On the use of ruthenium dioxide in 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids as catalyst precursor for hydrogenation reactions

Catalysis Letters

Volumn 92, Issue 3-4, 2004, Pages 149-155

  Rossi, Liane M ^a   Machado, Giovanna ^a   Fichtner, Paulo F P ^a   Teixeira, Sergio R ^a   Dupont, Jairton ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Hydrogenation; Ionic liquids; Nanoparticles; Ruthenium oxide; TEM; XRD

Indexed keywords

CATALYSIS; CATALYSTS; DECOMPOSITION; HYDROGENATION; IONIC CONDUCTION; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS; POLYMERS; REDUCTION; SOLVENTS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; X RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS;

IONIC LIQUIDS; RUTHENIUM OXIDE;

RUTHENIUM COMPOUNDS;

EID: 1842585819     PISSN: 1011372X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/b:catl.0000014337.40179.4a     Document Type: Article

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34. For hydrogenation reactions promoted by transition-metal complexes in imidazolium ionic liquids see: (a) P.G. Jessop, R.R. Stanley, R.A. Brown, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta, T.T. Ngo and P. Pollet, Green. Chem. 5 (2003) 123; (b) J. Navarro, M. Sagi, E. Sola, F.J. Lahoz, I.T. Dobrinovitch, A. Katho, F. Joo and L.A. Oro, Adv. Synth. Catal. 345 (2003) 280; (c) C.S. Consorti, A.P. Umpierre, R.F. de Souza, J. Dupont and P.A.Z. Suarez, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14(2003) 401; (d) C.J. Boxwell, P.J. Dyson, D.J. Ellis and T. Welton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 9334; (e) P.J. Dyson, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16 (2002) 495; (f) C.P. Mehnert, E.J. Mozeleski and R.A. Cook, Chem. Commun. 3010 (2002); (g) R.A. Brown, P. Pollet, E. McKoon, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta and P.G. Jessop, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 1254; (h) S. Guernik, A. Wolfson, M. Herskowitz, N. Greenspoon and S. Geresh, Chem. Commun. (2001) 2314; (i) A. Berger, R.F, de Souza, M.R. Delgado and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12 (2001) 1825; (j) J. Dupont, P.A.Z. Suarez, A.P. Umpierre and R.F. de Souza, Catal. Lett. 73 (2001) 211; (1) P.J. Dyson, D.I. Ellis and T. Welton, Can. J. Chem. 79 (2001) 705; (m) S. Steines, P. Wasserscheid and B.J. Driessen-Holscher, Prakt. Chem. 342 (2000) 348; (n) A.L. Monteiro, F.K. Zinn, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 8 (1997) 177; (o) P.A.Z. Suarez, J.E.L. Dullius, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Inorg. Chim. Acta 255 (1997) 207; (p) Y. Chauvin, L. Mussmann and H. Olivier, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34 (1996) 2698.
35. For hydrogenation reactions promoted by transition-metal complexes in imidazolium ionic liquids see: (a) P.G. Jessop, R.R. Stanley, R.A. Brown, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta, T.T. Ngo and P. Pollet, Green. Chem. 5 (2003) 123; (b) J. Navarro, M. Sagi, E. Sola, F.J. Lahoz, I.T. Dobrinovitch, A. Katho, F. Joo and L.A. Oro, Adv. Synth. Catal. 345 (2003) 280; (c) C.S. Consorti, A.P. Umpierre, R.F. de Souza, J. Dupont and P.A.Z. Suarez, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14(2003) 401; (d) C.J. Boxwell, P.J. Dyson, D.J. Ellis and T. Welton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 9334; (e) P.J. Dyson, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16 (2002) 495; (f) C.P. Mehnert, E.J. Mozeleski and R.A. Cook, Chem. Commun. 3010 (2002); (g) R.A. Brown, P. Pollet, E. McKoon, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta and P.G. Jessop, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 1254; (h) S. Guernik, A. Wolfson, M. Herskowitz, N. Greenspoon and S. Geresh, Chem. Commun. (2001) 2314; (i) A. Berger, R.F, de Souza, M.R. Delgado and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12 (2001) 1825; (j) J. Dupont, P.A.Z. Suarez, A.P. Umpierre and R.F. de Souza, Catal. Lett. 73 (2001) 211; (1) P.J. Dyson, D.I. Ellis and T. Welton, Can. J. Chem. 79 (2001) 705; (m) S. Steines, P. Wasserscheid and B.J. Driessen-Holscher, Prakt. Chem. 342 (2000) 348; (n) A.L. Monteiro, F.K. Zinn, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 8 (1997) 177; (o) P.A.Z. Suarez, J.E.L. Dullius, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Inorg. Chim. Acta 255 (1997) 207; (p) Y. Chauvin, L. Mussmann and H. Olivier, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34 (1996) 2698.
36. For hydrogenation reactions promoted by transition-metal complexes in imidazolium ionic liquids see: (a) P.G. Jessop, R.R. Stanley, R.A. Brown, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta, T.T. Ngo and P. Pollet, Green. Chem. 5 (2003) 123; (b) J. Navarro, M. Sagi, E. Sola, F.J. Lahoz, I.T. Dobrinovitch, A. Katho, F. Joo and L.A. Oro, Adv. Synth. Catal. 345 (2003) 280; (c) C.S. Consorti, A.P. Umpierre, R.F. de Souza, J. Dupont and P.A.Z. Suarez, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14(2003) 401; (d) C.J. Boxwell, P.J. Dyson, D.J. Ellis and T. Welton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 9334; (e) P.J. Dyson, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16 (2002) 495; (f) C.P. Mehnert, E.J. Mozeleski and R.A. Cook, Chem. Commun. 3010 (2002); (g) R.A. Brown, P. Pollet, E. McKoon, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta and P.G. Jessop, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 1254; (h) S. Guernik, A. Wolfson, M. Herskowitz, N. Greenspoon and S. Geresh, Chem. Commun. (2001) 2314; (i) A. Berger, R.F, de Souza, M.R. Delgado and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12 (2001) 1825; (j) J. Dupont, P.A.Z. Suarez, A.P. Umpierre and R.F. de Souza, Catal. Lett. 73 (2001) 211; (1) P.J. Dyson, D.I. Ellis and T. Welton, Can. J. Chem. 79 (2001) 705; (m) S. Steines, P. Wasserscheid and B.J. Driessen-Holscher, Prakt. Chem. 342 (2000) 348; (n) A.L. Monteiro, F.K. Zinn, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 8 (1997) 177; (o) P.A.Z. Suarez, J.E.L. Dullius, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Inorg. Chim. Acta 255 (1997) 207; (p) Y. Chauvin, L. Mussmann and H. Olivier, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34 (1996) 2698.
37. For hydrogenation reactions promoted by transition-metal complexes in imidazolium ionic liquids see: (a) P.G. Jessop, R.R. Stanley, R.A. Brown, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta, T.T. Ngo and P. Pollet, Green. Chem. 5 (2003) 123; (b) J. Navarro, M. Sagi, E. Sola, F.J. Lahoz, I.T. Dobrinovitch, A. Katho, F. Joo and L.A. Oro, Adv. Synth. Catal. 345 (2003) 280; (c) C.S. Consorti, A.P. Umpierre, R.F. de Souza, J. Dupont and P.A.Z. Suarez, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14(2003) 401; (d) C.J. Boxwell, P.J. Dyson, D.J. Ellis and T. Welton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 9334; (e) P.J. Dyson, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16 (2002) 495; (f) C.P. Mehnert, E.J. Mozeleski and R.A. Cook, Chem. Commun. 3010 (2002); (g) R.A. Brown, P. Pollet, E. McKoon, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta and P.G. Jessop, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 1254; (h) S. Guernik, A. Wolfson, M. Herskowitz, N. Greenspoon and S. Geresh, Chem. Commun. (2001) 2314; (i) A. Berger, R.F, de Souza, M.R. Delgado and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12 (2001) 1825; (j) J. Dupont, P.A.Z. Suarez, A.P. Umpierre and R.F. de Souza, Catal. Lett. 73 (2001) 211; (1) P.J. Dyson, D.I. Ellis and T. Welton, Can. J. Chem. 79 (2001) 705; (m) S. Steines, P. Wasserscheid and B.J. Driessen-Holscher, Prakt. Chem. 342 (2000) 348; (n) A.L. Monteiro, F.K. Zinn, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 8 (1997) 177; (o) P.A.Z. Suarez, J.E.L. Dullius, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Inorg. Chim. Acta 255 (1997) 207; (p) Y. Chauvin, L. Mussmann and H. Olivier, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34 (1996) 2698.
38. For hydrogenation reactions promoted by transition-metal complexes in imidazolium ionic liquids see: (a) P.G. Jessop, R.R. Stanley, R.A. Brown, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta, T.T. Ngo and P. Pollet, Green. Chem. 5 (2003) 123; (b) J. Navarro, M. Sagi, E. Sola, F.J. Lahoz, I.T. Dobrinovitch, A. Katho, F. Joo and L.A. Oro, Adv. Synth. Catal. 345 (2003) 280; (c) C.S. Consorti, A.P. Umpierre, R.F. de Souza, J. Dupont and P.A.Z. Suarez, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14(2003) 401; (d) C.J. Boxwell, P.J. Dyson, D.J. Ellis and T. Welton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 9334; (e) P.J. Dyson, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16 (2002) 495; (f) C.P. Mehnert, E.J. Mozeleski and R.A. Cook, Chem. Commun. 3010 (2002); (g) R.A. Brown, P. Pollet, E. McKoon, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta and P.G. Jessop, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 1254; (h) S. Guernik, A. Wolfson, M. Herskowitz, N. Greenspoon and S. Geresh, Chem. Commun. (2001) 2314; (i) A. Berger, R.F, de Souza, M.R. Delgado and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12 (2001) 1825; (j) J. Dupont, P.A.Z. Suarez, A.P. Umpierre and R.F. de Souza, Catal. Lett. 73 (2001) 211; (1) P.J. Dyson, D.I. Ellis and T. Welton, Can. J. Chem. 79 (2001) 705; (m) S. Steines, P. Wasserscheid and B.J. Driessen-Holscher, Prakt. Chem. 342 (2000) 348; (n) A.L. Monteiro, F.K. Zinn, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 8 (1997) 177; (o) P.A.Z. Suarez, J.E.L. Dullius, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Inorg. Chim. Acta 255 (1997) 207; (p) Y. Chauvin, L. Mussmann and H. Olivier, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34 (1996) 2698.
39. For hydrogenation reactions promoted by transition-metal complexes in imidazolium ionic liquids see: (a) P.G. Jessop, R.R. Stanley, R.A. Brown, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta, T.T. Ngo and P. Pollet, Green. Chem. 5 (2003) 123; (b) J. Navarro, M. Sagi, E. Sola, F.J. Lahoz, I.T. Dobrinovitch, A. Katho, F. Joo and L.A. Oro, Adv. Synth. Catal. 345 (2003) 280; (c) C.S. Consorti, A.P. Umpierre, R.F. de Souza, J. Dupont and P.A.Z. Suarez, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14(2003) 401; (d) C.J. Boxwell, P.J. Dyson, D.J. Ellis and T. Welton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 9334; (e) P.J. Dyson, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16 (2002) 495; (f) C.P. Mehnert, E.J. Mozeleski and R.A. Cook, Chem. Commun. 3010 (2002); (g) R.A. Brown, P. Pollet, E. McKoon, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta and P.G. Jessop, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 1254; (h) S. Guernik, A. Wolfson, M. Herskowitz, N. Greenspoon and S. Geresh, Chem. Commun. (2001) 2314; (i) A. Berger, R.F, de Souza, M.R. Delgado and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12 (2001) 1825; (j) J. Dupont, P.A.Z. Suarez, A.P. Umpierre and R.F. de Souza, Catal. Lett. 73 (2001) 211; (1) P.J. Dyson, D.I. Ellis and T. Welton, Can. J. Chem. 79 (2001) 705; (m) S. Steines, P. Wasserscheid and B.J. Driessen-Holscher, Prakt. Chem. 342 (2000) 348; (n) A.L. Monteiro, F.K. Zinn, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 8 (1997) 177; (o) P.A.Z. Suarez, J.E.L. Dullius, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Inorg. Chim. Acta 255 (1997) 207; (p) Y. Chauvin, L. Mussmann and H. Olivier, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34 (1996) 2698.
40. For hydrogenation reactions promoted by transition-metal complexes in imidazolium ionic liquids see: (a) P.G. Jessop, R.R. Stanley, R.A. Brown, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta, T.T. Ngo and P. Pollet, Green. Chem. 5 (2003) 123; (b) J. Navarro, M. Sagi, E. Sola, F.J. Lahoz, I.T. Dobrinovitch, A. Katho, F. Joo and L.A. Oro, Adv. Synth. Catal. 345 (2003) 280; (c) C.S. Consorti, A.P. Umpierre, R.F. de Souza, J. Dupont and P.A.Z. Suarez, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14(2003) 401; (d) C.J. Boxwell, P.J. Dyson, D.J. Ellis and T. Welton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 9334; (e) P.J. Dyson, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16 (2002) 495; (f) C.P. Mehnert, E.J. Mozeleski and R.A. Cook, Chem. Commun. 3010 (2002); (g) R.A. Brown, P. Pollet, E. McKoon, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta and P.G. Jessop, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 1254; (h) S. Guernik, A. Wolfson, M. Herskowitz, N. Greenspoon and S. Geresh, Chem. Commun. (2001) 2314; (i) A. Berger, R.F, de Souza, M.R. Delgado and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12 (2001) 1825; (j) J. Dupont, P.A.Z. Suarez, A.P. Umpierre and R.F. de Souza, Catal. Lett. 73 (2001) 211; (1) P.J. Dyson, D.I. Ellis and T. Welton, Can. J. Chem. 79 (2001) 705; (m) S. Steines, P. Wasserscheid and B.J. Driessen-Holscher, Prakt. Chem. 342 (2000) 348; (n) A.L. Monteiro, F.K. Zinn, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 8 (1997) 177; (o) P.A.Z. Suarez, J.E.L. Dullius, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Inorg. Chim. Acta 255 (1997) 207; (p) Y. Chauvin, L. Mussmann and H. Olivier, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34 (1996) 2698.
41. For hydrogenation reactions promoted by transition-metal complexes in imidazolium ionic liquids see: (a) P.G. Jessop, R.R. Stanley, R.A. Brown, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta, T.T. Ngo and P. Pollet, Green. Chem. 5 (2003) 123; (b) J. Navarro, M. Sagi, E. Sola, F.J. Lahoz, I.T. Dobrinovitch, A. Katho, F. Joo and L.A. Oro, Adv. Synth. Catal. 345 (2003) 280; (c) C.S. Consorti, A.P. Umpierre, R.F. de Souza, J. Dupont and P.A.Z. Suarez, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14(2003) 401; (d) C.J. Boxwell, P.J. Dyson, D.J. Ellis and T. Welton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 9334; (e) P.J. Dyson, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16 (2002) 495; (f) C.P. Mehnert, E.J. Mozeleski and R.A. Cook, Chem. Commun. 3010 (2002); (g) R.A. Brown, P. Pollet, E. McKoon, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta and P.G. Jessop, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 1254; (h) S. Guernik, A. Wolfson, M. Herskowitz, N. Greenspoon and S. Geresh, Chem. Commun. (2001) 2314; (i) A. Berger, R.F, de Souza, M.R. Delgado and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12 (2001) 1825; (j) J. Dupont, P.A.Z. Suarez, A.P. Umpierre and R.F. de Souza, Catal. Lett. 73 (2001) 211; (1) P.J. Dyson, D.I. Ellis and T. Welton, Can. J. Chem. 79 (2001) 705; (m) S. Steines, P. Wasserscheid and B.J. Driessen-Holscher, Prakt. Chem. 342 (2000) 348; (n) A.L. Monteiro, F.K. Zinn, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 8 (1997) 177; (o) P.A.Z. Suarez, J.E.L. Dullius, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Inorg. Chim. Acta 255 (1997) 207; (p) Y. Chauvin, L. Mussmann and H. Olivier, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34 (1996) 2698.
42. For hydrogenation reactions promoted by transition-metal complexes in imidazolium ionic liquids see: (a) P.G. Jessop, R.R. Stanley, R.A. Brown, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta, T.T. Ngo and P. Pollet, Green. Chem. 5 (2003) 123; (b) J. Navarro, M. Sagi, E. Sola, F.J. Lahoz, I.T. Dobrinovitch, A. Katho, F. Joo and L.A. Oro, Adv. Synth. Catal. 345 (2003) 280; (c) C.S. Consorti, A.P. Umpierre, R.F. de Souza, J. Dupont and P.A.Z. Suarez, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14(2003) 401; (d) C.J. Boxwell, P.J. Dyson, D.J. Ellis and T. Welton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 9334; (e) P.J. Dyson, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16 (2002) 495; (f) C.P. Mehnert, E.J. Mozeleski and R.A. Cook, Chem. Commun. 3010 (2002); (g) R.A. Brown, P. Pollet, E. McKoon, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta and P.G. Jessop, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 1254; (h) S. Guernik, A. Wolfson, M. Herskowitz, N. Greenspoon and S. Geresh, Chem. Commun. (2001) 2314; (i) A. Berger, R.F, de Souza, M.R. Delgado and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12 (2001) 1825; (j) J. Dupont, P.A.Z. Suarez, A.P. Umpierre and R.F. de Souza, Catal. Lett. 73 (2001) 211; (1) P.J. Dyson, D.I. Ellis and T. Welton, Can. J. Chem. 79 (2001) 705; (m) S. Steines, P. Wasserscheid and B.J. Driessen-Holscher, Prakt. Chem. 342 (2000) 348; (n) A.L. Monteiro, F.K. Zinn, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 8 (1997) 177; (o) P.A.Z. Suarez, J.E.L. Dullius, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Inorg. Chim. Acta 255 (1997) 207; (p) Y. Chauvin, L. Mussmann and H. Olivier, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34 (1996) 2698.
43. For hydrogenation reactions promoted by transition-metal complexes in imidazolium ionic liquids see: (a) P.G. Jessop, R.R. Stanley, R.A. Brown, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta, T.T. Ngo and P. Pollet, Green. Chem. 5 (2003) 123; (b) J. Navarro, M. Sagi, E. Sola, F.J. Lahoz, I.T. Dobrinovitch, A. Katho, F. Joo and L.A. Oro, Adv. Synth. Catal. 345 (2003) 280; (c) C.S. Consorti, A.P. Umpierre, R.F. de Souza, J. Dupont and P.A.Z. Suarez, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14(2003) 401; (d) C.J. Boxwell, P.J. Dyson, D.J. Ellis and T. Welton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 9334; (e) P.J. Dyson, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16 (2002) 495; (f) C.P. Mehnert, E.J. Mozeleski and R.A. Cook, Chem. Commun. 3010 (2002); (g) R.A. Brown, P. Pollet, E. McKoon, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta and P.G. Jessop, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 1254; (h) S. Guernik, A. Wolfson, M. Herskowitz, N. Greenspoon and S. Geresh, Chem. Commun. (2001) 2314; (i) A. Berger, R.F, de Souza, M.R. Delgado and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12 (2001) 1825; (j) J. Dupont, P.A.Z. Suarez, A.P. Umpierre and R.F. de Souza, Catal. Lett. 73 (2001) 211; (1) P.J. Dyson, D.I. Ellis and T. Welton, Can. J. Chem. 79 (2001) 705; (m) S. Steines, P. Wasserscheid and B.J. Driessen-Holscher, Prakt. Chem. 342 (2000) 348; (n) A.L. Monteiro, F.K. Zinn, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 8 (1997) 177; (o) P.A.Z. Suarez, J.E.L. Dullius, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Inorg. Chim. Acta 255 (1997) 207; (p) Y. Chauvin, L. Mussmann and H. Olivier, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34 (1996) 2698.
44. For hydrogenation reactions promoted by transition-metal complexes in imidazolium ionic liquids see: (a) P.G. Jessop, R.R. Stanley, R.A. Brown, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta, T.T. Ngo and P. Pollet, Green. Chem. 5 (2003) 123; (b) J. Navarro, M. Sagi, E. Sola, F.J. Lahoz, I.T. Dobrinovitch, A. Katho, F. Joo and L.A. Oro, Adv. Synth. Catal. 345 (2003) 280; (c) C.S. Consorti, A.P. Umpierre, R.F. de Souza, J. Dupont and P.A.Z. Suarez, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14(2003) 401; (d) C.J. Boxwell, P.J. Dyson, D.J. Ellis and T. Welton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 9334; (e) P.J. Dyson, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16 (2002) 495; (f) C.P. Mehnert, E.J. Mozeleski and R.A. Cook, Chem. Commun. 3010 (2002); (g) R.A. Brown, P. Pollet, E. McKoon, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta and P.G. Jessop, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 1254; (h) S. Guernik, A. Wolfson, M. Herskowitz, N. Greenspoon and S. Geresh, Chem. Commun. (2001) 2314; (i) A. Berger, R.F, de Souza, M.R. Delgado and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12 (2001) 1825; (j) J. Dupont, P.A.Z. Suarez, A.P. Umpierre and R.F. de Souza, Catal. Lett. 73 (2001) 211; (1) P.J. Dyson, D.I. Ellis and T. Welton, Can. J. Chem. 79 (2001) 705; (m) S. Steines, P. Wasserscheid and B.J. Driessen-Holscher, Prakt. Chem. 342 (2000) 348; (n) A.L. Monteiro, F.K. Zinn, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 8 (1997) 177; (o) P.A.Z. Suarez, J.E.L. Dullius, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Inorg. Chim. Acta 255 (1997) 207; (p) Y. Chauvin, L. Mussmann and H. Olivier, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34 (1996) 2698.
45. For hydrogenation reactions promoted by transition-metal complexes in imidazolium ionic liquids see: (a) P.G. Jessop, R.R. Stanley, R.A. Brown, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta, T.T. Ngo and P. Pollet, Green. Chem. 5 (2003) 123; (b) J. Navarro, M. Sagi, E. Sola, F.J. Lahoz, I.T. Dobrinovitch, A. Katho, F. Joo and L.A. Oro, Adv. Synth. Catal. 345 (2003) 280; (c) C.S. Consorti, A.P. Umpierre, R.F. de Souza, J. Dupont and P.A.Z. Suarez, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14(2003) 401; (d) C.J. Boxwell, P.J. Dyson, D.J. Ellis and T. Welton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 9334; (e) P.J. Dyson, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16 (2002) 495; (f) C.P. Mehnert, E.J. Mozeleski and R.A. Cook, Chem. Commun. 3010 (2002); (g) R.A. Brown, P. Pollet, E. McKoon, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta and P.G. Jessop, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 1254; (h) S. Guernik, A. Wolfson, M. Herskowitz, N. Greenspoon and S. Geresh, Chem. Commun. (2001) 2314; (i) A. Berger, R.F, de Souza, M.R. Delgado and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12 (2001) 1825; (j) J. Dupont, P.A.Z. Suarez, A.P. Umpierre and R.F. de Souza, Catal. Lett. 73 (2001) 211; (1) P.J. Dyson, D.I. Ellis and T. Welton, Can. J. Chem. 79 (2001) 705; (m) S. Steines, P. Wasserscheid and B.J. Driessen-Holscher, Prakt. Chem. 342 (2000) 348; (n) A.L. Monteiro, F.K. Zinn, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 8 (1997) 177; (o) P.A.Z. Suarez, J.E.L. Dullius, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Inorg. Chim. Acta 255 (1997) 207; (p) Y. Chauvin, L. Mussmann and H. Olivier, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34 (1996) 2698.
46. For hydrogenation reactions promoted by transition-metal complexes in imidazolium ionic liquids see: (a) P.G. Jessop, R.R. Stanley, R.A. Brown, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta, T.T. Ngo and P. Pollet, Green. Chem. 5 (2003) 123; (b) J. Navarro, M. Sagi, E. Sola, F.J. Lahoz, I.T. Dobrinovitch, A. Katho, F. Joo and L.A. Oro, Adv. Synth. Catal. 345 (2003) 280; (c) C.S. Consorti, A.P. Umpierre, R.F. de Souza, J. Dupont and P.A.Z. Suarez, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14(2003) 401; (d) C.J. Boxwell, P.J. Dyson, D.J. Ellis and T. Welton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 9334; (e) P.J. Dyson, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16 (2002) 495; (f) C.P. Mehnert, E.J. Mozeleski and R.A. Cook, Chem. Commun. 3010 (2002); (g) R.A. Brown, P. Pollet, E. McKoon, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta and P.G. Jessop, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 1254; (h) S. Guernik, A. Wolfson, M. Herskowitz, N. Greenspoon and S. Geresh, Chem. Commun. (2001) 2314; (i) A. Berger, R.F, de Souza, M.R. Delgado and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12 (2001) 1825; (j) J. Dupont, P.A.Z. Suarez, A.P. Umpierre and R.F. de Souza, Catal. Lett. 73 (2001) 211; (1) P.J. Dyson, D.I. Ellis and T. Welton, Can. J. Chem. 79 (2001) 705; (m) S. Steines, P. Wasserscheid and B.J. Driessen-Holscher, Prakt. Chem. 342 (2000) 348; (n) A.L. Monteiro, F.K. Zinn, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 8 (1997) 177; (o) P.A.Z. Suarez, J.E.L. Dullius, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Inorg. Chim. Acta 255 (1997) 207; (p) Y. Chauvin, L. Mussmann and H. Olivier, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34 (1996) 2698.
47. For hydrogenation reactions promoted by transition-metal complexes in imidazolium ionic liquids see: (a) P.G. Jessop, R.R. Stanley, R.A. Brown, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta, T.T. Ngo and P. Pollet, Green. Chem. 5 (2003) 123; (b) J. Navarro, M. Sagi, E. Sola, F.J. Lahoz, I.T. Dobrinovitch, A. Katho, F. Joo and L.A. Oro, Adv. Synth. Catal. 345 (2003) 280; (c) C.S. Consorti, A.P. Umpierre, R.F. de Souza, J. Dupont and P.A.Z. Suarez, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14(2003) 401; (d) C.J. Boxwell, P.J. Dyson, D.J. Ellis and T. Welton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 9334; (e) P.J. Dyson, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16 (2002) 495; (f) C.P. Mehnert, E.J. Mozeleski and R.A. Cook, Chem. Commun. 3010 (2002); (g) R.A. Brown, P. Pollet, E. McKoon, C.A. Eckert, C.L. Liotta and P.G. Jessop, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 1254; (h) S. Guernik, A. Wolfson, M. Herskowitz, N. Greenspoon and S. Geresh, Chem. Commun. (2001) 2314; (i) A. Berger, R.F, de Souza, M.R. Delgado and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12 (2001) 1825; (j) J. Dupont, P.A.Z. Suarez, A.P. Umpierre and R.F. de Souza, Catal. Lett. 73 (2001) 211; (1) P.J. Dyson, D.I. Ellis and T. Welton, Can. J. Chem. 79 (2001) 705; (m) S. Steines, P. Wasserscheid and B.J. Driessen-Holscher, Prakt. Chem. 342 (2000) 348; (n) A.L. Monteiro, F.K. Zinn, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 8 (1997) 177; (o) P.A.Z. Suarez, J.E.L. Dullius, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Inorg. Chim. Acta 255 (1997) 207; (p) Y. Chauvin, L. Mussmann and H. Olivier, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34 (1996) 2698.
48. (a) P.A.Z. Suarez, J.E.L. Dullius, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Polyhedron 15 (1996) 1217;
49. (b) J. Dupont, P.A.Z. Suarez, C.S. Consorti and R.F. de Souza, Org. Synth. 79 (2002) 236.
50. B.K. Sweeny and D.O. Peters, Electrochem. Commun. 3 (2001) 712.
51. 2 and Hg(0) poisoning tests see: (a) K.S. Weddle, J.D. Aiken and R.G. Finke, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 (1998) 5653; (b) B.J. Hornstein, J.D. Aiken and R.G. Finke, Inorg. Chem. 41 (2002) 1625.
52. 2 and Hg(0) poisoning tests see: (a) K.S. Weddle, J.D. Aiken and R.G. Finke, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 (1998) 5653; (b) B.J. Hornstein, J.D. Aiken and R.G. Finke, Inorg. Chem. 41 (2002) 1625.
53. For the physical-chemical properties of imidazolium ionic liquids see: (a) P.A.Z. Suarez, S. Einloft, J.E.L. Dullius, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol. 95 (1998) 1626; (b) J.E.L. Dullius, P.A.Z. Suarez, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza, J. Dupont, J. Fischer and A. De Cian, Organometallics 17 (1998) 815.
54. For the physical-chemical properties of imidazolium ionic liquids see: (a) P.A.Z. Suarez, S. Einloft, J.E.L. Dullius, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol. 95 (1998) 1626; (b) J.E.L. Dullius, P.A.Z. Suarez, S. Einloft, R.F. de Souza, J. Dupont, J. Fischer and A. De Cian, Organometallics 17 (1998) 815.
55. (a) R.G. Finke, in Transition-Metal Nanodusters, D.L. Feldheim and C.A. Foss Jr. (eds), Chapter. 2 (Marcel Dekker, New York, 2002) pp. 17-54.