Some suggestions for keeping national wildlife refuges healthy and whole

Natural Resources Journal

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 1092-1111

  Noss, Reed F ^a,b,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PROTECTED AREA; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 18144372268     PISSN: 00280739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (85)

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2. see National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966, 16 U.S.C. §§ 668dd-668ee (2000).
3. I b i d.
4. Reed F. Noss, Ecological Integrity and Sustainability: Buzzwords in Conflict?, in Perspectives on Ecological Integrity 60 (Laura Westra & John Lemons eds., 1995).
5. See generally Stephen Woodley et al., Ecological Integrity and the Managament of Ecosystems (1993);
6. Wayne S. Davis & Thomas P. Simon, Biological Assessment and Criteria: Tools for Water Resource Planning and Decision Making (1995).
7. U.S.C. § 668dd(a)(4)(B) (2000).
8. Reed F. Noss & Allen Y. Cooperrider, Saving Nature's Legacy: Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity 89-90 (1994).
9. See generally Robert Croker, Pioneer Ecologist (1991);
10. J. Michael Scott, A Representative Biological Reserve System for the United States?, Newsletter (Soc'y for Conservation Biology, Arlington, Va.), May 1999, at 1.
11. J. Michael Scott et al., Gap Analysis: A Geographic Approach to Protection of Biological Diversity, 123 Wildlife Monographs 1, 5 (1993).
12. Robert L. Fischman, The National Wildlife Refuges: Coordinating a Conservation System Through Law, at xi (2003).
13. See generally Reed F. Noss et al., Endangered Ecosystems of the United States (1995).
14. For recent reviews of PVA, see Population Viability Analysis (Steven R. Beissinger & Dale R. McCullough eds., 2002)
15. and J. Michael Reed et al., Emerging Issues in Population Viability Analysis, 16 Conservation Biology 7 (2002).
16. See generally Michael J. Wisdom et al., Performance of Greater Sage-Grouse Models for Conservation Assessment in the Interior Columbia Basin, U.S.A., 16 Conservation Biology 1232 (2002).
17. James D. Yoakum, Pronghorn, in Big Game of North America 103, 108-14 (John L. Schmidt & Douglas L. Gilbert eds., 1978) (a square range 10 miles wide would encompass 64,000 acres).
18. Bart W. O'Gara, Mammalian Species, No. 90, The Am. Soc'y of Mammalogists 1, 4 (1978).
19. As concluded by several authors in Viable Populations for Conservation (Michael E. Soulé ed., 1987).
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22. See generally Stephen J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (1982);
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24. Personal observation.
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27. See generally Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 1995 - Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses (Robert T. Watson et al. eds., 1996).
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30. Habitat fragmentation is the process whereby intact blocks of habitat are broken into smaller and more isolated pieces, for example by agriculture, logging, urban development, or highways. See Reed F. Noss & Blair Csuti, Habitat Fragmentation, in Principles of Conservation Biology 269 (Gary K. Meffe & C. Ronald Carroll eds., 1997).
31. See generally Robert L. Peters & Joan D.S. Darling, The Greenhouse Effect and Nature Reserves, 35 BioScience 707 (1985);
32. Reed F. Noss, Beyond Kyoto: Forest Management in a Time of Rapid Climate Change, 15 Conservational Biology 578 (2001).
33. See generally David Jablonski, Extinctions in the Fossil Record, in Extinction Rates 25 (John H. Lawton & Robert M. May eds., 1995).
34. See generally Edward O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life (1992);
35. Extinction Rates, supra note 25.
36. That we have not recognized the urgency of conservation action is testimony to the poor education provided by our school systems and the mass media.
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42. Paul L. Angermeier & James R. Karr, Biological Integrity Versus Biological Diversity as Policy Directives, 44 BioScience 690, 694 (1994).
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47. See generally Ecological Integrity, id.
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49. See Stuart L. Pimm, The Balance of Nature? 18-34 (1991);
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55. See generally Noss, supra note 24;
56. Michael E. Soulé et al., Ecological Effectiveness: Conservation Goals for Interactive Species, 17 Conservational Biology 1238 (2003).
57. Robert Fischman, The Crazy-Quilt Refuge System, Wild Earth, Winter 2003-2004, at 38, 40.
58. Botkin, supra note 20, at 145-47;
59. Pickett et al., supra note 20.
60. Botkin, supra note 20, at 11-12.
61. Pickett et al., supra note 20, at 82.
62. National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997, Pub. L. No. 105-57, § 5(a)(4)(N), 114 Stat. 1252, 1256.
63. Noss & Cooperrider, supra note 6, at 298-324.
64. I b i d.
65. See generally Noss, supra note 31, at 355.
66. See generally James R. Karr & Ellen W. Chu, Restoring Life in Running Waters; Better Biological Monitoring (1999).
67. See generally James K. Andreasen et al., Considerations for the Development of a Terrestrial Index of Ecological Integrity, 1 Ecological Indicators 21 (2001).
68. See, e.g., Robert P. Brooks et al., Towards a Regional Index of Biological Integrity: The Example of Forested Riparian Ecosystems, 51 Envtl. Monitoring & Assessment 131, 133-35 (1998);
69. T.J. O'Connell et al., A Bird Community Index of Biotic Integrity for the Mid-Atlantic Highlands, 51 Envtl. Monitoring & Assessment 145, 145-46 (1998);
70. Office of Water, U.S. Envtl. Prot. Agency, Methods for Evaluating Wetland Condition: # 13 Biological Assessment Methods for Birds EPA-822-R-02-023 (2002), available at http://www.epa. gov/ waterscience/criteria/wetlands/13Birds.pdf (last visited Nov. 17, 2004).
71. Thomas P. Rooney & David A. Rogers, The Modified Floristic Quality Index, 22 Nat. Areas J. 340, 340, 342-43 (2002).
72. See generally Vincent Carignan & Marc-André Villard, Selecting Indicator Species to Monitor Ecological Integrity: A Review , 78 Envtl. Monitoring & Assessment 45 (2002).
73. Andreasen et al., supra note 52.
74. See generally Jeffrey D. Parrish et al., Are We Conserving What We Say We Are? Measuring Ecological Integrity Within Protected Areas, 53 Bioscience 851 (2003).
75. Results from a University of Central Florida graduate class project on conservation planning in the fall of 2003 (R.F. Noss, Professor).
76. David S. Wilcove et al., Quantifying Threats to Imperiled Species in the United States, 48 Bioscience 607, 607 (1998).
77. See generally Noss & Cooperrider, supra note 6, at 150-56;
78. Paul Beier & Reed F. Noss, Do Habitat Corridors Provide Connectivity? , 12 Conservation Biology 1241 (1998);
79. Andrew F. Bennett, Linkages in the Landscape (1999).
80. See generally Fischman, supra note 9.
81. See generally Anthony F. Randazzo & Douglas S. Jones, The Geology of Florida (1997).
82. See generally Eric S. Menges, Ecology and Conservation of Florida Scrub, in R.C. Anderson et al., Savanna, Barrens, and Rock Outcrop Plant Communities of North America 7 (1998).
83. See generally Noss et al., supra note 10.
84. See generally Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871).
85. Leopold, supra note 34, at 218.