How HIV-1 causes AIDS: Implications for prevention and treatment

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 62, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 549-553

  Foster, Harold D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; CYSTEINE; GLUTAMINE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; SELENIUM; TRYPTOPHAN;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; BOTSWANA; CANCER; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEMENTIA; DEPRESSION; DIARRHEA; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; IMMUNE SYSTEM; MUSCLE ATROPHY; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; VIRUS REPLICATION;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1;

EID: 1842505506     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2003.12.009     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. The Durban Declaration. Nature 2000;406:15-6.
2. Brown P. How does HIV cause AIDS? New Scient 1992:31-5.
3. Habeshaw JA, Wilson SE, Hounsell EF, Oxford JS. How HIV-1 lentivirus causes immune deficiency disease. Med Hypotheses 1999;52:59-67.
4. Cloyd MW, Chen JJ, Wang I. How does HIV cause AIDS? The homing theory. Mol Med Today 2000;6:108-11.
5. Foster HD. What really causes AIDS. Victoria: Trafford Press; 2002.
6. Foster HD. AIDS and the Selenium CD4 T cell tailspin. The geography of a pandemic. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients 2002;255:76-8.
7. Peters CJ, Olshaker M. Virus hunter: thirty years of battling hot viruses around the world. New York: Doubleday; 1997.
8. Taylor EW, Bhat A, Nadimpalli RG, Zhang W, Kececioglu J. HIV-1 encodes a sequence overlapping env. gp41 with highly significant similarity to selenium dependent glutathione peroxidases. J AIDS Hum Retrovirol 1997;15(5):393-4.
9. Zhao L, Cox AG, Ruzicka JA, Bhat AA, Zhang W, Taylor EW. Molecular modelling and in vitro activity of an HIV-1-encoded glutathione peroxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97(12):6356-61.
10. Maiorino M, Aumann KD, Brigelius-Flohe R, Doria D, van den Heuvel J, McCarthy J, et al. Probing the presumed catalytic triad of a selenium-containing peroxidase by mutational analysis. Z Ernahrungswiss 1998;37(Suppl 1):118-21.
11. Aumann KD, Bedorf N, Brigelius-Flohe R, Schomburg D, Flohe L. Glutathione peroxidase revisited - simulation of the catalytic cycle by computer-assisted molecular modelling. Biomed Environ Sci 1997;10(2-3):136-55.
12. Maiorino M, Aumann KD, Brigelius-Flohe R, Doria D, van den Heuvel J, McCarthy J, et al. Probing the presumed catalytic triad of selenium-containing peroxidases by mutational analysis of phospholipid hydroperoxidase glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx). Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 1995;376(11):650-1.
13. Herzenberg LA, De Rosa S, Herzenberg LA. Low glutathione (GSH) levels in CD4 T cells predicts poor survival in AIDS, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) may improve survival. In: Oxidative Stress and Redox Regulation: Cellular Signalling AIDS Cancer and Other Diseases. Institut Pasteur, Paris; May 21-24, 1996.
14. De Roas SC, Zaretsky MD, Dubs JG, Roederer M, Anderson M, Green A, et al. N-acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione in HIV infection. Eur J Clin Invest 2000;30(10):915-29.
15. Raju PA, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA, Roederer M. Glutathione precursor and antioxidant activities of N-acetylcysteine and oxothiazolidine carboxylate composed in in vitro studies of HIV replication. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994;10(8):961-7.
16. Diamond AM, Hu YJ, Mansur DB. Glutathione peroxidase and viral replication: implications for viral evolution and chemoprevention. Biofactors 2001;14(1-4):205-10.
17. Gil L, Martinez G, Gonzalez I, Tarinas A, Alvarez A, Giuliani A, et al. Contribution to characterization of oxidative stress in HIV/AIDS patients. Pharmacol Res 2003;47(3):217-24.
18. Baum MK, Shor-Posner G, Lai S, Zhang G, Lai H, Fletcher MA, et al. High risk of HIV-related mortality is associated with selenium deficiency. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997;15(5):370-4.
19. Dworkin BM. Selenium deficiency in HIV infection and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Chem Biol Interact 1994;91(2-3):181-6.
20. Shrauzer GN, Sacher J. Selenium in the maintenance and therapy of HIV-infected patients. Chem Biol Interact 1994;91(2-3):199-205.
21. Campa A, Shor-Posner G, Indacochea F, Zhang G, Lai H, Asthane D, et al. Mortality risk in selenium deficient HIV-positive children. J Acquire Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1999;20(5):508-13.
22. Cowgill GM. The distribution of selenium and mortality owing to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome in the continental United States. Biol Trace Element Res 1997;56:43-61.
23. Foster HD. Why HIV-1 has diffused so much more rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa than in North America. Med Hypotheses 2003;60(4):611-4.
24. Droge W. Cysteine and glutathione deficiency in AIDS patients: a rationale for treatment with N-acetylcysteine Pharmacology 1993;46(2):61-5.
25. Breitkreutz R, Pittack N, Nebe CT, Schuster D, Brust J, Beichert M, et al. Improvement of immune functions in HIV infection by sulfur supplementation: two randomized trials. J Mol Med 2000;78(1):55-62.
26. Droge W, Eck HP, Mihm S. HIV-induced cysteine deficiency and T-cell dysfunction - a rationale for treatment with N-acetylcysteine. Immunol Today 1992;13(6):211-4.
27. De Rosa SC, Zaretsky MD, Dubs JG. N-acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione in HIV infection. Eur J Clin Invest 2000;30:841-56.
28. Akerlund B, Jarstrand C, Lindeke B, Sonnerborg A, Akerblad AC, Rasool O. Effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment on HIV-infection: a double blind placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1996;50(6):457-61.
29. Rhoads M. Glutamine signalling in intestinal cells. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999;3(5 Suppl):S38-40.
30. Shabert JK, Winslow C, Lacey JM, Wilmore DW. Glutamine-antioxidant supplementation increases body cell mass in AIDS patients with weight loss: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Nutrition 1999;15(11-12):860-4.
31. Yarasheski KE, Zachwieja JJ, Gischler J, Crowley J, Horgan MM, Powderly EG. Increased plasma gln and Leu Ra and inappropriately low muscle protein synthesis rate in AIDS wasting. Am J Physiol 1998;275(4 pt 1):E577-583.
32. Noyer CM, Simon D, Borczuk A, Brandt LJ, Lee MJ, Nehra V. A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of glutamine therapy for abnormal intestinal permeability in patients with AIDS. Am J Gastoenterol 1998;93(6):972-5.
33. Brown RR, Ozaki Y, Datta SP, Borden EC, Sondel PM, Malone DG. Implications of interferon-induced tryptophan catabolism in cancer, auto-immune diseases and AIDS. Adv Exp Med Biol 1991;294:425-35.
34. Fuchs D, Forsman A, Hagberg L, Larsson M, Norkrans G, Reibnegger G, et al. Immune activation and decreased tryptophan in patients with HIV-1 infection. J Interferon Res 1990;10(6):599-603.
35. Werner ER, Fuchs D, Hausen A, Jaeger H, Reibnegger G, Werner-Felmayer G, et al. Tryptophan degradation in patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 1999;369(5):375-9.
36. Murray MF. Niacin as a potential AIDS preventative factor. Med Hypotheses 1999;53(5):375-9.
37. Sidibe S, Saal F, Rhodes-Feuillette A, Lagaye S, Pelicano L, Canivet M, et al. Effects of serotonin and melanin on in vitro HIV-1 infection. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 1996;10(1):19-24.
38. Reuters. Doctors find AIDS virus may be unreachable. Vancouver Sun November 12, 1999 A15.
39. Rayman MP. The argument for increasing selenium intake. Proc Nutr Soc 2002;61:203-15.
40. Ursini F, Heim S, Kiess M, Maiorino M, Roveri A, Wissing J, et al. Dual function of the selenoprotein PHGPx during sperm maturation. Science 1999;285:1393-6.
41. Hill KE, Burk RF, Selenoprotein P. In: Hatfield DL, editor. Selenium: Its molecular biology and role in human health. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001. p. 123-36.
42. Pressman AH. The GSH phenomenon: Nature's most powerful antioxidant and healing agent glutathione. New York: St. Martin's Press; 1997.
43. Howard SA, Hawkes Wayne C. The relative effectiveness of human plasma glutathione peroxidase as a catalyst for the reduction of hydroperoxides by glutathione. Biol Trace Element Res 1998;61:127-36.
44. Braverman ER. (with Pfeiffer C.C.) The healing nutrients within: facts findings and new research on amino acids. New Canaan: Keats Publishing; 1987.
45. Gutauskas A. Personal e-mail communication; October 7, 2003.