(In)temperate zones: Daniel Drake's medico-moral geographies of urban life in the trans-appalachian American west

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

Volumn 55, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 256-291

  Dorn, Michael L ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE; ARTICLE; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; HISTORY; MORALITY; PUBLIC FIGURE; SOCIAL CONTROL; TOPOGRAPHY; UNITED STATES;

ALCOHOL DRINKING; APPALACHIAN REGION; FAMOUS PERSONS; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; MORALS; SOCIAL CONTROL, INFORMAL; TEMPERANCE; TOPOGRAPHY, MEDICAL; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0034221903     PISSN: 00225045     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/55.3.256     Document Type: Article

References (192)

1. Daniel Drake, Discourses Delivered by Appointment, Before the Cincinnati Medical Library Association, January 9th and 10th, 1852 (Cincinnati: Moore and Anderson, 1852), p. 49.
2. Karen Ordahl Kupperman, "Fear of hot climates in the Anglo-American colonial experience," Wm. Mary Q., 1984, 3d series 16, 213-40; Gilbert Chinard, "Eighteenth-century theories on America as a human habitat," Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1947, 91, 27-57.
3. Karen Ordahl Kupperman, "Fear of hot climates in the Anglo-American colonial experience," Wm. Mary Q., 1984, 3d series 16, 213-40; Gilbert Chinard, "Eighteenth-century theories on America as a human habitat," Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1947, 91, 27-57.
4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on Political Economy; and, The Social Contract (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. III; Clarence J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century (Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press, 1967); Durand Echeverria, Mirage in the West: A History of the French Image of American Society to 1815 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1957).
5. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on Political Economy; and, The Social Contract (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. III; Clarence J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century (Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press, 1967); Durand Echeverria, Mirage in the West: A History of the French Image of American Society to 1815 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1957).
6. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on Political Economy; and, The Social Contract (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. III; Clarence J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century (Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press, 1967); Durand Echeverria, Mirage in the West: A History of the French Image of American Society to 1815 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1957).
7. Larry E. Tise, The American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783-1800, 1st ed. (Mechanicsburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books, 1998); Carl J. Richard, The Founders and the Classics: Greece, Rome, and the American Enlightenment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994).
8. Larry E. Tise, The American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783-1800, 1st ed. (Mechanicsburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books, 1998); Carl J. Richard, The Founders and the Classics: Greece, Rome, and the American Enlightenment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994).
9. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 303-73; Stuart Seely Sprague, "Kentucky and the navigation of the Mississippi: The climactic years, 1793-1795," Reg. Ky. Hist. Soc., 1973, 71, 364-92.
10. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 303-73; Stuart Seely Sprague, "Kentucky and the navigation of the Mississippi: The climactic years, 1793-1795," Reg. Ky. Hist. Soc., 1973, 71, 364-92.
11. For more detail on the frontier uprisings, see the authoritative work of Thomas P. Slaughter, The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
12. Charles Caldwell, An Oration on the Causes of the Difference, in Point of Frequency and Force, Between the Endemic Diseases of the United States of America, and Those of the Countries of Europe, Delivered, by Appointment, to the "Philadelphia Medical Society," on the Fifth Day of February, 1802 (Philadelphia: T. and William Bradford, 1802), p. 31.
13. Caldwell, (n. 7) Oration, p. 31; Benjamin Rush, Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind (Philadelphia: Kimber & Richardson, 1812), p. 66. Jacquelyn C. Miller, "Passions and politics: The multiple meanings of Benjamin Rush's treatment of yellow fever," in J. Worth Estes and Billy G. Smith, eds., A Melancholy Scene of Devastation: The Public Response to the 1793 Philadelphia Yellow Fever Epidemic (Canton, Mass.: Science History Publications, 1997), pp. 79-95; Arthur G. Kimball, Rational Fictions: A Study of Charles Brockden Brown (McMinnville, Or.: Linfield Research Institute, 1968), pp. 191-217.
14. Caldwell, (n. 7) Oration, p. 31; Benjamin Rush, Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind (Philadelphia: Kimber & Richardson, 1812), p. 66. Jacquelyn C. Miller, "Passions and politics: The multiple meanings of Benjamin Rush's treatment of yellow fever," in J. Worth Estes and Billy G. Smith, eds., A Melancholy Scene of Devastation: The Public Response to the 1793 Philadelphia Yellow Fever Epidemic (Canton, Mass.: Science History Publications, 1997), pp. 79-95; Arthur G. Kimball, Rational Fictions: A Study of Charles Brockden Brown (McMinnville, Or.: Linfield Research Institute, 1968), pp. 191-217.
15. Caldwell, (n. 7) Oration, p. 31; Benjamin Rush, Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind (Philadelphia: Kimber & Richardson, 1812), p. 66. Jacquelyn C. Miller, "Passions and politics: The multiple meanings of Benjamin Rush's treatment of yellow fever," in J. Worth Estes and Billy G. Smith, eds., A Melancholy Scene of Devastation: The Public Response to the 1793 Philadelphia Yellow Fever Epidemic (Canton, Mass.: Science History Publications, 1997), pp. 79-95; Arthur G. Kimball, Rational Fictions: A Study of Charles Brockden Brown (McMinnville, Or.: Linfield Research Institute, 1968), pp. 191-217.
16. Caldwell, (n. 7) Oration, p. 31; Benjamin Rush, Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind (Philadelphia: Kimber & Richardson, 1812), p. 66. Jacquelyn C. Miller, "Passions and politics: The multiple meanings of Benjamin Rush's treatment of yellow fever," in J. Worth Estes and Billy G. Smith, eds., A Melancholy Scene of Devastation: The Public Response to the 1793 Philadelphia Yellow Fever Epidemic (Canton, Mass.: Science History Publications, 1997), pp. 79-95; Arthur G. Kimball, Rational Fictions: A Study of Charles Brockden Brown (McMinnville, Or.: Linfield Research Institute, 1968), pp. 191-217.
17. Daniel Drake, Pioneer Life in Kentucky, 1785-1800, ed. Emmet Field Horine (New York: H. Schuman, 1948); Craig Thompson Friend, ed. The Buzzel About Kentuck: Settling the Promised Land (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1999). The most authoritative biography of Drake remains that of Emmet Field Horine, Daniel Drake (1785-1852): Pioneer Physician of the Midwest (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1961). See also Stephen Charles Szaraz, "History, character, and prospects: Daniel Drake and the life of the mind in the Ohio Valley, 1785-1852" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1993).
18. Daniel Drake, Pioneer Life in Kentucky, 1785-1800, ed. Emmet Field Horine (New York: H. Schuman, 1948); Craig Thompson Friend, ed. The Buzzel About Kentuck: Settling the Promised Land (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1999). The most authoritative biography of Drake remains that of Emmet Field Horine, Daniel Drake (1785-1852): Pioneer Physician of the Midwest (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1961). See also Stephen Charles Szaraz, "History, character, and prospects: Daniel Drake and the life of the mind in the Ohio Valley, 1785-1852" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1993).
19. Daniel Drake, Pioneer Life in Kentucky, 1785-1800, ed. Emmet Field Horine (New York: H. Schuman, 1948); Craig Thompson Friend, ed. The Buzzel About Kentuck: Settling the Promised Land (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1999). The most authoritative biography of Drake remains that of Emmet Field Horine, Daniel Drake (1785-1852): Pioneer Physician of the Midwest (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1961). See also Stephen Charles Szaraz, "History, character, and prospects: Daniel Drake and the life of the mind in the Ohio Valley, 1785-1852" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1993).
20. Daniel Drake, Pioneer Life in Kentucky, 1785-1800, ed. Emmet Field Horine (New York: H. Schuman, 1948); Craig Thompson Friend, ed. The Buzzel About Kentuck: Settling the Promised Land (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1999). The most authoritative biography of Drake remains that of Emmet Field Horine, Daniel Drake (1785-1852): Pioneer Physician of the Midwest (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1961). See also Stephen Charles Szaraz, "History, character, and prospects: Daniel Drake and the life of the mind in the Ohio Valley, 1785-1852" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1993).
21. Daniel Drake, "Natural and statistical view, or picture of Cincinnati and the Miami Country," in Henry D. Shapiro and Zane L. Miller, eds., Physician to the West: Selected Writings of Daniel Drake on Science and Society (Lexington, Ky.: University of Kentucky Press, 1970). PP. 66-124, quote on pp. 99-100.
22. Michael L. Dorn, "Fashioning Athenians for the new Athens: Enlightenment medical ideology and the articulation of the public sphere in Lexington, Kentucky 1799-1832" unpublished manuscript. For a comparison between the experiences of Theodore and John Clay, see Wynelle S. Deese, "A comparison of treatment outcomes with voluntary and involuntary hospitalizations between two sons of Henry Clay, Sr.," paper presented at the North Central Sociological Association, Toledo, Ohio, 15-18 April 1993.
23. Michael L. Dorn, "Fashioning Athenians for the new Athens: Enlightenment medical ideology and the articulation of the public sphere in Lexington, Kentucky 1799-1832" unpublished manuscript. For a comparison between the experiences of Theodore and John Clay, see Wynelle S. Deese, "A comparison of treatment outcomes with voluntary and involuntary hospitalizations between two sons of Henry Clay, Sr.," paper presented at the North Central Sociological Association, Toledo, Ohio, 15-18 April 1993.
24. Daniel Drake maintained a lifelong correspondence with Jared and Elizabeth Mans-field, who had served as foster parents to his wife Harriet Sisson Drake. Jared Mansfield served as Professor of Mathematics and Experimental and Natural Philosophy at West Point from 1814 to 1828 during some of its most turbulent times. On Mansfield's career before arriving at West Point, see Charlotte W. Dudley, "Jared Mansfield: United States Surveyor General," Ohio History, 1976, 85, 247-62.
25. See David J. Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1971); Andrew Scull, "The discovery of the asylum revisited: Lunacy reform in the new American republic," in Social Order/ Mental Disorder: Anglo-American Psychiatry in Historical Perspective (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), pp. 95-117; Joseph R. Gusfield, Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1963).
26. See David J. Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1971); Andrew Scull, "The discovery of the asylum revisited: Lunacy reform in the new American republic," in Social Order/ Mental Disorder: Anglo-American Psychiatry in Historical Perspective (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), pp. 95-117; Joseph R. Gusfield, Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1963).
27. See David J. Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1971); Andrew Scull, "The discovery of the asylum revisited: Lunacy reform in the new American republic," in Social Order/ Mental Disorder: Anglo-American Psychiatry in Historical Perspective (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), pp. 95-117; Joseph R. Gusfield, Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1963).
28. Some pertinent examples drawn from an immense geographical literature are Ludmilla J. Jordanova, "Earth science and environmental medicine: the synthesis of the late Enlightenment," in Ludmilla J. Jordanova and Roy S. Porter, eds., Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences (Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks., England: British Society for the History of Science, 1979), pp. 119-46; Denis E. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Denis E. Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels, The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design, and Use of Past Environments, Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Felix Driver, "Moral geographies: Social science and the urban environment in mid-nineteenth century England," Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 1988, 13, 275-87; Paul Rabinow, French Modem: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989); David Matless, "An occasion for geography: Landscape, representation, and Foucault's corpus," Environment & Planning D: Soc. Space, 1992, 10, 41-56; Matthew H. Edney, "Cartographic culture and nationalism in the early United States: Benjamin Vaughan and the choice for a prime meridian, 1811," J. Hist. Geogr., 1994, 20, 384-95; Susan Craddock, "Sewers and scapegoats: Spatial metaphors of smallpox in nineteenth century San Francisco," Soc. Sci. Med., 1995, 41, 957-68; Chris Philo, "Journey to asylum: A medical-geographical idea in historical context," J. Hist. Geogr., 1995, 21, 148-68; B. Edginton, "Moral architecture: the influence of the York Retreat on asylum design," Health Place, 1997, 3, 91-99; James Kneale, "'A problem of supervision': Moral geographies of the nineteenth-century British public house," J. Hist. Geogr., 1999, 25, 333-46.
29. Some pertinent examples drawn from an immense geographical literature are Ludmilla J. Jordanova, "Earth science and environmental medicine: the synthesis of the late Enlightenment," in Ludmilla J. Jordanova and Roy S. Porter, eds., Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences (Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks., England: British Society for the History of Science, 1979), pp. 119-46; Denis E. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Denis E. Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels, The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design, and Use of Past Environments, Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Felix Driver, "Moral geographies: Social science and the urban environment in mid-nineteenth century England," Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 1988, 13, 275-87; Paul Rabinow, French Modem: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989); David Matless, "An occasion for geography: Landscape, representation, and Foucault's corpus," Environment & Planning D: Soc. Space, 1992, 10, 41-56; Matthew H. Edney, "Cartographic culture and nationalism in the early United States: Benjamin Vaughan and the choice for a prime meridian, 1811," J. Hist. Geogr., 1994, 20, 384-95; Susan Craddock, "Sewers and scapegoats: Spatial metaphors of smallpox in nineteenth century San Francisco," Soc. Sci. Med., 1995, 41, 957-68; Chris Philo, "Journey to asylum: A medical-geographical idea in historical context," J. Hist. Geogr., 1995, 21, 148-68; B. Edginton, "Moral architecture: the influence of the York Retreat on asylum design," Health Place, 1997, 3, 91-99; James Kneale, "'A problem of supervision': Moral geographies of the nineteenth-century British public house," J. Hist. Geogr., 1999, 25, 333-46.
30. Some pertinent examples drawn from an immense geographical literature are Ludmilla J. Jordanova, "Earth science and environmental medicine: the synthesis of the late Enlightenment," in Ludmilla J. Jordanova and Roy S. Porter, eds., Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences (Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks., England: British Society for the History of Science, 1979), pp. 119-46; Denis E. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Denis E. Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels, The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design, and Use of Past Environments, Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Felix Driver, "Moral geographies: Social science and the urban environment in mid-nineteenth century England," Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 1988, 13, 275-87; Paul Rabinow, French Modem: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989); David Matless, "An occasion for geography: Landscape, representation, and Foucault's corpus," Environment & Planning D: Soc. Space, 1992, 10, 41-56; Matthew H. Edney, "Cartographic culture and nationalism in the early United States: Benjamin Vaughan and the choice for a prime meridian, 1811," J. Hist. Geogr., 1994, 20, 384-95; Susan Craddock, "Sewers and scapegoats: Spatial metaphors of smallpox in nineteenth century San Francisco," Soc. Sci. Med., 1995, 41, 957-68; Chris Philo, "Journey to asylum: A medical-geographical idea in historical context," J. Hist. Geogr., 1995, 21, 148-68; B. Edginton, "Moral architecture: the influence of the York Retreat on asylum design," Health Place, 1997, 3, 91-99; James Kneale, "'A problem of supervision': Moral geographies of the nineteenth-century British public house," J. Hist. Geogr., 1999, 25, 333-46.
31. Some pertinent examples drawn from an immense geographical literature are Ludmilla J. Jordanova, "Earth science and environmental medicine: the synthesis of the late Enlightenment," in Ludmilla J. Jordanova and Roy S. Porter, eds., Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences (Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks., England: British Society for the History of Science, 1979), pp. 119-46; Denis E. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Denis E. Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels, The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design, and Use of Past Environments, Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Felix Driver, "Moral geographies: Social science and the urban environment in mid-nineteenth century England," Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 1988, 13, 275-87; Paul Rabinow, French Modem: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989); David Matless, "An occasion for geography: Landscape, representation, and Foucault's corpus," Environment & Planning D: Soc. Space, 1992, 10, 41-56; Matthew H. Edney, "Cartographic culture and nationalism in the early United States: Benjamin Vaughan and the choice for a prime meridian, 1811," J. Hist. Geogr., 1994, 20, 384-95; Susan Craddock, "Sewers and scapegoats: Spatial metaphors of smallpox in nineteenth century San Francisco," Soc. Sci. Med., 1995, 41, 957-68; Chris Philo, "Journey to asylum: A medical-geographical idea in historical context," J. Hist. Geogr., 1995, 21, 148-68; B. Edginton, "Moral architecture: the influence of the York Retreat on asylum design," Health Place, 1997, 3, 91-99; James Kneale, "'A problem of supervision': Moral geographies of the nineteenth-century British public house," J. Hist. Geogr., 1999, 25, 333-46.
32. Some pertinent examples drawn from an immense geographical literature are Ludmilla J. Jordanova, "Earth science and environmental medicine: the synthesis of the late Enlightenment," in Ludmilla J. Jordanova and Roy S. Porter, eds., Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences (Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks., England: British Society for the History of Science, 1979), pp. 119-46; Denis E. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Denis E. Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels, The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design, and Use of Past Environments, Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Felix Driver, "Moral geographies: Social science and the urban environment in mid-nineteenth century England," Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 1988, 13, 275-87; Paul Rabinow, French Modem: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989); David Matless, "An occasion for geography: Landscape, representation, and Foucault's corpus," Environment & Planning D: Soc. Space, 1992, 10, 41-56; Matthew H. Edney, "Cartographic culture and nationalism in the early United States: Benjamin Vaughan and the choice for a prime meridian, 1811," J. Hist. Geogr., 1994, 20, 384-95; Susan Craddock, "Sewers and scapegoats: Spatial metaphors of smallpox in nineteenth century San Francisco," Soc. Sci. Med., 1995, 41, 957-68; Chris Philo, "Journey to asylum: A medical-geographical idea in historical context," J. Hist. Geogr., 1995, 21, 148-68; B. Edginton, "Moral architecture: the influence of the York Retreat on asylum design," Health Place, 1997, 3, 91-99; James Kneale, "'A problem of supervision': Moral geographies of the nineteenth-century British public house," J. Hist. Geogr., 1999, 25, 333-46.
33. Some pertinent examples drawn from an immense geographical literature are Ludmilla J. Jordanova, "Earth science and environmental medicine: the synthesis of the late Enlightenment," in Ludmilla J. Jordanova and Roy S. Porter, eds., Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences (Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks., England: British Society for the History of Science, 1979), pp. 119-46; Denis E. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Denis E. Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels, The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design, and Use of Past Environments, Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Felix Driver, "Moral geographies: Social science and the urban environment in mid-nineteenth century England," Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 1988, 13, 275-87; Paul Rabinow, French Modem: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989); David Matless, "An occasion for geography: Landscape, representation, and Foucault's corpus," Environment & Planning D: Soc. Space, 1992, 10, 41-56; Matthew H. Edney, "Cartographic culture and nationalism in the early United States: Benjamin Vaughan and the choice for a prime meridian, 1811," J. Hist. Geogr., 1994, 20, 384-95; Susan Craddock, "Sewers and scapegoats: Spatial metaphors of smallpox in nineteenth century San Francisco," Soc. Sci. Med., 1995, 41, 957-68; Chris Philo, "Journey to asylum: A medical-geographical idea in historical context," J. Hist. Geogr., 1995, 21, 148-68; B. Edginton, "Moral architecture: the influence of the York Retreat on asylum design," Health Place, 1997, 3, 91-99; James Kneale, "'A problem of supervision': Moral geographies of the nineteenth-century British public house," J. Hist. Geogr., 1999, 25, 333-46.
34. Some pertinent examples drawn from an immense geographical literature are Ludmilla J. Jordanova, "Earth science and environmental medicine: the synthesis of the late Enlightenment," in Ludmilla J. Jordanova and Roy S. Porter, eds., Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences (Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks., England: British Society for the History of Science, 1979), pp. 119-46; Denis E. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Denis E. Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels, The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design, and Use of Past Environments, Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Felix Driver, "Moral geographies: Social science and the urban environment in mid-nineteenth century England," Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 1988, 13, 275-87; Paul Rabinow, French Modem: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989); David Matless, "An occasion for geography: Landscape, representation, and Foucault's corpus," Environment & Planning D: Soc. Space, 1992, 10, 41-56; Matthew H. Edney, "Cartographic culture and nationalism in the early United States: Benjamin Vaughan and the choice for a prime meridian, 1811," J. Hist. Geogr., 1994, 20, 384-95; Susan Craddock, "Sewers and scapegoats: Spatial metaphors of smallpox in nineteenth century San Francisco," Soc. Sci. Med., 1995, 41, 957-68; Chris Philo, "Journey to asylum: A medical-geographical idea in historical context," J. Hist. Geogr., 1995, 21, 148-68; B. Edginton, "Moral architecture: the influence of the York Retreat on asylum design," Health Place, 1997, 3, 91-99; James Kneale, "'A problem of supervision': Moral geographies of the nineteenth-century British public house," J. Hist. Geogr., 1999, 25, 333-46.
35. Some pertinent examples drawn from an immense geographical literature are Ludmilla J. Jordanova, "Earth science and environmental medicine: the synthesis of the late Enlightenment," in Ludmilla J. Jordanova and Roy S. Porter, eds., Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences (Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks., England: British Society for the History of Science, 1979), pp. 119-46; Denis E. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Denis E. Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels, The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design, and Use of Past Environments, Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Felix Driver, "Moral geographies: Social science and the urban environment in mid-nineteenth century England," Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 1988, 13, 275-87; Paul Rabinow, French Modem: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989); David Matless, "An occasion for geography: Landscape, representation, and Foucault's corpus," Environment & Planning D: Soc. Space, 1992, 10, 41-56; Matthew H. Edney, "Cartographic culture and nationalism in the early United States: Benjamin Vaughan and the choice for a prime meridian, 1811," J. Hist. Geogr., 1994, 20, 384-95; Susan Craddock, "Sewers and scapegoats: Spatial metaphors of smallpox in nineteenth century San Francisco," Soc. Sci. Med., 1995, 41, 957-68; Chris Philo, "Journey to asylum: A medical-geographical idea in historical context," J. Hist. Geogr., 1995, 21, 148-68; B. Edginton, "Moral architecture: the influence of the York Retreat on asylum design," Health Place, 1997, 3, 91-99; James Kneale, "'A problem of supervision': Moral geographies of the nineteenth-century British public house," J. Hist. Geogr., 1999, 25, 333-46.
36. Some pertinent examples drawn from an immense geographical literature are Ludmilla J. Jordanova, "Earth science and environmental medicine: the synthesis of the late Enlightenment," in Ludmilla J. Jordanova and Roy S. Porter, eds., Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences (Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks., England: British Society for the History of Science, 1979), pp. 119-46; Denis E. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Denis E. Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels, The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design, and Use of Past Environments, Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Felix Driver, "Moral geographies: Social science and the urban environment in mid-nineteenth century England," Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 1988, 13, 275-87; Paul Rabinow, French Modem: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989); David Matless, "An occasion for geography: Landscape, representation, and Foucault's corpus," Environment & Planning D: Soc. Space, 1992, 10, 41-56; Matthew H. Edney, "Cartographic culture and nationalism in the early United States: Benjamin Vaughan and the choice for a prime meridian, 1811," J. Hist. Geogr., 1994, 20, 384-95; Susan Craddock, "Sewers and scapegoats: Spatial metaphors of smallpox in nineteenth century San Francisco," Soc. Sci. Med., 1995, 41, 957-68; Chris Philo, "Journey to asylum: A medical-geographical idea in historical context," J. Hist. Geogr., 1995, 21, 148-68; B. Edginton, "Moral architecture: the influence of the York Retreat on asylum design," Health Place, 1997, 3, 91-99; James Kneale, "'A problem of supervision': Moral geographies of the nineteenth-century British public house," J. Hist. Geogr., 1999, 25, 333-46.
37. Some pertinent examples drawn from an immense geographical literature are Ludmilla J. Jordanova, "Earth science and environmental medicine: the synthesis of the late Enlightenment," in Ludmilla J. Jordanova and Roy S. Porter, eds., Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences (Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks., England: British Society for the History of Science, 1979), pp. 119-46; Denis E. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Denis E. Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels, The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design, and Use of Past Environments, Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Felix Driver, "Moral geographies: Social science and the urban environment in mid-nineteenth century England," Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 1988, 13, 275-87; Paul Rabinow, French Modem: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989); David Matless, "An occasion for geography: Landscape, representation, and Foucault's corpus," Environment & Planning D: Soc. Space, 1992, 10, 41-56; Matthew H. Edney, "Cartographic culture and nationalism in the early United States: Benjamin Vaughan and the choice for a prime meridian, 1811," J. Hist. Geogr., 1994, 20, 384-95; Susan Craddock, "Sewers and scapegoats: Spatial metaphors of smallpox in nineteenth century San Francisco," Soc. Sci. Med., 1995, 41, 957-68; Chris Philo, "Journey to asylum: A medical-geographical idea in historical context," J. Hist. Geogr., 1995, 21, 148-68; B. Edginton, "Moral architecture: the influence of the York Retreat on asylum design," Health Place, 1997, 3, 91-99; James Kneale, "'A problem of supervision': Moral geographies of the nineteenth-century British public house," J. Hist. Geogr., 1999, 25, 333-46.
38. Some pertinent examples drawn from an immense geographical literature are Ludmilla J. Jordanova, "Earth science and environmental medicine: the synthesis of the late Enlightenment," in Ludmilla J. Jordanova and Roy S. Porter, eds., Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences (Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks., England: British Society for the History of Science, 1979), pp. 119-46; Denis E. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (London: Croom Helm, 1984); Denis E. Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels, The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design, and Use of Past Environments, Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Felix Driver, "Moral geographies: Social science and the urban environment in mid-nineteenth century England," Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 1988, 13, 275-87; Paul Rabinow, French Modem: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989); David Matless, "An occasion for geography: Landscape, representation, and Foucault's corpus," Environment & Planning D: Soc. Space, 1992, 10, 41-56; Matthew H. Edney, "Cartographic culture and nationalism in the early United States: Benjamin Vaughan and the choice for a prime meridian, 1811," J. Hist. Geogr., 1994, 20, 384-95; Susan Craddock, "Sewers and scapegoats: Spatial metaphors of smallpox in nineteenth century San Francisco," Soc. Sci. Med., 1995, 41, 957-68; Chris Philo, "Journey to asylum: A medical-geographical idea in historical context," J. Hist. Geogr., 1995, 21, 148-68; B. Edginton, "Moral architecture: the influence of the York Retreat on asylum design," Health Place, 1997, 3, 91-99; James Kneale, "'A problem of supervision': Moral geographies of the nineteenth-century British public house," J. Hist. Geogr., 1999, 25, 333-46.
39. Dan E. Beauchamp, Beyond Alcoholism: Alcohol and Public Health Policy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980); E. M. Jellinek, The Disease Concept of Alcoholism (New Haven, Conn.: Hillhouse Press, 1960).
40. Dan E. Beauchamp, Beyond Alcoholism: Alcohol and Public Health Policy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980); E. M. Jellinek, The Disease Concept of Alcoholism (New Haven, Conn.: Hillhouse Press, 1960).
41. Barbara Frankel, "Human nature, addictions, and the geography of disorder in three cultures," J. Drug Issues, 1980, 10, 165-201.
42. David W. Conroy, In Public Houses: Drink and the Revolution of Authority in Colonial Massachusetts (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995). Increase Mather articulated the distinction between drink and the drinker that pertained through the American Revolutionary War: "Drink is in it self a good creature of God, and to be received with thankfulness, but the abuse of drink is from Satan; the wine is from God, but the Drunkard is from the Devil." Increase Mather, Wo to Drunkards (Cambridge, Mass.: 1673). See also Martin Edward Lender, "Drunkenness as an offense in early New England: A study of 'puritan' attitudes," Q. J. Stud. Alcohol., 1973,34, 353-66; Martin Edward Lender and James Kirby Martin, Drinking in America: A History (New York: The Free Press, 1982); Henry Gene Levine, "The discovery of addiction: Changing conceptions of habitual drunkenness in America," J. Stud. Alcohol., 1978, 39, 143-74.
43. David W. Conroy, In Public Houses: Drink and the Revolution of Authority in Colonial Massachusetts (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995). Increase Mather articulated the distinction between drink and the drinker that pertained through the American Revolutionary War: "Drink is in it self a good creature of God, and to be received with thankfulness, but the abuse of drink is from Satan; the wine is from God, but the Drunkard is from the Devil." Increase Mather, Wo to Drunkards (Cambridge, Mass.: 1673). See also Martin Edward Lender, "Drunkenness as an offense in early New England: A study of 'puritan' attitudes," Q. J. Stud. Alcohol., 1973,34, 353-66; Martin Edward Lender and James Kirby Martin, Drinking in America: A History (New York: The Free Press, 1982); Henry Gene Levine, "The discovery of addiction: Changing conceptions of habitual drunkenness in America," J. Stud. Alcohol., 1978, 39, 143-74.
44. David W. Conroy, In Public Houses: Drink and the Revolution of Authority in Colonial Massachusetts (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995). Increase Mather articulated the distinction between drink and the drinker that pertained through the American Revolutionary War: "Drink is in it self a good creature of God, and to be received with thankfulness, but the abuse of drink is from Satan; the wine is from God, but the Drunkard is from the Devil." Increase Mather, Wo to Drunkards (Cambridge, Mass.: 1673). See also Martin Edward Lender, "Drunkenness as an offense in early New England: A study of 'puritan' attitudes," Q. J. Stud. Alcohol., 1973,34, 353-66; Martin Edward Lender and James Kirby Martin, Drinking in America: A History (New York: The Free Press, 1982); Henry Gene Levine, "The discovery of addiction: Changing conceptions of habitual drunkenness in America," J. Stud. Alcohol., 1978, 39, 143-74.
45. David W. Conroy, In Public Houses: Drink and the Revolution of Authority in Colonial Massachusetts (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995). Increase Mather articulated the distinction between drink and the drinker that pertained through the American Revolutionary War: "Drink is in it self a good creature of God, and to be received with thankfulness, but the abuse of drink is from Satan; the wine is from God, but the Drunkard is from the Devil." Increase Mather, Wo to Drunkards (Cambridge, Mass.: 1673). See also Martin Edward Lender, "Drunkenness as an offense in early New England: A study of 'puritan' attitudes," Q. J. Stud. Alcohol., 1973,34, 353-66; Martin Edward Lender and James Kirby Martin, Drinking in America: A History (New York: The Free Press, 1982); Henry Gene Levine, "The discovery of addiction: Changing conceptions of habitual drunkenness in America," J. Stud. Alcohol., 1978, 39, 143-74.
46. David W. Conroy, In Public Houses: Drink and the Revolution of Authority in Colonial Massachusetts (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995). Increase Mather articulated the distinction between drink and the drinker that pertained through the American Revolutionary War: "Drink is in it self a good creature of God, and to be received with thankfulness, but the abuse of drink is from Satan; the wine is from God, but the Drunkard is from the Devil." Increase Mather, Wo to Drunkards (Cambridge, Mass.: 1673). See also Martin Edward Lender, "Drunkenness as an offense in early New England: A study of 'puritan' attitudes," Q. J. Stud. Alcohol., 1973,34, 353-66; Martin Edward Lender and James Kirby Martin, Drinking in America: A History (New York: The Free Press, 1982); Henry Gene Levine, "The discovery of addiction: Changing conceptions of habitual drunkenness in America," J. Stud. Alcohol., 1978, 39, 143-74.
47. Conroy, (n. 17), In Public Houses, p. 314; Michael Warner, The Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere In Eighteenth-Century America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990); Benjamin Rush, "An inquiry into the effects of ardent spirits upon the human body and mind with an account of the means of preventing and the remedies for curing them," in Yandell Henderson, ed., A New Deal in Liquor: A Plea for Dilution, (Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1934), pp. 185-221; Benjamin Franklin, "Death of a Drunk," in J. A. Leo Lemay, ed., Benjamin Franklin: Writings (New York: Library of America, 1987), p. 203; Robert D. Arner, "Politics and temperance in Boston and Philadelphia: Benjamin Franklin's journalistic writings on drinking and drunkenness," in J. A. Leo Lemay, ed., Reappraising Benjamin Franklin: A Bicentennial Perspective (Newark, Del.: University of Delaware Press, 1993), pp. 52-77; James H. Cassedy, "The early American hangover: The medical profession and intemperance 1800-1860," Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 50, 405-13.
48. Conroy, (n. 17), In Public Houses, p. 314; Michael Warner, The Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere In Eighteenth-Century America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990); Benjamin Rush, "An inquiry into the effects of ardent spirits upon the human body and mind with an account of the means of preventing and the remedies for curing them," in Yandell Henderson, ed., A New Deal in Liquor: A Plea for Dilution, (Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1934), pp. 185-221; Benjamin Franklin, "Death of a Drunk," in J. A. Leo Lemay, ed., Benjamin Franklin: Writings (New York: Library of America, 1987), p. 203; Robert D. Arner, "Politics and temperance in Boston and Philadelphia: Benjamin Franklin's journalistic writings on drinking and drunkenness," in J. A. Leo Lemay, ed., Reappraising Benjamin Franklin: A Bicentennial Perspective (Newark, Del.: University of Delaware Press, 1993), pp. 52-77; James H. Cassedy, "The early American hangover: The medical profession and intemperance 1800-1860," Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 50, 405-13.
49. Conroy, (n. 17), In Public Houses, p. 314; Michael Warner, The Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere In Eighteenth-Century America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990); Benjamin Rush, "An inquiry into the effects of ardent spirits upon the human body and mind with an account of the means of preventing and the remedies for curing them," in Yandell Henderson, ed., A New Deal in Liquor: A Plea for Dilution, (Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1934), pp. 185-221; Benjamin Franklin, "Death of a Drunk," in J. A. Leo Lemay, ed., Benjamin Franklin: Writings (New York: Library of America, 1987), p. 203; Robert D. Arner, "Politics and temperance in Boston and Philadelphia: Benjamin Franklin's journalistic writings on drinking and drunkenness," in J. A. Leo Lemay, ed., Reappraising Benjamin Franklin: A Bicentennial Perspective (Newark, Del.: University of Delaware Press, 1993), pp. 52-77; James H. Cassedy, "The early American hangover: The medical profession and intemperance 1800-1860," Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 50, 405-13.
50. Conroy, (n. 17), In Public Houses, p. 314; Michael Warner, The Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere In Eighteenth-Century America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990); Benjamin Rush, "An inquiry into the effects of ardent spirits upon the human body and mind with an account of the means of preventing and the remedies for curing them," in Yandell Henderson, ed., A New Deal in Liquor: A Plea for Dilution, (Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1934), pp. 185-221; Benjamin Franklin, "Death of a Drunk," in J. A. Leo Lemay, ed., Benjamin Franklin: Writings (New York: Library of America, 1987), p. 203; Robert D. Arner, "Politics and temperance in Boston and Philadelphia: Benjamin Franklin's journalistic writings on drinking and drunkenness," in J. A. Leo Lemay, ed., Reappraising Benjamin Franklin: A Bicentennial Perspective (Newark, Del.: University of Delaware Press, 1993), pp. 52-77; James H. Cassedy, "The early American hangover: The medical profession and intemperance 1800-1860," Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 50, 405-13.
51. Conroy, (n. 17), In Public Houses, p. 314; Michael Warner, The Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere In Eighteenth-Century America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990); Benjamin Rush, "An inquiry into the effects of ardent spirits upon the human body and mind with an account of the means of preventing and the remedies for curing them," in Yandell Henderson, ed., A New Deal in Liquor: A Plea for Dilution, (Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1934), pp. 185-221; Benjamin Franklin, "Death of a Drunk," in J. A. Leo Lemay, ed., Benjamin Franklin: Writings (New York: Library of America, 1987), p. 203; Robert D. Arner, "Politics and temperance in Boston and Philadelphia: Benjamin Franklin's journalistic writings on drinking and drunkenness," in J. A. Leo Lemay, ed., Reappraising Benjamin Franklin: A Bicentennial Perspective (Newark, Del.: University of Delaware Press, 1993), pp. 52-77; James H. Cassedy, "The early American hangover: The medical profession and intemperance 1800-1860," Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 50, 405-13.
52. Conroy, (n. 17), In Public Houses, p. 314; Michael Warner, The Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere In Eighteenth-Century America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990); Benjamin Rush, "An inquiry into the effects of ardent spirits upon the human body and mind with an account of the means of preventing and the remedies for curing them," in Yandell Henderson, ed., A New Deal in Liquor: A Plea for Dilution, (Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1934), pp. 185-221; Benjamin Franklin, "Death of a Drunk," in J. A. Leo Lemay, ed., Benjamin Franklin: Writings (New York: Library of America, 1987), p. 203; Robert D. Arner, "Politics and temperance in Boston and Philadelphia: Benjamin Franklin's journalistic writings on drinking and drunkenness," in J. A. Leo Lemay, ed., Reappraising Benjamin Franklin: A Bicentennial Perspective (Newark, Del.: University of Delaware Press, 1993), pp. 52-77; James H. Cassedy, "The early American hangover: The medical profession and intemperance 1800-1860," Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 50, 405-13.
53. James Russell Rohrer, "Battling the master vice: The evangelical war against intemperance in Ohio, 1800-1832" (M.A. thesis, Kent State University, 1985); Joyce Appleby, "The personal roots of the first American temperance movement," Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1997, 141, 141-59. As Appleby notes, the most eminent families of the period were not immune to the pernicious effects of prolonged habitual alcohol consumption. The correspondence between the Drakes in Cincinnati and the Mansfields at West Point during the period 1810-1830 indicate several examples in both families; see, for example, Daniel Drake to Elizabeth Mansfield, I May 1814, Jared Mansfield Papers, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio; Elizabeth Mansfield to Daniel Drake, 31 July 1818, Mansfield Family Papers, United States Military Academy Library, West Point, New York.
54. James Russell Rohrer, "Battling the master vice: The evangelical war against intemperance in Ohio, 1800-1832" (M.A. thesis, Kent State University, 1985); Joyce Appleby, "The personal roots of the first American temperance movement," Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1997, 141, 141-59. As Appleby notes, the most eminent families of the period were not immune to the pernicious effects of prolonged habitual alcohol consumption. The correspondence between the Drakes in Cincinnati and the Mansfields at West Point during the period 1810-1830 indicate several examples in both families; see, for example, Daniel Drake to Elizabeth Mansfield, I May 1814, Jared Mansfield Papers, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio; Elizabeth Mansfield to Daniel Drake, 31 July 1818, Mansfield Family Papers, United States Military Academy Library, West Point, New York.
55. Appleby, (n. 19), p. 13; Andrew R. L. Cayton, "The failure of Michael Baldwin: A case study in the origins of middle class culture on the trans-Appalachian frontier," Ohio Hist., 1986, 98, 34-48, p. 47.
56. John Chambers, Autobiography of John Chambers (Iowa City: The State Historical Society of Iowa, 1908), p. 20. Carl Edward Skeen, Citizen Soldiers in the War of 1812 (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1999); Rohrer, (n. 19), p. 28.
57. John Chambers, Autobiography of John Chambers (Iowa City: The State Historical Society of Iowa, 1908), p. 20. Carl Edward Skeen, Citizen Soldiers in the War of 1812 (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1999); Rohrer, (n. 19), p. 28.
58. Rohrer, (n. 19), pp. 55-56.
59. Joel Bernard, "From fasting to abstinence: The origins of the American Temperance Movement," in Susan Barrows and Robin Room, eds., Drinking: Behavior and Belief in Modem History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp. 337-75; Laura A. Schmidt, "'A battle not man's but God's': Origins of the American temperance crusade in the struggle for religious authority," J. Stud. Alcohol., 1995, 56, 110-21; Robert Bruce Mullin, Episcopal Vision/American Reality: High Church Theology and Social Thought in Evangelical America (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986); Allan M. Winkler, "Lyman Beecher and the temperance crusade," Q. J. Stud. Alcohol., 1972, 33, 939-57; Lyman Beecher, Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy of Intemperance (Boston: T. R. Marvin, 1836); Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 263-64.
60. Joel Bernard, "From fasting to abstinence: The origins of the American Temperance Movement," in Susan Barrows and Robin Room, eds., Drinking: Behavior and Belief in Modem History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp. 337-75; Laura A. Schmidt, "'A battle not man's but God's': Origins of the American temperance crusade in the struggle for religious authority," J. Stud. Alcohol., 1995, 56, 110-21; Robert Bruce Mullin, Episcopal Vision/American Reality: High Church Theology and Social Thought in Evangelical America (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986); Allan M. Winkler, "Lyman Beecher and the temperance crusade," Q. J. Stud. Alcohol., 1972, 33, 939-57; Lyman Beecher, Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy of Intemperance (Boston: T. R. Marvin, 1836); Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 263-64.
61. Joel Bernard, "From fasting to abstinence: The origins of the American Temperance Movement," in Susan Barrows and Robin Room, eds., Drinking: Behavior and Belief in Modem History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp. 337-75; Laura A. Schmidt, "'A battle not man's but God's': Origins of the American temperance crusade in the struggle for religious authority," J. Stud. Alcohol., 1995, 56, 110-21; Robert Bruce Mullin, Episcopal Vision/American Reality: High Church Theology and Social Thought in Evangelical America (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986); Allan M. Winkler, "Lyman Beecher and the temperance crusade," Q. J. Stud. Alcohol., 1972, 33, 939-57; Lyman Beecher, Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy of Intemperance (Boston: T. R. Marvin, 1836); Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 263-64.
62. Joel Bernard, "From fasting to abstinence: The origins of the American Temperance Movement," in Susan Barrows and Robin Room, eds., Drinking: Behavior and Belief in Modem History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp. 337-75; Laura A. Schmidt, "'A battle not man's but God's': Origins of the American temperance crusade in the struggle for religious authority," J. Stud. Alcohol., 1995, 56, 110-21; Robert Bruce Mullin, Episcopal Vision/American Reality: High Church Theology and Social Thought in Evangelical America (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986); Allan M. Winkler, "Lyman Beecher and the temperance crusade," Q. J. Stud. Alcohol., 1972, 33, 939-57; Lyman Beecher, Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy of Intemperance (Boston: T. R. Marvin, 1836); Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 263-64.
63. Joel Bernard, "From fasting to abstinence: The origins of the American Temperance Movement," in Susan Barrows and Robin Room, eds., Drinking: Behavior and Belief in Modem History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp. 337-75; Laura A. Schmidt, "'A battle not man's but God's': Origins of the American temperance crusade in the struggle for religious authority," J. Stud. Alcohol., 1995, 56, 110-21; Robert Bruce Mullin, Episcopal Vision/American Reality: High Church Theology and Social Thought in Evangelical America (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986); Allan M. Winkler, "Lyman Beecher and the temperance crusade," Q. J. Stud. Alcohol., 1972, 33, 939-57; Lyman Beecher, Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy of Intemperance (Boston: T. R. Marvin, 1836); Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 263-64.
64. Joel Bernard, "From fasting to abstinence: The origins of the American Temperance Movement," in Susan Barrows and Robin Room, eds., Drinking: Behavior and Belief in Modem History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp. 337-75; Laura A. Schmidt, "'A battle not man's but God's': Origins of the American temperance crusade in the struggle for religious authority," J. Stud. Alcohol., 1995, 56, 110-21; Robert Bruce Mullin, Episcopal Vision/American Reality: High Church Theology and Social Thought in Evangelical America (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986); Allan M. Winkler, "Lyman Beecher and the temperance crusade," Q. J. Stud. Alcohol., 1972, 33, 939-57; Lyman Beecher, Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy of Intemperance (Boston: T. R. Marvin, 1836); Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 263-64.
65. Gusfield, (n. 13), Symbolic Crusade', Marc L. Harris, "The process of voluntary association: Organizing the Ravenna Temperance Society, 1830," Ohio Hist., 1985, 94, 158-70. Rosemarie Garland Thomson, Extraordinary Bodies: Figuring Physical Disability in American Culture and Literature (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p. 43.
66. Gusfield, (n. 13), Symbolic Crusade', Marc L. Harris, "The process of voluntary association: Organizing the Ravenna Temperance Society, 1830," Ohio Hist., 1985, 94, 158-70. Rosemarie Garland Thomson, Extraordinary Bodies: Figuring Physical Disability in American Culture and Literature (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p. 43.
67. Gusfield, (n. 13), Symbolic Crusade', Marc L. Harris, "The process of voluntary association: Organizing the Ravenna Temperance Society, 1830," Ohio Hist., 1985, 94, 158-70. Rosemarie Garland Thomson, Extraordinary Bodies: Figuring Physical Disability in American Culture and Literature (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p. 43.
68. Bernard, (n. 23); Thomas A. Horrocks, "'The poor man's riches, the rich man's bliss': Regimen, reform, and the Journal of Health, 1829-1833," Proc. Am. Phil Soc., 1995, 139, 115-34; Joan D. Hedrick, Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 143-57.
69. Bernard, (n. 23); Thomas A. Horrocks, "'The poor man's riches, the rich man's bliss': Regimen, reform, and the Journal of Health, 1829-1833," Proc. Am. Phil Soc., 1995, 139, 115-34; Joan D. Hedrick, Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 143-57.
70. William J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 8. For an accurate depiction of the gradual decline of consumption over the course of the nineteenth century, see Ian R. Tyrrell, Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800-1860 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979).
71. William J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 8. For an accurate depiction of the gradual decline of consumption over the course of the nineteenth century, see Ian R. Tyrrell, Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800-1860 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979).
72. Jed Dannenbaum, Drink and Disorder: Temperance Reform in Cincinnati from the Washingtonian Revival to the WCTU (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984), p. 22; Bernard, (n. 23).
73. On the importance of physicians in the early temperance movement, see Henry Gene Levine, "The alcohol problem in America: From temperance to alcoholism," Br. J. Addict., 1984, 79, 109-19; Cassedy, (n. 18); Albert Ernest Wilkerson, "A history of the concept of alcoholism as a disease" (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1966). 2p. Steven Watts, in The Republic Reborn: War and the Making of Liberal America, 1790-1820 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press), argues that the period 1790-1820 saw a far-reaching shift in American society, away from republican traditions and toward modern liberal capitalist values. A significant component of this shift in national ethos is the popularization of temperate and moral behavior. The intense physical and cultural disruptions of the market revolution had a profound effect on social norms of male behavior; see also Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996). The "self-made man" is Kimniel's term of the ideal type that emerged after the revolutionary war and attained hegemony during the nineteenth century.
74. On the importance of physicians in the early temperance movement, see Henry Gene Levine, "The alcohol problem in America: From temperance to alcoholism," Br. J. Addict., 1984, 79, 109-19; Cassedy, (n. 18); Albert Ernest Wilkerson, "A history of the concept of alcoholism as a disease" (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1966). 2p. Steven Watts, in The Republic Reborn: War and the Making of Liberal America, 1790-1820 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press), argues that the period 1790-1820 saw a far-reaching shift in American society, away from republican traditions and toward modern liberal capitalist values. A significant component of this shift in national ethos is the popularization of temperate and moral behavior. The intense physical and cultural disruptions of the market revolution had a profound effect on social norms of male behavior; see also Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996). The "self-made man" is Kimniel's term of the ideal type that emerged after the revolutionary war and attained hegemony during the nineteenth century.
75. On the importance of physicians in the early temperance movement, see Henry Gene Levine, "The alcohol problem in America: From temperance to alcoholism," Br. J. Addict., 1984, 79, 109-19; Cassedy, (n. 18); Albert Ernest Wilkerson, "A history of the concept of alcoholism as a disease" (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1966). 2p. Steven Watts, in The Republic Reborn: War and the Making of Liberal America, 1790-1820 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press), argues that the period 1790-1820 saw a far-reaching shift in American society, away from republican traditions and toward modern liberal capitalist values. A significant component of this shift in national ethos is the popularization of temperate and moral behavior. The intense physical and cultural disruptions of the market revolution had a profound effect on social norms of male behavior; see also Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996). The "self-made man" is Kimniel's term of the ideal type that emerged after the revolutionary war and attained hegemony during the nineteenth century.
76. On the importance of physicians in the early temperance movement, see Henry Gene Levine, "The alcohol problem in America: From temperance to alcoholism," Br. J. Addict., 1984, 79, 109-19; Cassedy, (n. 18); Albert Ernest Wilkerson, "A history of the concept of alcoholism as a disease" (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1966). 2p. Steven Watts, in The Republic Reborn: War and the Making of Liberal America, 1790-1820 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press), argues that the period 1790-1820 saw a far-reaching shift in American society, away from republican traditions and toward modern liberal capitalist values. A significant component of this shift in national ethos is the popularization of temperate and moral behavior. The intense physical and cultural disruptions of the market revolution had a profound effect on social norms of male behavior; see also Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996). The "self-made man" is Kimniel's term of the ideal type that emerged after the revolutionary war and attained hegemony during the nineteenth century.
77. William H. Goetzmann, "Paradigm lost," in Nathan Reingold, ed., The Sciences in the American Context: New Perspectives (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979). PP. 31-34; William H. Goetzmann, New Lands, New Men: America and the Second Great Age of Discovery (New York: Viking, 1986). Historians of medicine and science have paid closer attention to this area of geophysical and medical research: Edgar Erskine Hume, "The foundation of American meteorology by the United States Army Medical Department," Bull. Hist. Med., 1940, 8, 202-38; George Rosen, The History of Miners' Diseases, A Medical and Social Interpretation (New York: Schuman's, 1943); James H. Cassedy, Medicine and American Growth (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986); James Rodger Fleming, Meteorology in America, 1800-1870 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990).
78. William H. Goetzmann, "Paradigm lost," in Nathan Reingold, ed., The Sciences in the American Context: New Perspectives (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979). PP. 31-34; William H. Goetzmann, New Lands, New Men: America and the Second Great Age of Discovery (New York: Viking, 1986). Historians of medicine and science have paid closer attention to this area of geophysical and medical research: Edgar Erskine Hume, "The foundation of American meteorology by the United States Army Medical Department," Bull. Hist. Med., 1940, 8, 202-38; George Rosen, The History of Miners' Diseases, A Medical and Social Interpretation (New York: Schuman's, 1943); James H. Cassedy, Medicine and American Growth (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986); James Rodger Fleming, Meteorology in America, 1800-1870 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990).
79. William H. Goetzmann, "Paradigm lost," in Nathan Reingold, ed., The Sciences in the American Context: New Perspectives (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979). PP. 31-34; William H. Goetzmann, New Lands, New Men: America and the Second Great Age of Discovery (New York: Viking, 1986). Historians of medicine and science have paid closer attention to this area of geophysical and medical research: Edgar Erskine Hume, "The foundation of American meteorology by the United States Army Medical Department," Bull. Hist. Med., 1940, 8, 202-38; George Rosen, The History of Miners' Diseases, A Medical and Social Interpretation (New York: Schuman's, 1943); James H. Cassedy, Medicine and American Growth (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986); James Rodger Fleming, Meteorology in America, 1800-1870 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990).
80. William H. Goetzmann, "Paradigm lost," in Nathan Reingold, ed., The Sciences in the American Context: New Perspectives (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979). PP. 31-34; William H. Goetzmann, New Lands, New Men: America and the Second Great Age of Discovery (New York: Viking, 1986). Historians of medicine and science have paid closer attention to this area of geophysical and medical research: Edgar Erskine Hume, "The foundation of American meteorology by the United States Army Medical Department," Bull. Hist. Med., 1940, 8, 202-38; George Rosen, The History of Miners' Diseases, A Medical and Social Interpretation (New York: Schuman's, 1943); James H. Cassedy, Medicine and American Growth (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986); James Rodger Fleming, Meteorology in America, 1800-1870 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990).
81. William H. Goetzmann, "Paradigm lost," in Nathan Reingold, ed., The Sciences in the American Context: New Perspectives (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979). PP. 31-34; William H. Goetzmann, New Lands, New Men: America and the Second Great Age of Discovery (New York: Viking, 1986). Historians of medicine and science have paid closer attention to this area of geophysical and medical research: Edgar Erskine Hume, "The foundation of American meteorology by the United States Army Medical Department," Bull. Hist. Med., 1940, 8, 202-38; George Rosen, The History of Miners' Diseases, A Medical and Social Interpretation (New York: Schuman's, 1943); James H. Cassedy, Medicine and American Growth (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986); James Rodger Fleming, Meteorology in America, 1800-1870 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990).
82. William H. Goetzmann, "Paradigm lost," in Nathan Reingold, ed., The Sciences in the American Context: New Perspectives (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979). PP. 31-34; William H. Goetzmann, New Lands, New Men: America and the Second Great Age of Discovery (New York: Viking, 1986). Historians of medicine and science have paid closer attention to this area of geophysical and medical research: Edgar Erskine Hume, "The foundation of American meteorology by the United States Army Medical Department," Bull. Hist. Med., 1940, 8, 202-38; George Rosen, The History of Miners' Diseases, A Medical and Social Interpretation (New York: Schuman's, 1943); James H. Cassedy, Medicine and American Growth (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986); James Rodger Fleming, Meteorology in America, 1800-1870 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990).
83. Driver, (n. 14); Kneale, (n. 14); George Rosen, "Cameralism and the concept of medical police," Bull. Hist. Med., 1953, 27, 21-42; Jordanova, (n. 14); Johann Peter Frank, A System of Complete Medical Police, trans. Erna Lesky (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976); Cassedy, (n. 30) Medicine.
84. Driver, (n. 14); Kneale, (n. 14); George Rosen, "Cameralism and the concept of medical police," Bull. Hist. Med., 1953, 27, 21-42; Jordanova, (n. 14); Johann Peter Frank, A System of Complete Medical Police, trans. Erna Lesky (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976); Cassedy, (n. 30) Medicine.
85. Driver, (n. 14); Kneale, (n. 14); George Rosen, "Cameralism and the concept of medical police," Bull. Hist. Med., 1953, 27, 21-42; Jordanova, (n. 14); Johann Peter Frank, A System of Complete Medical Police, trans. Erna Lesky (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976); Cassedy, (n. 30) Medicine.
86. John Harley Warner, The Therapaitic Perspective: Medical Practice, Knowledge, and Identity in America, 1820-1885 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986); John S. Haller, Jr., American Medicine in Transition, 1840-1910 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981).
87. John Harley Warner, The Therapaitic Perspective: Medical Practice, Knowledge, and Identity in America, 1820-1885 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986); John S. Haller, Jr., American Medicine in Transition, 1840-1910 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981).
88. John Harley Warner, "From specificity to universalism in medical therapeutics: Transformation in the 19th-century United States," in Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers, eds., Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), pp. 87-101; Hippocrates, "Epidemics," in Hippocratic Writings, trans. W. H. S. Jones (London: Penquin Classics, 1983); Edward Miller, "On the effects of abstinence at the approach of acute diseases," Med. Repos., 1797, 1, 194-203; Michel Foucault, The Use of Pleasure: Volume 2 of The History of Sexuality (New York: Vintage Books, 1985).
89. John Harley Warner, "From specificity to universalism in medical therapeutics: Transformation in the 19th-century United States," in Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers, eds., Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), pp. 87-101; Hippocrates, "Epidemics," in Hippocratic Writings, trans. W. H. S. Jones (London: Penquin Classics, 1983); Edward Miller, "On the effects of abstinence at the approach of acute diseases," Med. Repos., 1797, 1, 194-203; Michel Foucault, The Use of Pleasure: Volume 2 of The History of Sexuality (New York: Vintage Books, 1985).
90. John Harley Warner, "From specificity to universalism in medical therapeutics: Transformation in the 19th-century United States," in Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers, eds., Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), pp. 87-101; Hippocrates, "Epidemics," in Hippocratic Writings, trans. W. H. S. Jones (London: Penquin Classics, 1983); Edward Miller, "On the effects of abstinence at the approach of acute diseases," Med. Repos., 1797, 1, 194-203; Michel Foucault, The Use of Pleasure: Volume 2 of The History of Sexuality (New York: Vintage Books, 1985).
91. John Harley Warner, "From specificity to universalism in medical therapeutics: Transformation in the 19th-century United States," in Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers, eds., Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), pp. 87-101; Hippocrates, "Epidemics," in Hippocratic Writings, trans. W. H. S. Jones (London: Penquin Classics, 1983); Edward Miller, "On the effects of abstinence at the approach of acute diseases," Med. Repos., 1797, 1, 194-203; Michel Foucault, The Use of Pleasure: Volume 2 of The History of Sexuality (New York: Vintage Books, 1985).
92. Mary Louise Marshall, "The versatile genius of Dr. Drake," Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc., 1943, 31, 291-318; Emmet Field Horine, "Daniel Drake and his medical classic" J. Ky. St. Med. Assoc., 1952, 50, 68-79; Frederick Sargent, Hippocratic Heritage: A History of Ideas about Weather and Human Health (New York: Pergamon Press, 1982); Frank A. Barrett, "Daniel Drake's medical geography," Soc. Sci. Med., 1996, 42, 791-800. Daniel Drake, A Systematic Treatise, Historical, Etiological, and Practical, on the Principal Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America, as They Appear in the Caucasian, African, Indian, and Esquimaux Varieties of Its Population, vol. I (Cincinnati: W. B. Smith & Co.; New York, Mason & Law, 1850); and vol. II, ed. S. Hanbury Smith and Francis G. Smith (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1854).
93. Mary Louise Marshall, "The versatile genius of Dr. Drake," Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc., 1943, 31, 291-318; Emmet Field Horine, "Daniel Drake and his medical classic" J. Ky. St. Med. Assoc., 1952, 50, 68-79; Frederick Sargent, Hippocratic Heritage: A History of Ideas about Weather and Human Health (New York: Pergamon Press, 1982); Frank A. Barrett, "Daniel Drake's medical geography," Soc. Sci. Med., 1996, 42, 791-800. Daniel Drake, A Systematic Treatise, Historical, Etiological, and Practical, on the Principal Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America, as They Appear in the Caucasian, African, Indian, and Esquimaux Varieties of Its Population, vol. I (Cincinnati: W. B. Smith & Co.; New York, Mason & Law, 1850); and vol. II, ed. S. Hanbury Smith and Francis G. Smith (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1854).
94. Mary Louise Marshall, "The versatile genius of Dr. Drake," Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc., 1943, 31, 291-318; Emmet Field Horine, "Daniel Drake and his medical classic" J. Ky. St. Med. Assoc., 1952, 50, 68-79; Frederick Sargent, Hippocratic Heritage: A History of Ideas about Weather and Human Health (New York: Pergamon Press, 1982); Frank A. Barrett, "Daniel Drake's medical geography," Soc. Sci. Med., 1996, 42, 791-800. Daniel Drake, A Systematic Treatise, Historical, Etiological, and Practical, on the Principal Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America, as They Appear in the Caucasian, African, Indian, and Esquimaux Varieties of Its Population, vol. I (Cincinnati: W. B. Smith & Co.; New York, Mason & Law, 1850); and vol. II, ed. S. Hanbury Smith and Francis G. Smith (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1854).
95. Mary Louise Marshall, "The versatile genius of Dr. Drake," Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc., 1943, 31, 291-318; Emmet Field Horine, "Daniel Drake and his medical classic" J. Ky. St. Med. Assoc., 1952, 50, 68-79; Frederick Sargent, Hippocratic Heritage: A History of Ideas about Weather and Human Health (New York: Pergamon Press, 1982); Frank A. Barrett, "Daniel Drake's medical geography," Soc. Sci. Med., 1996, 42, 791-800. Daniel Drake, A Systematic Treatise, Historical, Etiological, and Practical, on the Principal Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America, as They Appear in the Caucasian, African, Indian, and Esquimaux Varieties of Its Population, vol. I (Cincinnati: W. B. Smith & Co.; New York, Mason & Law, 1850); and vol. II, ed. S. Hanbury Smith and Francis G. Smith (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1854).
96. Mary Louise Marshall, "The versatile genius of Dr. Drake," Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc., 1943, 31, 291-318; Emmet Field Horine, "Daniel Drake and his medical classic" J. Ky. St. Med. Assoc., 1952, 50, 68-79; Frederick Sargent, Hippocratic Heritage: A History of Ideas about Weather and Human Health (New York: Pergamon Press, 1982); Frank A. Barrett, "Daniel Drake's medical geography," Soc. Sci. Med., 1996, 42, 791-800. Daniel Drake, A Systematic Treatise, Historical, Etiological, and Practical, on the Principal Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America, as They Appear in the Caucasian, African, Indian, and Esquimaux Varieties of Its Population, vol. I (Cincinnati: W. B. Smith & Co.; New York, Mason & Law, 1850); and vol. II, ed. S. Hanbury Smith and Francis G. Smith (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1854).
97. Mary Louise Marshall, "The versatile genius of Dr. Drake," Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc., 1943, 31, 291-318; Emmet Field Horine, "Daniel Drake and his medical classic" J. Ky. St. Med. Assoc., 1952, 50, 68-79; Frederick Sargent, Hippocratic Heritage: A History of Ideas about Weather and Human Health (New York: Pergamon Press, 1982); Frank A. Barrett, "Daniel Drake's medical geography," Soc. Sci. Med., 1996, 42, 791-800. Daniel Drake, A Systematic Treatise, Historical, Etiological, and Practical, on the Principal Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America, as They Appear in the Caucasian, African, Indian, and Esquimaux Varieties of Its Population, vol. I (Cincinnati: W. B. Smith & Co.; New York, Mason & Law, 1850); and vol. II, ed. S. Hanbury Smith and Francis G. Smith (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1854).
98. Daniel Drake, "Systematic treatise on the principal diseases of the interior of North America (1850)," in Henry D. Shapiro and Zane L. Miller, eds., Physician to the West: Selected Writings of Daniel Drake on Science & Society (Lexington, Ky.: University of Kentucky Press, 1970), pp. 329-79.
99. Ibid., p. 349.
100. Daniel Drake, "Communication from Dr. Drake to the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Cincinnati," W. Lancet, 1850, 11, 557-69.
101. Ibid., p. 569.
102. Ibid.
103. Daniel Drake, Dr. Daniel Drake's Letters on Slavery to Dr. John C. Warren, of Boston (New York: Schuman's, 1940 [orig. pub. 1851]).
104. Daniel Drake, Proceedings of the Physiological Temperance Society of the Medical Institute of Louisville (Louisville, Ky.: N. H. White, 1842).
105. Daniel Drake, "Observations on debating societies & the duties of their members; read before the Cincinnati Lyceum, 1807," Torrence Papers, Box 5, Cincinnati Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
106. Henry D. Shapiro, "Daniel Drake: The scientist as citizen," in Shapiro and Miller, (n. 35) Physician, xi-xxii.
107. Drake's patients were the elite of Cincinnati society. According to Beecher family letters, Dr. Drake kept Harriet Beecher Stowe supplied with a blue calomel pills during the 18305 before she began her frequent travels to Brattleboro, New York for the water cure; Hedrick, (n. 25) Harriet Beecher Stowe, pp. 173-85.
108. Daniel Drake, "Observations on tremulent diseases," Am. Med. Rec., 1819, 2, 59-65. As Richard Shryock and Erwin Ackerknecht have noted, the vaguely termed conditions "dyspepsia" and "gastro-enteritis" exercised a great deal of attention during the first three decades of the nineteenth century: Richard H. Shryock, "Empiricism versus rationalism in American medicine," Proc. Am. Antiq. Soc., 1969, 79, 99-150; Erwin H. Ackerknecht, Medicine at the Paris Hospital, 1794-1848 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1967), P. 79.
109. Daniel Drake, "Observations on tremulent diseases," Am. Med. Rec., 1819, 2, 59-65. As Richard Shryock and Erwin Ackerknecht have noted, the vaguely termed conditions "dyspepsia" and "gastro-enteritis" exercised a great deal of attention during the first three decades of the nineteenth century: Richard H. Shryock, "Empiricism versus rationalism in American medicine," Proc. Am. Antiq. Soc., 1969, 79, 99-150; Erwin H. Ackerknecht, Medicine at the Paris Hospital, 1794-1848 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1967), P. 79.
110. Daniel Drake, "Observations on tremulent diseases," Am. Med. Rec., 1819, 2, 59-65. As Richard Shryock and Erwin Ackerknecht have noted, the vaguely termed conditions "dyspepsia" and "gastro-enteritis" exercised a great deal of attention during the first three decades of the nineteenth century: Richard H. Shryock, "Empiricism versus rationalism in American medicine," Proc. Am. Antiq. Soc., 1969, 79, 99-150; Erwin H. Ackerknecht, Medicine at the Paris Hospital, 1794-1848 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1967), P. 79.
111. Daniel Drake, "Oration on the causes, evils, and preventives of intemperance (1831)," in Shapiro and Miller, (n. 35) Physician, p. 206.
112. Foucault, (n. 33) Use of Pleasure. See also Robert Castel, "'Problematization' as a mode of reading history," in Jan Goldstein, ed., Foucault and the Writing of History (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994), pp. 237-52.
113. Foucault, (n. 33) Use of Pleasure. See also Robert Castel, "'Problematization' as a mode of reading history," in Jan Goldstein, ed., Foucault and the Writing of History (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994), pp. 237-52.
114. Drake, (n. 46), p. 208.
115. Stephen J. Ross, Workers on the Edge: Work, Leisure, and Politics in Industrializing Cincinnati, 1788-1890 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985); Stephen Z. Starr, "Prosit!!!! A non-cosmic tour of the Cincinnati saloon," in Don Heinrich Tolzmann, ed., Festschrift for the German-American Tricentennial Jubilee (Cincinnati: Cincinnati Historical Society, 1982), pp. 46-53.
116. Stephen J. Ross, Workers on the Edge: Work, Leisure, and Politics in Industrializing Cincinnati, 1788-1890 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985); Stephen Z. Starr, "Prosit!!!! A non-cosmic tour of the Cincinnati saloon," in Don Heinrich Tolzmann, ed., Festschrift for the German-American Tricentennial Jubilee (Cincinnati: Cincinnati Historical Society, 1982), pp. 46-53.
117. Rorabaugh, (n. 26) Alcoholic Republic, Dannenbaum, (n. 27) Drink and Disorder.
118. Rorabaugh, (n. 26) Alcoholic Republic, Dannenbaum, (n. 27) Drink and Disorder.
119. Dannenbaum, (n. 27) Drink and Disorder, pp. 24-25.
120. Rorabaugh, (n. 26) Alcoholic Republic, Jerome Nadelhaft, "Wife torture: A known phenomenon in nineteenth-century America," J. Am. Cult., 1987, 10, 39-59; Daniel A. Cohen, "Homocidal compulsion and the conditions of freedom: The social and psychological origins of familicide in America's early republic," J. Soc. Hist., 1995, 28, 725-64.
121. Rorabaugh, (n. 26) Alcoholic Republic, Jerome Nadelhaft, "Wife torture: A known phenomenon in nineteenth-century America," J. Am. Cult., 1987, 10, 39-59; Daniel A. Cohen, "Homocidal compulsion and the conditions of freedom: The social and psychological origins of familicide in America's early republic," J. Soc. Hist., 1995, 28, 725-64.
122. Rorabaugh, (n. 26) Alcoholic Republic, Jerome Nadelhaft, "Wife torture: A known phenomenon in nineteenth-century America," J. Am. Cult., 1987, 10, 39-59; Daniel A. Cohen, "Homocidal compulsion and the conditions of freedom: The social and psychological origins of familicide in America's early republic," J. Soc. Hist., 1995, 28, 725-64.
123. George Hayward, "Some remarks on Delirium Vigilans; commonly called 'Delirium Tremens,' 'Mania à Potu' or 'Mania à Tremulentia'," N. Engl. J. Med. Surg., 1822, 11, 235-43; Daniel Drake, "Medical jurisprudence. Report of a trial for murder, in which the culprit was defended on the grounds of his labouring under mania a potu, or delirium from intemperance," W.J. Med. Phys. Sci., 1830, 1, 44-65; Daniel Drake, "Medicaljurisprudence. Sequel of the case of John Birdsell, with remarks on feined insanity," W. J. Med. Phys. Sci., 1830, 3, 215-21; Isaac Ray, A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity (Boston, 1838; reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1962); Jacques M. Quen, "Isaac Ray on drunkenness," Bull. Hist. Med., 1967, 41, 342-48; Stanley L. Block, "Daniel Drake and the insanity plea," Bull. Hist. Med., 1991, 65, 326-39; Rorabaugh, (n. 26) Alcoholic Republic, pp. 169-73.
124. George Hayward, "Some remarks on Delirium Vigilans; commonly called 'Delirium Tremens,' 'Mania à Potu' or 'Mania à Tremulentia'," N. Engl. J. Med. Surg., 1822, 11, 235-43; Daniel Drake, "Medical jurisprudence. Report of a trial for murder, in which the culprit was defended on the grounds of his labouring under mania a potu, or delirium from intemperance," W.J. Med. Phys. Sci., 1830, 1, 44-65; Daniel Drake, "Medicaljurisprudence. Sequel of the case of John Birdsell, with remarks on feined insanity," W. J. Med. Phys. Sci., 1830, 3, 215-21; Isaac Ray, A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity (Boston, 1838; reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1962); Jacques M. Quen, "Isaac Ray on drunkenness," Bull. Hist. Med., 1967, 41, 342-48; Stanley L. Block, "Daniel Drake and the insanity plea," Bull. Hist. Med., 1991, 65, 326-39; Rorabaugh, (n. 26) Alcoholic Republic, pp. 169-73.
125. George Hayward, "Some remarks on Delirium Vigilans; commonly called 'Delirium Tremens,' 'Mania à Potu' or 'Mania à Tremulentia'," N. Engl. J. Med. Surg., 1822, 11, 235-43; Daniel Drake, "Medical jurisprudence. Report of a trial for murder, in which the culprit was defended on the grounds of his labouring under mania a potu, or delirium from intemperance," W.J. Med. Phys. Sci., 1830, 1, 44-65; Daniel Drake, "Medicaljurisprudence. Sequel of the case of John Birdsell, with remarks on feined insanity," W. J. Med. Phys. Sci., 1830, 3, 215-21; Isaac Ray, A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity (Boston, 1838; reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1962); Jacques M. Quen, "Isaac Ray on drunkenness," Bull. Hist. Med., 1967, 41, 342-48; Stanley L. Block, "Daniel Drake and the insanity plea," Bull. Hist. Med., 1991, 65, 326-39; Rorabaugh, (n. 26) Alcoholic Republic, pp. 169-73.
126. George Hayward, "Some remarks on Delirium Vigilans; commonly called 'Delirium Tremens,' 'Mania à Potu' or 'Mania à Tremulentia'," N. Engl. J. Med. Surg., 1822, 11, 235-43; Daniel Drake, "Medical jurisprudence. Report of a trial for murder, in which the culprit was defended on the grounds of his labouring under mania a potu, or delirium from intemperance," W.J. Med. Phys. Sci., 1830, 1, 44-65; Daniel Drake, "Medicaljurisprudence. Sequel of the case of John Birdsell, with remarks on feined insanity," W. J. Med. Phys. Sci., 1830, 3, 215-21; Isaac Ray, A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity (Boston, 1838; reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1962); Jacques M. Quen, "Isaac Ray on drunkenness," Bull. Hist. Med., 1967, 41, 342-48; Stanley L. Block, "Daniel Drake and the insanity plea," Bull. Hist. Med., 1991, 65, 326-39; Rorabaugh, (n. 26) Alcoholic Republic, pp. 169-73.
127. George Hayward, "Some remarks on Delirium Vigilans; commonly called 'Delirium Tremens,' 'Mania à Potu' or 'Mania à Tremulentia'," N. Engl. J. Med. Surg., 1822, 11, 235-43; Daniel Drake, "Medical jurisprudence. Report of a trial for murder, in which the culprit was defended on the grounds of his labouring under mania a potu, or delirium from intemperance," W.J. Med. Phys. Sci., 1830, 1, 44-65; Daniel Drake, "Medicaljurisprudence. Sequel of the case of John Birdsell, with remarks on feined insanity," W. J. Med. Phys. Sci., 1830, 3, 215-21; Isaac Ray, A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity (Boston, 1838; reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1962); Jacques M. Quen, "Isaac Ray on drunkenness," Bull. Hist. Med., 1967, 41, 342-48; Stanley L. Block, "Daniel Drake and the insanity plea," Bull. Hist. Med., 1991, 65, 326-39; Rorabaugh, (n. 26) Alcoholic Republic, pp. 169-73.
128. George Hayward, "Some remarks on Delirium Vigilans; commonly called 'Delirium Tremens,' 'Mania à Potu' or 'Mania à Tremulentia'," N. Engl. J. Med. Surg., 1822, 11, 235-43; Daniel Drake, "Medical jurisprudence. Report of a trial for murder, in which the culprit was defended on the grounds of his labouring under mania a potu, or delirium from intemperance," W.J. Med. Phys. Sci., 1830, 1, 44-65; Daniel Drake, "Medicaljurisprudence. Sequel of the case of John Birdsell, with remarks on feined insanity," W. J. Med. Phys. Sci., 1830, 3, 215-21; Isaac Ray, A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity (Boston, 1838; reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1962); Jacques M. Quen, "Isaac Ray on drunkenness," Bull. Hist. Med., 1967, 41, 342-48; Stanley L. Block, "Daniel Drake and the insanity plea," Bull. Hist. Med., 1991, 65, 326-39; Rorabaugh, (n. 26) Alcoholic Republic, pp. 169-73.
129. George Hayward, "Some remarks on Delirium Vigilans; commonly called 'Delirium Tremens,' 'Mania à Potu' or 'Mania à Tremulentia'," N. Engl. J. Med. Surg., 1822, 11, 235-43; Daniel Drake, "Medical jurisprudence. Report of a trial for murder, in which the culprit was defended on the grounds of his labouring under mania a potu, or delirium from intemperance," W.J. Med. Phys. Sci., 1830, 1, 44-65; Daniel Drake, "Medicaljurisprudence. Sequel of the case of John Birdsell, with remarks on feined insanity," W. J. Med. Phys. Sci., 1830, 3, 215-21; Isaac Ray, A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity (Boston, 1838; reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1962); Jacques M. Quen, "Isaac Ray on drunkenness," Bull. Hist. Med., 1967, 41, 342-48; Stanley L. Block, "Daniel Drake and the insanity plea," Bull. Hist. Med., 1991, 65, 326-39; Rorabaugh, (n. 26) Alcoholic Republic, pp. 169-73.
130. By all accounts, levels of alcohol consumption amongst Western males far exceeded that of females during this period; Rorabaugh, (n. 26) Alcoholic Republic, p. II; Henry Gene Levine, "Temperance and women in 19th-century United States," in Oriana Jossen Kalant, ed., Alcohol and Drug Problems of Women, Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems, vol. 5 (New York: Plenum Press, 1980), pp. 25-67.
131. By all accounts, levels of alcohol consumption amongst Western males far exceeded that of females during this period; Rorabaugh, (n. 26) Alcoholic Republic, p. II; Henry Gene Levine, "Temperance and women in 19th-century United States," in Oriana Jossen Kalant, ed., Alcohol and Drug Problems of Women, Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems, vol. 5 (New York: Plenum Press, 1980), pp. 25-67.
132. James H. Cassedy, American Medicine and Statistical Thinking, 1800-1860 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984); Samuel A. Cartwright, "Hygienics of temperance," Bost. Med. Surg. J., 1853, 48, 494-99.
133. James H. Cassedy, American Medicine and Statistical Thinking, 1800-1860 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984); Samuel A. Cartwright, "Hygienics of temperance," Bost. Med. Surg. J., 1853, 48, 494-99.
134. Ross, (n. 49) Workers; Dannenbaum, (n. 27) Drink and Disorder, pp. 35-36.
135. Ross, (n. 49) Workers; Dannenbaum, (n. 27) Drink and Disorder, pp. 35-36.
136. The best complete histories of the Washingtonian reform movement are Leonard U. Blumberg and William L. Pittman, Beware the First Drink: The Washingtonian Temperance Movement and Alcoholics Anonymous (Seattle, Wash.: Glen Abbey Books, 1991), and Milton A. Maxwell, "The Washingtonian Movement," Q. J. Stud. Alcohol., 1950, 2, 410-51.
137. The best complete histories of the Washingtonian reform movement are Leonard U. Blumberg and William L. Pittman, Beware the First Drink: The Washingtonian Temperance Movement and Alcoholics Anonymous (Seattle, Wash.: Glen Abbey Books, 1991), and Milton A. Maxwell, "The Washingtonian Movement," Q. J. Stud. Alcohol., 1950, 2, 410-51.
138. Dannenbaum, (n. 27) Drink and Disorder, p. 36; Drake, (n. 10).
139. Blumberg and Pittman, (n. 57) Beware; Maxwell, (n. 57).
140. Maxwell, (n. 57), p. 421; Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 16 July 1841, p. 2; "Reformed drunkards," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 24 July 1841, p. 2; "Reformed drunkards," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 27 July 1841, p. 2; "The Washington Temperance Society of Cincinnati," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 28 July 1841, p. 2; "The Baltimore Delegation," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 10 August 1841, p. 2.
141. Maxwell, (n. 57), p. 421; Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 16 July 1841, p. 2; "Reformed drunkards," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 24 July 1841, p. 2; "Reformed drunkards," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 27 July 1841, p. 2; "The Washington Temperance Society of Cincinnati," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 28 July 1841, p. 2; "The Baltimore Delegation," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 10 August 1841, p. 2.
142. Maxwell, (n. 57), p. 421; Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 16 July 1841, p. 2; "Reformed drunkards," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 24 July 1841, p. 2; "Reformed drunkards," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 27 July 1841, p. 2; "The Washington Temperance Society of Cincinnati," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 28 July 1841, p. 2; "The Baltimore Delegation," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 10 August 1841, p. 2.
143. Maxwell, (n. 57), p. 421; Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 16 July 1841, p. 2; "Reformed drunkards," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 24 July 1841, p. 2; "Reformed drunkards," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 27 July 1841, p. 2; "The Washington Temperance Society of Cincinnati," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 28 July 1841, p. 2; "The Baltimore Delegation," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 10 August 1841, p. 2.
144. Maxwell, (n. 57), p. 421; Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 16 July 1841, p. 2; "Reformed drunkards," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 24 July 1841, p. 2; "Reformed drunkards," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 27 July 1841, p. 2; "The Washington Temperance Society of Cincinnati," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 28 July 1841, p. 2; "The Baltimore Delegation," Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, 10 August 1841, p. 2.
145. His son remembered that Daniel Drake "publicly united himself, in Louisville, with the Protestant Episcopal Church, in the Communion of which he continued to his death; although expressing his sincere condemnation of the High Churchism which has contaminated that body of Christians." Charles Daniel Drake, "Biographical Notes of the late Daniel Drake, M. D. of Cincinnati . . . " [St. Louis, 21 February 1853], handwritten manuscript in Daniel Drake Correspondence, 1807-1852, Cincinnati Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center. Daniel Drake is listed amongst the communicants for February 1840; see "Communicants St. Paul's," microfilm copy at the Louisville Free Public Library.
146. Dannenbaum ([n. 27] Drink and Disorder, p. 36) refers to the Washingtonian Reform as a "secularized revival." Louisville Daily J., 6 January 1842, p. 2; Daniel Drake, "Breweries vs. Foundries," Address delivered in Louisville, Kentucky, 25 December 1841, and revised for the Washington Temperance Society, Chillicothe, Ohio, 4 July 1842, Daniel Drake Collection, Mss qD761 RM, Cincinnati Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
147. Dannenbaum ([n. 27] Drink and Disorder, p. 36) refers to the Washingtonian Reform as a "secularized revival." Louisville Daily J., 6 January 1842, p. 2; Daniel Drake, "Breweries vs. Foundries," Address delivered in Louisville, Kentucky, 25 December 1841, and revised for the Washington Temperance Society, Chillicothe, Ohio, 4 July 1842, Daniel Drake Collection, Mss qD761 RM, Cincinnati Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
148. Dannenbaum ([n. 27] Drink and Disorder, p. 36) refers to the Washingtonian Reform as a "secularized revival." Louisville Daily J., 6 January 1842, p. 2; Daniel Drake, "Breweries vs. Foundries," Address delivered in Louisville, Kentucky, 25 December 1841, and revised for the Washington Temperance Society, Chillicothe, Ohio, 4 July 1842, Daniel Drake Collection, Mss qD761 RM, Cincinnati Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
149. Daniel Drake, "Travelling editorials: Progress of total abstinence," W. J. Med. Surg., 1842, 5, 394.
150. Drake would receive letters from men who, in the Washingtonian mold, detailed the story of their fall into inebriety and the benefits that they derived from current sobriety. Daniel Drake, "Causes and consequences of temperate drinking," in James Young, ed., The Lights of Temperance (Louisville, Ky.: Morton & Griswold, 1851), pp. 163-92. For a synopsis of Charles Daniel Drake's spotted early career, see Horine, (n. 9) Daniel Drake, pp. 221-23.
151. Drake would receive letters from men who, in the Washingtonian mold, detailed the story of their fall into inebriety and the benefits that they derived from current sobriety. Daniel Drake, "Causes and consequences of temperate drinking," in James Young, ed., The Lights of Temperance (Louisville, Ky.: Morton & Griswold, 1851), pp. 163-92. For a synopsis of Charles Daniel Drake's spotted early career, see Horine, (n. 9) Daniel Drake, pp. 221-23.
152. Drake, (n. 62) "Breweries."
153. Daniel Drake, "Discourse on the philosophy of family, school, and college discipline," in Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Western Literary Institute and College of Professional Teachers, held in Cincinnati, October, 1834 (Cincinnati: josiah Drake, 1835), pp. 31-62; Lyman Beecher, A Plea for the West (Cincinnati: Truman & Smith, 1835).
154. Daniel Drake, "Discourse on the philosophy of family, school, and college discipline," in Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Western Literary Institute and College of Professional Teachers, held in Cincinnati, October, 1834 (Cincinnati: josiah Drake, 1835), pp. 31-62; Lyman Beecher, A Plea for the West (Cincinnati: Truman & Smith, 1835).
155. Drake, (n. 62) "Breweries."
156. Ibid.
157. Joseph K. Sparks, "Notes taken from the medical lectures of Dr. Daniel Drake and Dr. Samuel Brown in 1824," pp. 7-8. Drake Collection, Reynolds Historical Library, The Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
158. Drake recommended the study of the French language to his medical students, and insisted that for improvement they read the works of the French and British physiologists; Daniel Drake, Practical Essays on Medical Education and the Medical Profession in the United States (Cincinnati: Roff & Young, 1832). Joseph K. Sparks appended to his lecture notes a list of books recommended by Drake, including several French works then available in American editions: Xavier Bichat, Physiological Researches upon Life and Death, trans. Tobias Watkins, First American from the 2nd Paris ed. (Philadelphia: Smith & Maxwell, 1809); Anthelme Balthasar Richerand, Elements of Physiology, trans. G. J. M. De Lys, 5th London ed. (Philadelphia: James E. Moore, 1823); François Magendie, An Elementary Compendium of Physiology; for the Use of Students, trans. E. Milligan (Philadelphia: J. Webster, 1824).
159. Drake recommended the study of the French language to his medical students, and insisted that for improvement they read the works of the French and British physiologists; Daniel Drake, Practical Essays on Medical Education and the Medical Profession in the United States (Cincinnati: Roff & Young, 1832). Joseph K. Sparks appended to his lecture notes a list of books recommended by Drake, including several French works then available in American editions: Xavier Bichat, Physiological Researches upon Life and Death, trans. Tobias Watkins, First American from the 2nd Paris ed. (Philadelphia: Smith & Maxwell, 1809); Anthelme Balthasar Richerand, Elements of Physiology, trans. G. J. M. De Lys, 5th London ed. (Philadelphia: James E. Moore, 1823); François Magendie, An Elementary Compendium of Physiology; for the Use of Students, trans. E. Milligan (Philadelphia: J. Webster, 1824).
160. Drake recommended the study of the French language to his medical students, and insisted that for improvement they read the works of the French and British physiologists; Daniel Drake, Practical Essays on Medical Education and the Medical Profession in the United States (Cincinnati: Roff & Young, 1832). Joseph K. Sparks appended to his lecture notes a list of books recommended by Drake, including several French works then available in American editions: Xavier Bichat, Physiological Researches upon Life and Death, trans. Tobias Watkins, First American from the 2nd Paris ed. (Philadelphia: Smith & Maxwell, 1809); Anthelme Balthasar Richerand, Elements of Physiology, trans. G. J. M. De Lys, 5th London ed. (Philadelphia: James E. Moore, 1823); François Magendie, An Elementary Compendium of Physiology; for the Use of Students, trans. E. Milligan (Philadelphia: J. Webster, 1824).
161. Drake recommended the study of the French language to his medical students, and insisted that for improvement they read the works of the French and British physiologists; Daniel Drake, Practical Essays on Medical Education and the Medical Profession in the United States (Cincinnati: Roff & Young, 1832). Joseph K. Sparks appended to his lecture notes a list of books recommended by Drake, including several French works then available in American editions: Xavier Bichat, Physiological Researches upon Life and Death, trans. Tobias Watkins, First American from the 2nd Paris ed. (Philadelphia: Smith & Maxwell, 1809); Anthelme Balthasar Richerand, Elements of Physiology, trans. G. J. M. De Lys, 5th London ed. (Philadelphia: James E. Moore, 1823); François Magendie, An Elementary Compendium of Physiology; for the Use of Students, trans. E. Milligan (Philadelphia: J. Webster, 1824).
162. Daniel Drake, "Lectures on the theory and practice of medicine," notes taken by Lorenzo N. Henderson in 1830-31, MS B 69, Medical History Division, National Library of Medicine, pp. 120-21.
163. Daniel Drake, (n. 64), p. 172.
164. Karen Halttunen, Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-dass Culture in America, 1830-1870 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1982), p. xvi; Daniel Drake, Strictures on Somc of the Defects and Infirmities of Moral Character, in Students of Medicine: An Introductory Lecture, Delivered in the University cf Louisville, November 1st, 1847 (Louisville, Ky.: Prentice & Weissinger, 1847), p. 3; Daniel Drake, "Address to the Lexington Medical Society [on the Purposes of Scientific Societies], November 14, 1823," MS in Cincinnati Medical Heritage Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
165. Karen Halttunen, Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-dass Culture in America, 1830-1870 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1982), p. xvi; Daniel Drake, Strictures on Somc of the Defects and Infirmities of Moral Character, in Students of Medicine: An Introductory Lecture, Delivered in the University cf Louisville, November 1st, 1847 (Louisville, Ky.: Prentice & Weissinger, 1847), p. 3; Daniel Drake, "Address to the Lexington Medical Society [on the Purposes of Scientific Societies], November 14, 1823," MS in Cincinnati Medical Heritage Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
166. Karen Halttunen, Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-dass Culture in America, 1830-1870 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1982), p. xvi; Daniel Drake, Strictures on Somc of the Defects and Infirmities of Moral Character, in Students of Medicine: An Introductory Lecture, Delivered in the University cf Louisville, November 1st, 1847 (Louisville, Ky.: Prentice & Weissinger, 1847), p. 3; Daniel Drake, "Address to the Lexington Medical Society [on the Purposes of Scientific Societies], November 14, 1823," MS in Cincinnati Medical Heritage Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
167. Drake, (n. 34) Systematic Treatise, I, 669. Kneale (n. 14) finds that by mid-century, changes in the design of British public houses led observers to express similar concerns with visibility and accountability.
168. Horace Bushnell, Fifth Annual Report of the Ladies' City Missionary Association (Cincinnati: Collins & Vanwagner, 1847), p. 6; "House of reformation and correction," [Cincinnati] Daily Commercial, 3 April 1845, p. 2.
169. Horace Bushnell, Fifth Annual Report of the Ladies' City Missionary Association (Cincinnati: Collins & Vanwagner, 1847), p. 6; "House of reformation and correction," [Cincinnati] Daily Commercial, 3 April 1845, p. 2.
170. Alan I. Marcus, Plague of Strangers: Social Groups and the Origins of City Services in Cincinnati, 1819-1870 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1991), pp. 119-20; Daily Cincinnati Commercial, 1 May 1851, p. 2; "The City Council," The Cincinnati Enquirer, 12 November 1851, p. 2.
171. Alan I. Marcus, Plague of Strangers: Social Groups and the Origins of City Services in Cincinnati, 1819-1870 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1991), pp. 119-20; Daily Cincinnati Commercial, 1 May 1851, p. 2; "The City Council," The Cincinnati Enquirer, 12 November 1851, p. 2.
172. Alan I. Marcus, Plague of Strangers: Social Groups and the Origins of City Services in Cincinnati, 1819-1870 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1991), pp. 119-20; Daily Cincinnati Commercial, 1 May 1851, p. 2; "The City Council," The Cincinnati Enquirer, 12 November 1851, p. 2.
173. Drake, (n. 46), p. 221.
174. Halttunen, (n. 73) Confidence Men; William Gribbin, "Rollin's histories and American republicanism," Wm. Mary Q., 1972, 3d series, 29, 611-22. Cincinnati imprints of Rollin's Ancient History were first available in 1841, with new editions appearing approximately every two to three years thereafter until 1860; Charles Rollin, The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians, and Macedonians, 2 vols. (Cincinnati: U.P.James, 1841).
175. Halttunen, (n. 73) Confidence Men; William Gribbin, "Rollin's histories and American republicanism," Wm. Mary Q., 1972, 3d series, 29, 611-22. Cincinnati imprints of Rollin's Ancient History were first available in 1841, with new editions appearing approximately every two to three years thereafter until 1860; Charles Rollin, The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians, and Macedonians, 2 vols. (Cincinnati: U.P.James, 1841).
176. Halttunen, (n. 73) Confidence Men; William Gribbin, "Rollin's histories and American republicanism," Wm. Mary Q., 1972, 3d series, 29, 611-22. Cincinnati imprints of Rollin's Ancient History were first available in 1841, with new editions appearing approximately every two to three years thereafter until 1860; Charles Rollin, The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians, and Macedonians, 2 vols. (Cincinnati: U.P.James, 1841).
177. This extensive literature draws principally on the insights of Georges Canguilhem and Michel Foucault: Canguilhem, The Normal and the Pathological, trans. Carolyn R. Fawcett (New York: Zone Books, 1989); Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archacology of the Human Sciences (New York: Vintage Books, 1970).
178. This extensive literature draws principally on the insights of Georges Canguilhem and Michel Foucault: Canguilhem, The Normal and the Pathological, trans. Carolyn R. Fawcett (New York: Zone Books, 1989); Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archacology of the Human Sciences (New York: Vintage Books, 1970).
179. Rothman, (n. 13) Discovery, pp. 216-21; Halttunen, (n. 73) Confidence Men.
180. Rothman, (n. 13) Discovery, pp. 216-21; Halttunen, (n. 73) Confidence Men.
181. Michel Foucault, "The politics of health in the eighteenth century," in Colin Gordon, ed., Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), p. 177.
182. See Charles E. Rosenberg, "Piety and social action: Some origins of the American public health movement," in No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 109-22; Duncan R. Jamieson, "Towards a cleaner New York: John R. Griscom and New York's public health, 1830-1870" (Ph.D. diss., Michigan State University, 1971); James H. Cassedy, "The roots of American sanitary reform 1843-47: Seven letters from John H. Griscom to Lemuel Shattuck," Bull. Hist. Med., 1975, 30, 136-47; John Duffy, The Sanitarians: A History of Public Health (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990); Cassedy, (n. 30) Medicine; Marcus, (n. 76) Plague.
183. See Charles E. Rosenberg, "Piety and social action: Some origins of the American public health movement," in No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 109-22; Duncan R. Jamieson, "Towards a cleaner New York: John R. Griscom and New York's public health, 1830-1870" (Ph.D. diss., Michigan State University, 1971); James H. Cassedy, "The roots of American sanitary reform 1843-47: Seven letters from John H. Griscom to Lemuel Shattuck," Bull. Hist. Med., 1975, 30, 136-47; John Duffy, The Sanitarians: A History of Public Health (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990); Cassedy, (n. 30) Medicine; Marcus, (n. 76) Plague.
184. See Charles E. Rosenberg, "Piety and social action: Some origins of the American public health movement," in No Other Gods: On Science and
185. See Charles E. Rosenberg, "Piety and social action: Some origins of the American public health movement," in No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 109-22; Duncan R. Jamieson, "Towards a cleaner New York: John R. Griscom and New York's public health, 1830-1870" (Ph.D. diss., Michigan State University, 1971); James H. Cassedy, "The roots of American sanitary reform 1843-47: Seven letters from John H. Griscom to Lemuel Shattuck," Bull. Hist. Med., 1975, 30, 136-47; John Duffy, The Sanitarians: A History of Public Health (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990); Cassedy, (n. 30) Medicine; Marcus, (n. 76) Plague.
186. See Charles E. Rosenberg, "Piety and social action: Some origins of the American public health movement," in No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 109-22; Duncan R. Jamieson, "Towards a cleaner New York: John R. Griscom and New York's public health, 1830-1870" (Ph.D. diss., Michigan State University, 1971); James H. Cassedy, "The roots of American sanitary reform 1843-47: Seven letters from John H. Griscom to Lemuel Shattuck," Bull. Hist. Med., 1975, 30, 136-47; John Duffy, The Sanitarians: A History of Public Health (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990); Cassedy, (n. 30) Medicine; Marcus, (n. 76) Plague.
187. See Charles E. Rosenberg, "Piety and social action: Some origins of the American public health movement," in No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 109-22; Duncan R. Jamieson, "Towards a cleaner New York: John R. Griscom and New York's public health, 1830-1870" (Ph.D. diss., Michigan State University, 1971); James H. Cassedy, "The roots of American sanitary reform 1843-47: Seven letters from John H. Griscom to Lemuel Shattuck," Bull. Hist. Med., 1975, 30, 136-47; John Duffy, The Sanitarians: A History of Public Health (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990); Cassedy, (n. 30) Medicine; Marcus, (n. 76) Plague.
188. J. J. Barthélemy, Travels of Anacharsis the Younger in Greece During the Middle of the Fourth Century before the Christian Æra, 1st American ed., 4 vols. (Philadelphia: Jacob Johnson & Co., 1804); C.-F. Volney, View of the Soil and Climate of the United States of America: With Supplementary Remarks upon Florida; of the French colony on the Sciota, and in Canada; and the Aboriginal Tribes of America, trans. Charles Brockden Brown (Philadelphia: J. Conrad, 1804); Conevery A. Bolton, "'The health of the country': Body and environment in the making of the American West, 1800-1860" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1998); J. B. de C. M. Saunders, "Geography and geopolitics in California medicine," Bull. Hist. Med., 1967, 41, 293-324.
189. J. J. Barthélemy, Travels of Anacharsis the Younger in Greece During the Middle of the Fourth Century before the Christian Æra, 1st American ed., 4 vols. (Philadelphia: Jacob Johnson & Co., 1804); C.-F. Volney, View of the Soil and Climate of the United States of America: With Supplementary Remarks upon Florida; of the French colony on the Sciota, and in Canada; and the Aboriginal Tribes of America, trans. Charles Brockden Brown (Philadelphia: J. Conrad, 1804); Conevery A. Bolton, "'The health of the country': Body and environment in the making of the American West, 1800-1860" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1998); J. B. de C. M. Saunders, "Geography and geopolitics in California medicine," Bull. Hist. Med., 1967, 41, 293-324.
190. J. J. Barthélemy, Travels of Anacharsis the Younger in Greece During the Middle of the Fourth Century before the Christian Æra, 1st American ed., 4 vols. (Philadelphia: Jacob Johnson & Co., 1804); C.-F. Volney, View of the Soil and Climate of the United States of America: With Supplementary Remarks upon Florida; of the French colony on the Sciota, and in Canada; and the Aboriginal Tribes of America, trans. Charles Brockden Brown (Philadelphia: J. Conrad, 1804); Conevery A. Bolton, "'The health of the country': Body and environment in the making of the American West, 1800-1860" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1998); J. B. de C. M. Saunders, "Geography and geopolitics in California medicine," Bull. Hist. Med., 1967, 41, 293-324.
191. J. J. Barthélemy, Travels of Anacharsis the Younger in Greece During the Middle of the Fourth Century before the Christian Æra, 1st American ed., 4 vols. (Philadelphia: Jacob Johnson & Co., 1804); C.-F. Volney, View of the Soil and Climate of the United States of America: With Supplementary Remarks upon Florida; of the French colony on the Sciota, and in Canada; and the Aboriginal Tribes of America, trans. Charles Brockden Brown (Philadelphia: J. Conrad, 1804); Conevery A. Bolton, "'The health of the country': Body and environment in the making of the American West, 1800-1860" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1998); J. B. de C. M. Saunders, "Geography and geopolitics in California medicine," Bull. Hist. Med., 1967, 41, 293-324.
192. Recommending the invigorating experience of exploring new lands, Drake's section on the "topographical etiology" of diseases in the interior valley includes remarkable descriptions of the western trails: Drake, (n. 34) Systematic Treatise, I, 174-75. Drake found his health improved by his summer travels on horseback, and he recommended such trips for consumptives and other "valetudinarians" seeking to bolster their constitutions.