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The chlorine atoms do not react with the water molecules, as evidenced by the reproducibility of the distinctive surface diffraction features for many runs of laser annealing and adsorption-deposition cycles. The hydrophilicity of chlorine-terminated Si surface is apparent from the observed small contact angle that the water droplet makes with the surface, in contrast with the observations made on hydrophobic surfaces.
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20
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1842447270
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2, and the accumulated exposure per image frame was less than 5000 shots. A total of five iterative frames were taken at each delay time. This was done to prevent any long-term modification to the ice layers, e.g., annealing and sublimation.
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21
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1842551818
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note
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The pulses for diffraction were generated using Williamson-Mourou streak camera arrangement (34) and with an electron gun focusing system (77) developed for ultrashort time resolution (16, 22, 35-37). We achieved ∼1 ps resolution in the development of ultrafast gas phase electron diffraction (22), and in the new UEC machine a 300 to 600 fs resolution (16, 37) was obtained. For the geometry of reflection studied here, the overall resolution is limited by the difference in transit time on the surface.
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22
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1842447272
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This temperature is determined from the integrated intensity change of the diffraction (0,0) spot of the substrate using the Sears and Shelley (38) tabulated temperature dependent Debye-Waller factors.
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29
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1842604040
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ref) and referencing to an image eliminates the incoherent background.
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Lobastov, V.A.1
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39
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1842499489
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note
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Supported bythe National Science Foundation. Some support was also provided by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. F.V. acknowledges partial financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation, and S.C. acknowledges a Millikan fellowship at Caltech, We thank N. Lewis and L. Webb for functionalizing the silicon surface.
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