anand S, et al. The association of health-care use and hepatitis C virus infection in a random sample of urban slum community residents in southern India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 68 : 258-62.
98. Bhattacharya S, Badrinath S, Hamide A, Sujatha S. Co-infection with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus among patients with sexually transmitted diseases in Pondicherry, South India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2003; 46 : 495-7.
99. Rockstroh JK, Spenglerb U. HIV and hepatitis C virus co-infection. Lancet 2004; 4 : 437-44.
100. Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in Chennai, India. Maya Chatterjee Rogers, N. Kumarasamy, Sreekanth K. Chaguturu, Timothy P. Flanigan, Kenneth H. Mayer, P. Balakrishnan, and Suniti Solomon. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Feb 8-11th, 2004, San Francisco USA. Abstract no:V -60.
101. Biswas J, Madhavan HN, Kumarasamy N, Solomon S. Blepharitis and lid ulcer as initial ocular manifestations in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Ind J Ophthalmol 1997; 45 : 233-4.
102. Biswas J, Therese L, Kumarasamy N, Solomon S. Lid abscess with extensive molluscum contagiosum in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ind J Ophthalmol 1997; 45 : 234-6.
103. Biswas J, Raizada S, Gopal L, Kumarasamy N, Solomon S. Bilateral frosted branch angiitis and cytomegalovirus retinitis in a case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (Brief Reports) Ind J Ophthalmol 1999; 47 : 195-7.
104. Pramod NP, Hari R, Sudhamathi K, Ananadakannan K, Thyagarajan SP. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus status on the clinical history of herpes simplex keratitis. Ophthalmologica 2000; 214 : 337-40.
105. Jalali S, Rao UR, Lakshmi V. Acute retinal necrosis syndrome in an HIV positive case: the first case reported from India. Ind J Ophthalmol 1996 44 : 95-7.
106. Choudhury S, Biswas J, Kumarasamy N, Solomon S. Immune recovery vitritis presenting as panuveitis following therapy with protease inhibitors - a case report. Insight 1999; 17 :61-4.
107. Biswas J, Joseph AE, Raizada S, Kumarasamy N, Solomon S. Ophthalmic manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in India. Ind J Ophthalmol 1999; 47 : 87-93.
108. Biswas J, Madhavan HN, George AE, Kumarasamy N, Solomon S. Ocular lesions in the first 100 HIV positive cases in a referral eye centre in India. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 129 : 1-8.
109. Biswas J. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the eye. J Assoc Phys India 2001; 49 : 551-7.
110. Agarwal B, Ramanathan U, Lokeshwas N, Nair R, Gopal R, Bhatia K, et al. Lymphoid neoplasms in HIV-positive individuals in India. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 29 : 181-3.
111. Gatphoh ED, Zamzachin G, Devi SB, Punyabati P. AIDS related malignant disease at regional institute of medical sciences. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2001; 44 : 1-4.
112. Joshi S, Chandorkar A, Krishnan G, Walimbe A, Gangakhedkar R, Risbud A, et al. Cervical intraepithelial changes & HIV infection in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in Pune, India. Indian J Med Res 2001; 113 : 161-9.
113. Madhivanan P, Mothi SN, Kumarasamy N, Yepthomi T, Venkatesan C, Lambert JS, et al. Clinical Manifestations of HIV infected Children. Indian J of Pediatr 2001; 70 : 615-20.
114. Merchant RH, Oswal JS, Bhagwat RV, Karkare J. Clinical profile of HIV infection. Indian Pediatr 2001; 38 : 239-46.
115. Karande S, Bhalke S, Kelkar A, Ahuja S, Kulkarni M, Mathur M. Utility of clinically-directed selective screening to diagnose HIV infection in hospitalized children in Mumbai, India. J Trop Pediatr 2002; 48 : 149-55.
116. Khare M, Sharland M. Pulmonary manifestations of pediatric HIV infection. Indian J Pediatr 1999; 66 : 895-904.
117. Palella FJ, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, Loveless MO, Fuhrer J, Satten GA, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced HIV infection. NEJM 1998; 338 : 853-60.
118. National AIDS Control Organization. A note on HIV estimates 2003: http://www.naco.nic.in/indianscene/esthiv.htm accessed on August 17, 2004.
119. Angerer T, Wilson d, Ford N, Kasper T. Access and activism: the ethics of providing anti-retroviral therapy in developing countries. AIDS 2001; 15 (Suppl 5) : S81-90.
120. Kumarasamy, N. Generic antiretroviral drugs - will they be the answer to HIV in the developing world? Lancet 2004; 364 : 3-4.
121. Kumarasamy N, Solomon S, Chaguturu SK, Mahajan AP, Flanigan TP, Balakrishnan P, et al. The safety, tolerability and effectiveness of generic antiretroviral drug regimens for HIV-infected patients in south India. AIDS 2003; 17 : 2267-9.
122. Kumarasamy N, Vallabhaneni S, Flanigan TP, Balakrishnan P, Cecelia AJ, Carpenter CCJ, et al. Rapid Viral Load Suppression Following Generic HAART in Southern Indian HIV-Infected Patients. AIDS 2005; 19 : (in press).
123. Balakrishnan P, Kumarasamy N, Solomon S, Vidya S, Kantor R, Shafer RW, et al. Protease and reverse transcriptase mutations at drug resistance positions in untreated HIV-1 Clade C infected Southern Indian patients. XVth International World AIDS Conference, 2004 July 11-16; Bangkok, Thailand. abstr B5715.