Nucleoside analogue-sparing strategy for the treatment of chronic HIV infection: Potential interest and clinical experience

Antiviral Therapy

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 29-40

  Joly, Véronique ^a   Yeni, Patrick ^a  

^a BICHAT HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; AMPRENAVIR; AMPRENAVIR PHOSPHATE; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; ATAZANAVIR; CD4 ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5 INHIBITOR; CYTOCHROME P450; DELAVIRDINE; DIDANOSINE; EFAVIRENZ; ENFUVIRTIDE; INDINAVIR; LACTIC ACID; LAMIVUDINE; LOPINAVIR; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; NELFINAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; NEW DRUG; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RITONAVIR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; SAQUINAVIR; STAVUDINE; TENOFOVIR; TIPRANAVIR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS RNA; ZALCITABINE; ZIDOVUDINE; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; NUCLEOSIDE;

ABDOMINAL DISTENSION; ABDOMINAL PAIN; CHRONIC DISEASE; CROSS RESISTANCE; DIARRHEA; DRUG COST; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG SAFETY; DYSPNEA; FATTY LIVER; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERLACTATEMIA; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; LACTATE BLOOD LEVEL; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LIPOATROPHY; LIPODYSTROPHY; MITOCHONDRIAL MYOPATHY; NAUSEA; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS RESISTANCE; VOMITING; WEIGHT REDUCTION; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; DRUG EFFECT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; IN VITRO STUDY; METHODOLOGY; MITOCHONDRION;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; DRUG RESISTANCE, VIRAL; HIV; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV PROTEASE INHIBITORS; HUMANS; MITOCHONDRIA; NUCLEOSIDES; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS;

EID: 18344380337     PISSN: 13596535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Yeni PG, Hammer SM, Hirsch MS, Saag MS, Schechter M, Carpenter CCJ, Fischl MA, Gatell JM, Gazzard BG, Jacobsen DM, Katzenstein DA, Montaner JSG, Richman DD, Schooley RT, Thompson MA, Vella S & Volberding PA. Treatment for Adult HIV infection: 2004 recommendations of the International AIDS Society - USA Panel. Journal of the American Medical Association 2004; 292:251-268.
2. Dybul M, Fauci AS, Bartlett JG, Kaplan JE & Pau AK; Panel on Clinical Practices for the Treament of HIV. Guidelines for using antiretroviral agents among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Recommendations of the Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations & Reports 2002; 51:1-55.
3. Marcus K, Truffa M, Boxwell D & Toerner J. Recently identified adverse events secondary to NRTI therapy in HIV-infected individuals: cases from the FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS). 9th Conference on Retroviruses & Opportunistic Infections. 24-28 February 2004, Seattle, WA, USA. Abstract LB14.
4. Falco V, Rodriguez D, Ribera E, Martinez E, Miro JM, Domingo P, Diazaraque R, Arribas JR, Gonzalez-Garcia JJ, Montero F, Sanchez L & Pahissa A. Severe nucleoside-associated lactic acidosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: report of 12 cases and review of the literature. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2002; 34:838-846.
5. Lonergan T, Havlir D, Barber E & Mathews C. Long term safety and efficacy of rechallenging patients who have recovered from serious symptomatic hyperlactatemia with new NRTI-containing regimens. 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy. 27-30 September 2002, San Diego, CA, USA. Abstract H-1080.
6. Brinkman K, Smeitink J, Romijn JA & Reiss P. Mitochondrial toxicity induced by nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors is a key factor in the pathogenesis of antiretroviral therapy-related lipodystrophy. Lancet 1999; 354:1112-1115.
7. Kakuda TN, Brundage RC, Anderson PL & Fletcher CV. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity as an etiology for lipodystrophy. AIDS 1999; 13:2311-2312.
8. Mallal SA, John M, Moore CN, James IR & McKinnon EJ. Contribution of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors to subcutaneous fat wasting in patients with HIV infection. AIDS 2000; 14:1309-1316.
9. Nolan D, Hammond E, Martin A, Taylor L, Herrmann S, McKinnon E, Metcalf C, Latham B & Mallal S. Mitochondrial DNA depletion and morphologic changes in adipocytes associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy. AIDS 2003; 17:1329-1338.
10. Joly V, Flandre P, Meiffredy V, Leturque N, Harel M, Aboulker JP & Yeni P. Increased risk of lipoatrophy under stavudine in HIV-1 infected patients: results of a substudy from a comparative trial. AIDS 2002; 16:2447-2454.
11. Gallant JE, Gerondelis PZ, Wainberg MA, Shulman NS, Haubrich RH, St Clair M, Lanier ER, Hellmann NS & Richman DD. Nucleoside and nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a clinical review of antiretroviral resistance. Antiviral Therapy 2003; 8:489-506.
12. Ross L, Liao Q, Henry K, Cohen C, Hirani A, Fisher R, St Clair M & Hernandez J. Choice of co-nucleoside analog in d4T-treated subjects may influence the pattern of thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) and multi-nucleoside resistance mutations (MNRs). 9th Conference on Retroviruses & Opportunistic Infections. 24-28 February 2004, Seattle, WA, USA. Abstract 568-T.
13. Justesen US, Klitgaard NA, Brosen K & Pedersen C. Pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir and delavirdine after multiple-dose administration in healthy volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2003; 55:100-106.
14. Moreno A, Casado JL, Marti-Belda P, Sadibo R, Perez-Elias MJ, Antela A, Dronda F, Bermudez E, Uriarte M & Moreno S. Concomitant use of non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) does not decrease the inhibitory quotient of dual ritonavir/indinavir-based therapy. 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy. 16-19 December 2001, Chicago, IL, USA. Abstract I-1728.
15. Piliero PJ, Preston SL, Japour A, Stevens RC, Morvillo C & Drusano GL. Pharmacokinetics of the combination of ritonavir plus saquinavir with and without efavirenz in healthy volunteers. 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy. 16-19 December 2001, Chicago, IL, USA. Abstract A - 495
16. Duval X, Lamotte C, Race E, Descamps D, Damond F, Clavel F, Leport C, Peytavin G & Vilde JL. Amprenavir inhibitory quotient and virological response in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients on an amprenavir-containing salvage regimen without or with ritonavir. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 2002; 46:570-574.
17. Harris M, Durakovic C, Rae S, Raboud J, Fransen S, Shillington A, Conway B & Montaner JS. A pilot study of nevirapine, indinavir, and lamivudine among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease who have had failure of combination nucleoside therapy. Journal of Infections Diseases 1998; 177:1514-1520.
18. Ferry JJ, Herman BD, Carel BJ, Carlson GF & Batts DH. Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study of delavirdine and indinavir in healthy volunteers. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology 1998; 18:252-259.
19. Aarnoutse RE, Brinkman K, Benetucci J, Begovac J, Stek M Jr & Burger DM. Pharmacokinetics of indinavir/ritonavir (800/100 mg twice a day) combined with efavirenz in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2004; 18:656-567.
20. Skowron G, Leoung G, Hall DB, Robinson P, Lewis R, Grosso R, Jacobs M, Kerr B, MacGregor T, Stevens M, Fisher A, Odgen R & Yen-Lieberman B. Pharmacokinetic evaluation and short-term activity of stavudine, nevirapine, and nelfinavir therapy in HIV-1 infected adults. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2004; 35:351-358.
21. Pfister M, Labbe L, Hammer SM, Mellors J, Bennett KK, Rosenkranz S & Sheiner LB; Adult AIDS Clinical Trial Group Study 398. Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of efavirenz, nelfinavir, and indinavir: Adult AIDS Clinical Trial Group Study 398. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 2003; 47:130-137.
22. Regazzi MB, Villani P, Maserati R, Seminari E, Pan A, LoCaputo F, Gambarana E & Fiocchi C. Clinical pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir combined with efavirenz and stavudine during rescue treatment of heavily pretreated HIV-infected patients. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2000; 45:343-347.
23. Cvetkovic RS & Goa KL. Lopinavir/ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Drugs 2003; 63:769-802.
24. Solas C, Poizot-Martin I, Drogoul MP, Ravaux I, Dhiver C, Lafeuillade A, Allegre T, Mokhtari M, Moreau J, Lepeu G, Petit N, Durand A & Lacarelle B. Therapeutic drug monitoring of lopinavir/ritonavir given alone or with a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2004; 57:436-440.
25. O'Mara E, Agarwala S, Randall D, Geraldes M, Stolz R & Mummaneni V. Steady-state pharmacokinetic-interaction study of atazanavir with efavirenz and ritonavir in healthy subjects. 9th Conference on Retroviruses & Opportunistic Infections. 24-28 February 2004, Seattle, WA, USA. Abstract 444-W.
26. Staszewski S, Morales-Ramirez J, Tashima KT, Rachlis A, Skiest D, Stanford J, Stryker R, Johnson P, Labriola DF, Farina D, Manion DJ & Ruiz NM. Efavirenz plus zidovudine and lamivudine, efavirenz plus indinavir, and indinavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine in the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults. Study 006 Team. New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 341:1865-1873.
27. Ferré V, Allavena C, Poizot-Martin I, Beck-Wirth G, Perré P, Raffi F, Cohen Codar I & the BIKS Study Group. BIKS Study (lopinavir/ritonavir - efavirenz combination): complete 24-weeks results. 2nd International AIDS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis & Treatment. 13-16 July 2003, Paris, France. Abstract 36.
28. Negredo E, Bonjoch A, Sirera G, Puig J, Videla S, Kurowski M, Bonafont X, Ruiz L & Clotet B. NEKA study: NRTI-sparing regimen. 14th International AIDS Conference. 7-12 July 2002, Barcelona, Spain. Abstract LbPe B 9021.
29. Boyd M, Duncombe C, Siangphoe U, Srasuebkul P, Hassink E, Chomchey N, Ubolyani S, Ruxrungtham K, Stek M, Lange J, Cooper D & Phanuphak P. Indinavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg bid and efavirenz 600 mg od provides durable salvage for patients with combination nucleoside analogue failure: HIV-NAT 009 72 week follow-up. 2nd International AIDS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis & Treatment. 13-16 July 2003, Paris, France. Abstract 581.
30. Boyd M, Bien D, van Warmerdam P, Hassink E, Srasuebkul P, Chomchey N, Methanukroh T, Sopa B, Wangsuphachart S, Krisanachinda A, Ruxrungtham K, Lange J, Cooper D, Phanuphak P & Reiss P. Lipodystrophy in patients switched to indinavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg BID and efavirenz 600 mg OD after failing nucleoside combination therapy: a prospective, 48-week observational sub-study of HIV-NAT 009. 10th Conference on Retroviruses & Opportunistic Infections. 10-14 February 2003, Boston, MA, USA. Abstract 738.
31. Lopez-Cortes LF, Ruiz-Valderas R, Viciana P, Mata R, Gomez-Vera J, Alarcon A & Pachon J. Once-daily saquinavir-sgc plus low-dose ritonavir (1200/100 mg) in combination with efavirenz: pharmacokinetics and efficacy in HIV-infected patients with prior antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2003; 32:240-242.
32. Dam E, Rochas S, Faudon JL, Cheret A, L Essioux L, A Hill A & Clavel F. Synergistic activity of lopinavir and saquinavir on protease inhibitor-resistant HIV-1. 11th Conference on Retroviruses & Opportunistic Infections. 8-11 February 2004, San Francisco, CA, USA. Abstract 622.
33. Molla A, Mo H, Vasavanonda S, Han L, Lin CT, Hsu A, & Kempf DJ. In vitro antiviral interaction of lopinavir with other protease inhibitors. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 2002; 46:2249-2253.
34. Stephan C, Hentig N, Kourbeti I, Dauer B, Mösch M, Lutz T, Klauke S, Harder S, Kurowski M & Staszewski S. Saquinavir drug exposure is not impaired by the boosted double protease inhibitor combination of lopinavir/ritonavir. AIDS 2004; 18:503-508.
35. Hellinger J, Morris AB, Piscitelli S, Gordon D, Foy K, Jackson-Pope L, Cordeiro D, Peeters M, Hoetelmans R, de Caprariis PJ & Cohen C. Pilot study of saquinavir-SGC (Fortovase, SQV) 1000 mg twice daily and lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra, LPV/r) in protease inhibitor-experienced HIV+ individuals: dose escalation and combined normalized inhibitory quotient (cNIQ). 9th Conference on Retroviruses & Opportunistic Infections. 24-28 February 2004, Seattle, WA, USA. Abstract 451-W.
36. Hellinger J, Cohen CJ, Morris AB, Sheble-Hall S, Gordon D, Foy K, Van Heukelem D, Jackson-Pape L & Schutz M. A pilot study of saquinavir-SGC and lopinavir/ritonavir twice daily in protease inhibitor naive HIV+ individuals: protease inhibitor concentrations and week 24 results. 2nd International AIDS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis & treatment. 13-16 July 2003, Paris, France. Abstract 571 A.
37. Ruiz L, Ribera E, Bonjoch A, Martinez-Picado J, Díaz M, Romeu J, Marfil S, Negredo E, García-Prado J, Tural C, Puig T, Sirera G & Clotet B. Virological and immunological benefit of a salvage therapy that includes Kaletra plus Fortovase preceded or not by antiretroviral therapy interruption in advanced HIV-infected patients (6-month-follow-up). 2nd International AIDS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis & Treatment. 13-16 July 2003, Paris, France. Abstract 421-W.
38. Boffito M, Kurowski M, Kruse G, Hill A, Benzie AA, Nelson MR, Moyle GJ, Gazzard BG & Pozniak AL. Atazanavir enhances saquinavir hard-gel concentrations in a ritonavir-boosted once daily regimen. AIDS 2004; 18:1291-1297.
39. Badaro R, De Jesus E, Lazzarin A, Jemsek J, Clotet B, Rightmire A, Thiry A & Wilber R. Efficacy and safety of atazanavir with ritonavir or saquinavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in combination with tenofovir and one NRTI on patients who have experienced virologic failure to multiple HAART regimens: 16-week results from BMS AI424-045. 2nd International AIDS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis & Treatment. 13-16 July 2003, Paris, France. Abstract 118.
40. Corbett AH, Eron JJ, Diebold M, Rezk N, Troiani L & Kashuba ADM. A triple protease inhibitor salvage regimen of amprenavir + saquinavir + minidose ritonavir: steady state pharmacokinetics and initial RNA and CD4 response. 14th International AIDS Conference. 7-12 July 2002, Barcelona, Spain. Abstract TuPeB 4464.
41. th Conference on Retroviruses & Opportunistic Infections. 8-11 February 2004, San Francisco, CA, USA. Abstract 608
42. De Luca A, Baldini F, Cingolani A, Di Giambenedetto S, Hoetelmans R & Cauda R. Deep salvage with amprenavir and lopinavir/ritonavir: correlation of pharmacokinetics and drug resistance with pharmacodynamics. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2004; 35:359-366.
43. Raguin G, Taburet AM, Chêne G, Morand-Joubert L, Droz C, Le Tiec C, Clavel F & Girard PM for the Puzzle 1 Study Group. Pharmacokinetic parameters and virological response to the combination of lopinavir/ritonavir and amprenavir in HIV-infected patients with multiple treatment failures: week-6 results of Puzzle 1 - ANRS study. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. 24-28 February 2004, Seattle, WA, USA. Abstract 420.
44. Raguin G, Chêne G, Morand-Joubert L, Taburet AM, Droz C, Le Tiec C, Clavel F, Girard PM & the Puzzle 1 group. Salvage therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir, amprenavir ± an additional boost with ritonavir: 1-year results of puzzle 1-ANRS104 study. 2nd International AIDS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis & Treatment. 13-16 July 2003, Paris, France. Abstract 585.
45. Klein C, Bertz R, Ashbrenner E, Chira T, Williams L, Hsu A & Bernstein B. Assessment of multiple-dose pharmacokinetic interaction of lopinavir/ritonavir with nelfinavir. 10th Conference on Retroviruses & Opportunistic Infections. 10-14 February 2003, Boston, MA, USA. Abstract 536.
46. Casau NC, Glesby MJ, Paul S & Gulick RM. Brief report: efficacy and treatment-limiting toxicity with the concurrent use of lopinavir/ritonavir and a third protease inhibitor in treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2003; 32:494-498.
47. Leith J, Walmsley S, Katlama C, Arasteh K, Pierone G, Blick G, Lazzarin A, Johnson M, Samuels C, Jones P, Quinson A, Kohlbrenner V, Mayers D, McCallister S & BI1182.51 Study Team. Pharmacokinetics and safety of tipranavir/ritonavir alone or in combination with saquinavir, amprenavir or lopinavir: interim analysis of BI1182.51. 5th International Workshop on Clinical Pharmacology of HIV Therapy. 1-3 April 2004, Rome, Italy. Abstract 5.1.
48. Staszewski S, Dauer B, Von Hentig N, Mûller A, Stephan C, Carlebach A, Mösch M, Gute P, Klauke S, Kurowski M, & Stürmer M. The Lopsaq study: 24 week analysis of the double protease inhibitor salvage regimen containing lopinavir plus saquinavir without any additional antiretroviral therapy. 2nd International AIDS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis & Treatment. 13-16 July 2003, Paris, France. Abstract 583.
49. Staszewski S, Dauer B, Gute P, Nisius G, Haberl A, Müller A, Klauke S, Stürmer M & Von Hentig N. The CrixiLop cohort study: preliminary results from a salvage study of HIV-positive patients treated with indinavir and lopinavir/ritonavir without the addition of reverse transcriptase inhibitors. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy. 14-17 September 2003, Chicago, IL, USA. Abstract H-853.
50. Cameron DW, Japour AJ, Xu Y, Hsu A, Mellors J, Farthing C, Cohen C, Poretz D, Markowitz M, Follansbee S, Angel JB, McMahon D, Ho D, Devanarayan V, Rode R, Salgo MP, Kempf DJ, Granneman R, Leonard JM & Sun E. Ritonavir and saquinavir combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. AIDS 1999; 13:213-224.
51. Cameron DW, Angel JB, Ryan J, Jiang P, Rode R, Farthing C, Cohen C, Mellors J, Poretz D, Markowitz M, Ho D, McMahon D, Drennan D, Seidler T, Sun E & Japour AJ. Durability of ritonavir plus saquinavir dual protease inhibitor therapy in HIV infection: 5-year follow-up. 9th Conference on Retroviruses & Opportunistic Infections. 24-28 February 2004, Seattle, WA, USA. Abstract 550-T.
52. Cohen C, Shen Y, Rode R, Cameron DW, Mellors J, Farthing C, Poretz D, Markowitz M, Ho D, McMahon D, Drennan D, Selness K, Sun E, Kakuda T, Japour AJ & Ryan J for the M96-462 Study Group. Effect of nucleoside intensification on prevalence of morphologic abnormalities at year 5 of ritonavir plus saquinavir therapy in an HIV-infected cohort. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. 24-28 February 2004, Seattle, WA, USA. Abstract 683.
53. Van der Valk P, Gisolf EH, Reiss P, Wit FW, Japour A Weverling GJ, Danner SA & the Prometheus study group. Increased risk of lipodystrophy when nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors are included with protease inhibitors in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2001; 15:847-855.
54. Gathe JC, Washington MY, Mayberry C, Piot D & Nemecek J. IMANI-1 TC3WP single drug HAART: proof of concept study. Pilot study of the safety and efficacy of Kaletra as single drug HAART in HIV+ ARV naive patient. Interim analysis of subjects completing 48 week data. 15th International AIDS Conference. 11-16 July 2004, Bangkok, Thailand. Abstract MoOrB1057.
55. Lalezari JP, Henry K, O'Hearn M, Montaner JS, Piliero PJ, Trottier B, Walmsley S, Cohen C, Kuritzkes DR, Eron JJ Jr, Chung J, DeMasi R, Donatacci L, Drobnes C, Delehanty J & Salgo M; TORO 1 Study Group. Enfuvirtide, an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor, for drug-resistant HIV infection in North and South America. New England Journal of Medicine 2003; 348:2175-2185.
56. Lazzarin A, Clotet B, Cooper D, Reynes J, Arasteh K, Nelson M, Katlama C, Stellbrink HJ, Delfraissy JF, Lange J, Huson L, DeMasi R, Wat C, Delehanty J, Drobnes C & Salgo M; TORO 2 Study Group. Efficacy of enfuvirtide in patients infected with drug-resistant HIV-1 in Europe and Australia. New England Journal of Medicine 2003; 348:2186-2195.