From Siam to New York: Jacques May and the 'foundation' of medical geography

Journal of Historical Geography

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 747-763

  Brown, Tim ^a   Moon, Graham ^b  

^a LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PORTSMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Colonial discourse; History; Imperial medicine; Medical geography

Indexed keywords

COLONIAL LEGACY; HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHY; MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY; THEORETICAL STUDY;

EID: 18744407837     PISSN: 03057488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhg.2003.08.018     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. E. Said Culture and Imperialism 1993 Not known London
2. C.B. Valençius Histories of medical geography in: N.A. Rupke (Ed.) Medical Geography in Historical Perspective 2000 Not known London 3-28
3. F. Barrett A medical geographical anniversary Social Science and Medicine 37 1993 701-710
4. Cited in G. Rosen, Leonhard Ludwig Finke and the first medical geography in: E. Ashwood Underwood (Ed.), Science, Medicine and History: Written in Honor of C. Singer, Oxford, 1953 186-193.
5. F. Barrett, Disease and Geography; The History of an Idea, Toronto 2000.
6. For other geographical essays on Daniel Drake see F. Barrett, Daniel Drake's medical geography, Social Science and Medicine, 42 (2000) 791-800
7. M.L. Dorn (In)temperate zones: Daniel Drake's medico-moral geographies of urban life in the Trans-Appalachian American West, Journal of the History of Medicine, 55 (2000) 256-291.
8. F. Driver Submerged identities: Familiar and unfamiliar histories Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 20 1995 410-413
9. C. Barnett Impure and worldly geography: The Africanist discourse of the Royal Geographical Society Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 23 1998 239-251
10. J. Sidaway The (re)making of the western 'geographical tradition': Some missing links Area 29 1997 72-80
11. See for example J.M. May, Ecology of Human Disease, New York 1958
12. J.M. May, Studies in Disease Ecology, New York 1961.
13. According to C.B. Valençius Valençius histories of medical geography in: N.A. Rupke (Ed.), Medical Geography in Hisotircal Perspective, 2000, 15
14. this connection has also been established C.B. Valençius J. Cassedy, Medicine in America: A Short History, Baltimore, 1991.
15. J. May A Doctor in Siam 1949 Not known Jonathan Cape
16. G.F. Pyle International communication and medical geography Social Science and Medicine (1977) 679-682, emphasis in original
17. E.H. Ackerknecht, History and Geography of the Most Important Disease, New York, 1965, 4-5
18. cited in R. Macleod, Introduction in: R. Macleod M. Lewis (Eds), Disease, Medicine, and Empire: Perspectives on Western Medicine and the Experience of European Expansion, London, 1988, 4
19. W. Anderson, Colonial pathologies: American medicine in the Philippines 1989-1921, unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1992.
20. See for example J. Aldridge, The textual disembodiment of knowledge in research account writing, Sociology 27 (1993) 53-66
21. D. Amigoni, Victorian Biography: INtellectuals and the Origins of Discourse, London, 1993
22. L. Anderson, Autobiography, London, 2001
23. S. Busse E. Ehses and R. Zech, Collective research in autobiography as a method of science of the subject, Forum: Qualitative Social Research [On-line-Journal], 1 (2000) [data of access: 12/6/03]
24. L. Stanley, On auto/biography in sociology, Sociology 27 (1993) 41-52
25. J. Swindells, The Uses of Autobiography, London, 1995.
26. J.-P. Thouez and J.M. May 1896-1975 in: T.W. Freeman (Ed.) Geographers: Bibliographical Studies Vol. 7 1983 85-88
27. May's thesis was submitted to the Salpetriere and consisted of case reviews and reports on operations. See J. Meyer La lithiase du choledoque d'apres 122 cas-operes et 50 cas-revues 1925 Not known Paris
28. J.K. Wright Geography in the Making: The American Geographical Society 1952 1851-1951 New York
29. R. Light The progress of medical geography The Geographical Review 34 1944 636-641
30. Garrison presented a paper entitled 'Medical geography and geographic medicine' to the historical group o the Medical School at Yale University, NewYork in 1932. In this presentation he outlined his vision of what medical geography or alternatively geomedicine should entail, the details of which can be found in F.H. Garrison, Contribution to the History of Medicine, 1966, 39-58
31. On the legacy of Hippocrates, see D. Cantor, Reinventing Hippocrates, London 2001.
32. H.E. Sigerist Problems of historical-geographical pathology Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine 1 1933 10-18
33. Learmonth notes that ideas, later associated most strongly with May, had also been articulated by Max Sorre. See A. Learmonth, Disease Ecology, Oxford, 1988
34. M. Sorre, Complexes pathogenes et géographie medicale, Annales de Géographie 235 (1933) 1-18
35. See also R. Akhtar, Has, J.H. May borrowed M Sorre's 1933 concept of pathogenic complexes, Cybegeo 236 (2003) 1-8 [date of access 12-6-03].
36. R. Light The progress of medical geography The Geographical Review 34 1944 639
37. Light, The progress of medical geography, 641.
38. A. Anon Proposed atlas of diseases The Geographical Review 34 1944 642-652
39. Anderson received the Legion of Merit for his wartime service as director of the Division of Medical Intelligence of the Office of the Surgeon General. The activities of this division are recorded in J.S. Simmons T.F. Whayne, G.W. Anderson H.M. Horack et al., Global Epidemiology: A Geography of Disease and Sanitation, New York, 1954.
40. G.W. Anderson A German atlas of epidemic diseases The Geographical Review 37 1947 307-311
41. H. Zeiss (Ed.), Seuchen-Atlas, Berlin, 1942-25.
42. Anderson A German atlas of epidemic diseases 307-308
43. See for example M. Heffernan Geography, cartography and military intelligence: The Royal Geographical Society and the First World War Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 21 1996 504-533
44. B. Hudson The new geography and the new imperialism: 1870-1918 Antipode 9 1977 12-19
45. J. Kirby What did you do in the war, daddy? in: A. Godlewska N. Smith (Eds.) Geography and Empire 1994 Oxford 300-315
46. N. Smith Isaiah Bowman: Political geography and geopolitics Political Geography Quarterly 3 1984 69-76
47. J.K. Wright Geography in the Making: The American Geographical Society 1851-1951, New York, 1952, 268.
48. Jacques May was one of three founding members of the IGU Commission on Medical Geography in 1949, the others were Max Sorre and Arthur Geddes. He was chairman from 1950 to 1964 and again from 1972 until his death in 1975. G.F. Pyle International communication and medical geography Social Science and Medicine 11 1977 679-682
49. Learmonth Disease Ecology 13
50. J.M. May Medical geography: Its methods and objectives Geographical Review 40 1950 9-41
51. As noted earlier, the principles of the disease or pathogenic complex which underlay May's approach had been outlined by Max Sorre in an article published in 1933 and were more fully established in his Les fondemonts de la geographie humaine, Paris, 1951.
52. J.M. May Medical geography: Its methods and objectives Geographical Review 40 1950 9
53. Interestingly the 'Atlas of Diseases', initially funded for two years by a grant of US$30 000 from the Upjohn Light Company a Michigan based pharmaceutical company set up by the grandfather of Richard Upjohn Light who was its Director from 1937-1968 was later supported by the Office of Naval Research. See the Geographical Review 47 1957 266
54. May, Ecology of Human Disease
55. Valençius, Histories of medical geography 22
56. Learmonth, Disease Ecology 7-8
57. See for example L.D. Stamp, The Geography of Life and Death, London, 1964
58. J.M. Hunter, The challenge of medical geography in: J.M. Hunter (Ed), The Geopgraphy of Health and Disease: Papers of First Carolina Geographical Symposium Studies in Geography, Chapel Hill, Vol. 6, 1974, 1-31
59. G.F. Pyle, Applied Medical Geography London, 1979.
60. J.M. May, History, Definition and Progress of Medical Geography: A General Review. First Report of the Commission on Medical Geography of the International Geographical Union, London, 1952, 1-9.
61. This series of publications was produced between 1961 and 1974, partly in collaboration with his wife Donna McLellan, and included studies into the Far and Near East, Eastern and Central Europe, West Africa, Mexico and Central America and into Eastern and Western South America.
62. H.T. Lemons and R. Campbell The rôle of geography in quartermaster research Annals of the Association of American Geographers 37 1947 40
63. A point that Driver makes about Whiggish accounts of the history of geographical thought more generally. See F. Driver Moral geographies: social science and the urban environment in mid-nineteenth century Britain Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (1988) 275-287
64. The problematic issue of (re)presenting autobiographical accounts within research writing has been raised within literary, historical and sociological studies. While we recognise the problems raised our own approach has been to treat May's autobiography as a source of colonial discourse writing and as such, our interest in the text refers to the narrative procedures that he adopts rather than with the question of self-writing per se.
65. A. Marcovich, French colonial medicine and colonial rule: Algeria and Indochina in: Macleod, Lewis, Disease, Medicine, and Empire 103-117.
66. W. Anderson, Colonial Pathologies 2-3.
67. W. Anderson, Colonial Pathologies 3-5.
68. A. Marcovich, French colonial medicine and colonial rule 103.
69. J. May A Doctor in Siam 1949 Not known London 20
70. R. Macleod, Introduction in: Macleod, Lewis, Disease, Medicine, and Empire 6.
71. According to Farley, medical problems encountered in the tropics 'were defined and imposed by practitioners of western style medicine without involving the indigenous populations' J. Farley, Bilharzia: A History of Imperial Tropical Medicine, 1991.
72. A rather fuller, though African, coverage of the imperial theme is afforded by M. Lyons, The Colonial Disease: A Social History of Sleeping Sickness in Northern Zaire, Cambridge, 1992, 1900-1940.
73. Driver, Submerged identities 1.
74. D. Spurr, The Rhetoric of Empire: Colonial Discourse in Journalism. Travel Writing and Imperial Administration, Durham NC, 1993 1-2.
75. Driver, Submerged identities 8.
76. D. Harvey, The Condition of Postmodenity Oxford, 1989, 264
77. cited in Barnett, Impure and worldly geography 240.
78. Barnett, Impure and worldly geography 239-251.
79. C. Andrew and A. Kanya-Forstner, France Overseas: The Great War on the Climax of French Imperial Expansion, London, 1981.
80. On Thai history and the project of modernity in Thailand T. Winichakul Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation, Hawaii, 1994.
81. In contrast, France's North African possessions were the responsibility of other ministries: Algeria was the responsibility of the Ministry of the Interior, whereas Morocco and Tunisia were the responsibility of the Foreign Ministry.
82. E.W. Said, Orientalism, London, 1978, 218.
83. According to Pratt, nearly all travel writing employs the 'arrival scene' as a way of framing the relations of contact with a particular imperial setting M.L. Pratt Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation 1992 London
84. May A Doctor in Siam, 21-22.
85. May A Doctor in Siam, 23.
86. May A Doctor in Siam, 154.
87. According to Myers, the notion of 'enframing' refers to the ways in which the indigenous landscape was divided up and contained by the everyday practices of the colonial powers, G.A. Myres, Intellectual of Empire: Eric Dutton and hegemony in British Africa Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88 (1995) 127
88. See also T. Mitchell, Colonizing Egypt Cambridge 1988
89. J. Crush, Power of Development, London 1995.
90. May A Doctor in Siam, 21-23.
91. May A Doctor in Siam, 28.
92. May A Doctor in Siam, 33.
93. May A Doctor in Siam, 38.
94. May A Doctor in Siam, 104.
95. May A Doctor in Siam, 105.
96. D. Arnold, Introduction: Disease, medicine and empire, in: D. Arnold (Ed), Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies, Manchest, 1988, 1-26.
97. May A Doctor in Siam, 42.
98. M. Vaughan, Curing their Ills: Colonial Power and African Illness, Oxford, 1991, 9.
99. May A Doctor in Siam, 43, 45.
100. May A Doctor in Siam, 46.
101. Arnold Introduction: Disease, medicine and empire, 3.
102. May A Doctor in Siam, 106.
103. R. Betts France and Decolonisation 1900 1960, London, 1991.
104. For a comprehensive account of medicine in French Indo-China in this period, see L. Monnais-Rousselot Médecine et colonisation: l'aventure Indochinese 1860-1939, Paris, 1999
105. L. Monnais-Rousselot, Developing Health Care in Indochina: In the Shadow of the Colonial Hospital, 1860-1939, in: G. Bousquet P. Brocheux (Ed.) Vietnam Exposé: French Scholarship on Twentieth-Century Vietnamese Ma Society
106. May A Doctor in Siam, 154.
107. May A Doctor in Siam, 166.
108. D. Schreuder, The cultural factor in Victorian imperialism: A case study of the British 'civilising mission', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 4 (1976) 283317
109. cited in H. Power, Tropical Medicine in the Twentieth Century: A History of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine 1898-1990, London, 1999.
110. May A Doctor in Siam, 133.
111. Monnais-Rousselot, Médecine et colonisation.
112. May A Doctor in Siam, 164.
113. M. Moutet, Minister of Colonies, 1936
114. cited in Betts, France and Decolonisation, 1900-1960, 31.
115. May A Doctor in Siam, 209.
116. Power, Tropical Medicine in the Twentieth Century; W. Anderson, Immunities of empire: Race, disease, and the new tropical medicine, 1900-1920, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 70 (1996) 94-118.
117. May A Doctor in Siam, 220.
118. J. May, Anesthésie Moderne en Chirurgie, Maloine, 1946.
119. M. Meade, J. Florin and W. Gesler, Medical Geography, New York, 1988, 72-73.
120. Valençius, Histories of medical geography, 20.
121. Heffernan, Geography, cartography and military inelligence, Godlewska, Smith, Geography and Empire, 300-315; Smith, Isaiah Bowman.
122. W. Anderson Where is the postcolonial history of medicine? Bulletin of the History of Medicine 72 1998 525