Type 2 Diabetes in Singapore: The role of Exercise Training for its Prevention and Management

Singapore Medical Journal

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 62-68

  Lim, J G ^a   Kang, H J ^a   Stewart, Kerry J ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Diabetes mellitus; Exercise; Metabolic syndrome; Pre diabetes; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ARTERY COMPLIANCE; ARTERY DILATATION; ARTERY ENDOTHELIUM; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY; DIABETES CONTROL; DIABETIC DIET; DIABETIC OBESITY; DYNAMIC EXERCISE; FITNESS; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HEART VENTRICLE VOLUME; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LEISURE; LIFESTYLE; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; META ANALYSIS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATIENT SELECTION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRESCRIPTION; PREVALENCE; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SINGAPORE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TRAINING; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; EXERCISE; HUMANS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; PREDIABETIC STATE; PREVALENCE; SINGAPORE;

EID: 1842813345     PISSN: 00375675     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Health Facts Singapore 2002, Principle causes of death. Ministry of Health, Singapore.
2. Lee J, Heng D, Chia KS, Chew SK, Tan BY, Hughes K. Risk factors and incident coronary heart disease in Chinese, Malay and Asian Indian males: the Singapore Cardiovascular Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30:983-8.
3. Muller WA. Diabetes mellitus: long time survival. J Insur Med 1998; 30:17-27.
4. National Health Survey 1998. Ministry of Health, Singapore.
5. Zimmet PZ, McCarty DJ, de Courten MP. The global epidemiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome. J Diabetes Complications 1997; 11:60-8.
6. Tan CE, Emmanuel SC, Tan BY, Jacob E. Prevalence of diabetes and ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk factors. The 1992 Singapore National Health Survey. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:241-7.
7. Lee WR. The changing demography of diabetes mellitus in Singapore. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2000; 50 Suppl 2:S35-9.
8. Porte D, Jr., Kahn SE. Mechanisms for hyperglycemia in type II diabetes mellitus: therapeutic implications for sulfonylurea treatment - an update. Am J Med 1991; 90:8S-14S.
9. Kahn CR. Banting Lecture. Insulin action, diabetogenes, and the cause of type 11 diabetes. Diabetes 1994; 43:1066-84.
10. Kahn CR, Vicent D, Doria A. Genetics of non-insulin-dependent (type-II) diabetes mellitus. Annu Rev Med 1996; 47:509-31.
11. Hsueh WC, Mitchell BD, Aburomia R, Pollin T, Sakul H, Gelder Ehm M, et al. Diabetes in the Old Order Amish: characterization and heritability analysis of the Amish Family Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 2000; 23:595-601.
12. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diabetes Mellitus. Ministry of Health, Singapore, 1999.
13. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 Suppl 1:S5-20.
14. de Vegt F, Dekker JM, Jager A, Hienkens E, Kostense PJ, Stehouwer CD, et al. Relation of impaired fasting and postload glucose with incident type 2 diabetes in a Dutch population: The Hoom Study. JAMA 2001; 285:2109-13.
15. Saydah SH, Loria CM, Eberhardt MS, Brancati FL. Subclinical states of glucose intolerance and risk of death in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:447-53.
16. Brotman DJ, Girod JP. The metabolic syndrome: a tug-of-war with no winner. Cleve Clin J Med 2002; 69:990-4.
17. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285:2486-97.
18. Ferrannini E, Haffner SM, Mitchell BD, Stern MP. Hyperinsulinaemia: the key feature of a cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 1991; 34:416-22.
19. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 1991; 14:173-94.
20. Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Salonen JT, Niskanen LK, Rauramaa R, Lakka TA. Low levels of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness predict development of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2002; 25:1612-8.
21. Hu FB, Li TY, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Manson JE. Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA 2003; 289:1785-91.
22. Snitker S, Mitchell BD, Shuldiner AR. Physical activity and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Lancet 2003; 361:87-8.
23. Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, Wang JX, Yang WY, An ZX, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1997; 20:537-44.
24. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:393-403.
25. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1343-50.
26. Eriksson KF, Lindgarde F. No excess 12-year mortality in men with impaired glucose tolerance who participated in the Malmo Preventive Trial with diet and exercise. Diabetologia 1998; 41:1010-6.
27. Wei M, Gibbons LW, Kampert JB, Nichaman MZ, Blair SN. Low cardiorespiratory fitness and physical inactivity as predictors of mortality in men with type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132:605-11.
28. Tanasescu M, Leitzmann MF, Rimm EB, Hu FB. Physical activity in relation to cardiovascular disease and total mortality among men with Type 2 diabetes. Circulation 2003; 107:2435-9.
29. Boule NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, Wells GA, Sigal RJ. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. JAMA 2001; 286:1218-27.
30. Borghouts LB, Keizer HA. Exercise and insulin sensitivity: a review. Int J Sports Med 2000; 21:1-12.
31. Dela F, Ploug T, Handberg A, Petersen LN, Larsen JJ, Mikines KJ, et al. Physical training increases muscle GLUT4 protein and mRNA in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 1994; 43:862-5.
32. Schneider SH, Amorosa LF, Khachadurian AK, Ruderman NB. Studies on the mechanism of improved glucose control during regular exercise in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 1984; 26:355-60.
33. Hughes K, Choo M, Kuperan P, Ong CN, Aw TC. Cardiovascular risk factors in non-insulin-dependent diabetics compared to non-diabetic controls: a population-based survey among Asians in Singapore. Atherosclerosis 1998; 136:25-31.
34. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:2413-46.
35. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Br Med J 1998; 317:703-13.
36. Stewart KJ. Exercise training and the cardiovascular consequences of type 2 diabetes and hypertension: plausible mechanisms for improving cardiovascular health. JAMA 2002; 288:1622-31.
37. Uusitupa MI, Mustonen JN, Airaksinen KE. Diabetic heart muscle disease. Ann Med 1990; 22:377-86.
38. Holzmann M, Olsson A, Johansson J, Jensen-Urstad M. Left ventricular diastolic function is related to glucose in a middle-aged population. J Intern Med 2002; 251:415-20.
39. Brenner DA, Apstein CS, Saupe KW. Exercise training attenuates age-associated diastolic dysfunction in rats. Circulation 2001; 104:221-6.
40. Kelemen MH, Effron MB, Valenti SA, Stewart KJ. Exercise training combined with antihypertensive drug therapy. Effects on lipids, blood pressure, and left ventricular mass. JAMA 1990; 263:2766-71.
41. Forman DE, Manning WJ, Hauser R, Gervino EV, Evans WJ, Wei JY. Enhanced left ventricular diastolic filling associated with long-term endurance training. J Gerontol 1992; 47:M56-8.
42. Williams SB, Cusco JA, Roddy MA, Johnstone MT, Creager MA. Impaired nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27:567-74.
43. Caballero AE, Arora S, Saouaf R, Lim SC, Smakowski P, Park JY, et al. Microvascular and macrovascular reactivity is reduced in subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 1999; 48:1856-62.
44. Gielen S, Hambrecht R. Effects of exercise training on vascular function and myocardial perfusion. Cardiol Clin 2001; 19:357-68.
45. Maiorana A, O Driscoll G, Cheetham C, Dembo L, Stanton K, Goodman C, et al. The effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on vascular function in type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38:860-6.
46. Lavrencic A, Salobir BG, Keber I. Physical training improves flow-mediated dilation in patients with the polymetabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:551-5.
47. Hosokawa S, Hiasa Y, Takahashi T, Itoh S. Effect of regular exercise on coronary endothelial function in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Circ J 2003; 67:221-4.
48. Pi-Sunyer FX. Comorbidities of overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31:S602-8.
49. WHO. Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation on obesity, Geneva, 3-5 June 1997. Geneva: WHO, 1998.
50. Deurenberg-Yap M, Chew SK, Deurenberg P. Elevated body fat percentage and cardiovascular risks at low body mass index levels among Singaporean Chinese, Malays and Indians. Obes Rev 2002; 3:209-15.
51. Deurenberg-Yap M, Schmidt G, van Staveren WA, Deurenberg P. The paradox of low body mass index and high body fat percentage among Chinese, Malays and Indians in Singapore. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24:1011-7.
52. Arad Y, Newstein D, Cadet F, Roth M, Guerci AD. Association of multiple risk factors and insulin resistance with increased prevalence of asymptomatic coronary artery disease by an electron-beam computed tomographic study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:2051-8.
53. Williamson DF, Thompson TJ, Thun M, Flanders D, Pamuk E, Byers T. Intentional weight loss and mortality among overweight individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23:1499-504.
54. Irwin ML, Yasui Y, Ulrich CM, Bowen D, Rudolph RE, Schwartz RS, et al. Effect of exercise on total and intra-abdominal body fat in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 289:323-30.
55. Schmitz KH, Jensen MD, Kugler KC, Jeffery RW, Leon AS. Strength training for obesity prevention in midlife women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27:326-33.
56. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:972-8.
57. Lyon CJ, Law RE, Hsueh WA. Minireview: adiposity, inflammation, and atherogenesis. Endocrinology 2003; 144:2195-200.
58. Tamakoshi K, Yatsuya H, Kondo T, Hori Y, Ishikawa M, Zhang H, et al. The metabolic syndrome is associated with elevated circulating C-reactive protein in healthy reference range, a systemic low-grade inflammatory state. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27:443-9.
59. Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2001; 286:327-34.
60. Kopp HP, Kopp CW, Festa A, Krzyzanowska K, Kriwanek S, Minar E, et al. Impact of Weight Loss on Inflammatory Proteins and Their Association With the Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Morbidly Obese Patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003.
61. Geffken DF, Cushman M, Burke GL, Polak JF, Sakkinen PA, Tracy RP. Association between physical activity and markers of inflammation in a healthy elderly population. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153:242-50.
62. Mattusch F, Dufaux B, Heine O, Mertens I, Rost R. Reduction of the plasma concentration of C-reactive protein following nine months of endurance training. Int J Sports Med 2000; 21:21-4.
63. Halle M, Berg A, Garwers U, Baumstark MW, Knisel W, Grathwohl D, et al. Influence of 4 weeks intervention by exercise and diet on low-density lipoprotein subfractions in obese men with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 1999; 48:641-4.
64. Kraus WE, Houmard JA, Duscha BD, Knetzger KJ, Wharton MB, McCartney JS, et al. Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1483-92.
65. Vamecq J, Latruffe N. Medical significance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Lancet 1999; 354:141-8.
66. Barbier O, Torra IP, Duguay Y, Blanquart C, Fruchart JC, Glineur C, et al. Pleiotropic actions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22:717-26.
67. Horowitz JF, Leone TC, Feng W, Kelly DP, Klein S. Effect of endurance training on lipid metabolism in women: a potential role for PPARalpha in the metabolic response to training. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 279:E348-55.
68. Iemitsu M, Miyauchi T, Maeda S, Tanabe T, Takanashi M, Irukayama-Tomobe Y, et al. Aging-induced decrease in the PPAR-alpha level in hearts is improved by exercise training. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283:H1750-60.
69. Inoguchi T, Yamashita T, Umeda F, Mihara H, Nakagaki O, Takada K, et al. High incidence of silent myocardial ischemia in elderly patients with non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2000; 47:37-44.
70. Janand-Delenne B, Savin B, Habib G, Bory M, Vague P, Lassmann-Vague V. Silent myocardial ischemia in patients with diabetes: who to screen. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:1396-400.
71. American Diabetes Association: Diabetes mellitus and exercise (Position Statement). Diabetes Care 2000; 23 Suppl 1:S50-54.
72. Albright A, Franz M, Hornsby G, Kriska A, Marrero D, Ullrich I, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32:1345-60.
73. Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, De Courten M, Shaw J, et al. High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in order patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25:1729-36.
74. Castaneda C, Layne JE, Munoz-Orians L, Gordon PL, Walsmith J, Foldvari M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training to improve glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25:2335-41.
75. Willey KA, Singh MA. Battling Insulin Resistance in Elderly Obese People With Type 2 Diabetes: Bring on the heavy weights. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:1580-8.
76. Fletcher GF, Balady G, Blair SN, Blumenthal J, Caspersen C, Chaitman B, et al. Statement on exercise: benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans. A statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 1996; 94:857-62.