Conjugated oligomers with terminal donor-acceptor substitution

Angewandte Chemie - International Edition

Volumn 44, Issue 17, 2005, Pages 2482-2506

  Meier, Herbert ^a  

^a JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Absorption; Conjugation; Intramolecular charge transfer; Nonlinear optics; Oligomers

Indexed keywords

ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES; NONLINEAR OPTICS; OPTICAL PROPERTIES; SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

CONJUGATED OLIGOMERS; ELECTRON ACCEPTORS; ELECTRON DONORS; PUSH-PULL SUBSTITUTION;

OLIGOMERS;

EID: 18044382149     PISSN: 14337851     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461146     Document Type: Review

References (200)

1. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
2. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
3. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
4. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
5. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
6. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
7. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
8. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
9. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
10. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
11. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
12. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
13. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
14. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
15. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
16. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
17. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
18. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
19. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
20. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
21. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
22. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
23. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
24. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
25. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
26. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
27. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
28. Selected monographs and reviews: a) H.-H. Hörhold, M. Helbig, D. Raabe, J. Opfermann, U. Scherf, R. Stockmann, D. Weiß, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 126-137; b) J. L. Brédas, R. Silbly, Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991; c) K. Müllen, Pure Appl. Chem. 1993, 65, 89-96; d) W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundström, B. R. Rånby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993; e) J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537-553; f) R. Giesa, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 36, 631-670; g) J. S. Moore, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402-413; h) L. Jones II, J. S. Schumm, J. M. Tour, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1388-1410; i) J. Roncali, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 173-205; j) A. Kraft, A. C. Grimsdale, A. B. Holmes, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 416-443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 403-428; k) Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach (Eds: K. Müllen, G. Wegner), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998; l) T. M. Swager, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207; m) P. F. H. Schwab, M. D. Levin, J. Michl, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1863-1933; n) U. Scherf, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 201, 163-222; o) R. E. Martin, F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1440-1469; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1350-1377; p) J. J. Wolff, R. Wortmann, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1999, 32, 121-217; q) U. H. F. Bunz, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1605-1644; r) J. L. Segura, N. Martin, J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 2403-2435; s) G. Hadziioannou, P. F. van Hutten, Semiconductivity Polymers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000; t) J. Roncali, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 147-156; u) J. M. Tour, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791-804; v) A. Mishra, R. K. Behera, P. K. Behera, B. K. Mishra, G. B. Behera, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1973-2011; w) H. E. Katz, Z. Bao, S. L. Gilat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 359-369; x) U. H. F. Bunz, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 998-1010; y) S. Tretiak, S. Mukamel, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3171-3212; z) S. Szafert, J. A. Gladysz, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4175-4205.
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151. See, for example: a) C. Bubeck in ref. [1k] p. 449-478; b) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1 and 2 (Eds: D. S. Chemla, J. Zyss), Academic Press, New York, 1987; c) P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter, The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990; d) Materials for Nonlinear Optics: Chemical Perspectives (Eds: S. R. Marder, J. E. Solm, G. D. Stucky), ACS Symposium Series 455, ACS, Washington DC, 1991; e) P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York, 1991; f) R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, Academic Press, Boston, 1992; g) G. Zerbi, Organic Materials for Photonics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1993; h) G. Zerbi, Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1-278; i) Molecular Nonlinear Optics - Materials, Physics and Devices (Ed: J. Zyss), Academic Press, San Siego, 1994; j) M. W. Evans, Modern Nonlinear Optics, Part 1-3, Wiley, New York, 2001.
152. See, for example: a) C. Bubeck in ref. [1k] p. 449-478; b) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1 and 2 (Eds: D. S. Chemla, J. Zyss), Academic Press, New York, 1987; c) P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter, The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990; d) Materials for Nonlinear Optics: Chemical Perspectives (Eds: S. R. Marder, J. E. Solm, G. D. Stucky), ACS Symposium Series 455, ACS, Washington DC, 1991; e) P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York, 1991; f) R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, Academic Press, Boston, 1992; g) G. Zerbi, Organic Materials for Photonics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1993; h) G. Zerbi, Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1-278; i) Molecular Nonlinear Optics - Materials, Physics and Devices (Ed: J. Zyss), Academic Press, San Siego, 1994; j) M. W. Evans, Modern Nonlinear Optics, Part 1-3, Wiley, New York, 2001.
153. See, for example: a) C. Bubeck in ref. [1k] p. 449-478; b) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1 and 2 (Eds: D. S. Chemla, J. Zyss), Academic Press, New York, 1987; c) P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter, The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990; d) Materials for Nonlinear Optics: Chemical Perspectives (Eds: S. R. Marder, J. E. Solm, G. D. Stucky), ACS Symposium Series 455, ACS, Washington DC, 1991; e) P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York, 1991; f) R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, Academic Press, Boston, 1992; g) G. Zerbi, Organic Materials for Photonics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1993; h) G. Zerbi, Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1-278; i) Molecular Nonlinear Optics - Materials, Physics and Devices (Ed: J. Zyss), Academic Press, San Siego, 1994; j) M. W. Evans, Modern Nonlinear Optics, Part 1-3, Wiley, New York, 2001.
154. See, for example: a) C. Bubeck in ref. [1k] p. 449-478; b) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1 and 2 (Eds: D. S. Chemla, J. Zyss), Academic Press, New York, 1987; c) P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter, The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990; d) Materials for Nonlinear Optics: Chemical Perspectives (Eds: S. R. Marder, J. E. Solm, G. D. Stucky), ACS Symposium Series 455, ACS, Washington DC, 1991; e) P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York, 1991; f) R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, Academic Press, Boston, 1992; g) G. Zerbi, Organic Materials for Photonics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1993; h) G. Zerbi, Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1-278; i) Molecular Nonlinear Optics - Materials, Physics and Devices (Ed: J. Zyss), Academic Press, San Siego, 1994; j) M. W. Evans, Modern Nonlinear Optics, Part 1-3, Wiley, New York, 2001.
155. See, for example: a) C. Bubeck in ref. [1k] p. 449-478; b) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1 and 2 (Eds: D. S. Chemla, J. Zyss), Academic Press, New York, 1987; c) P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter, The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990; d) Materials for Nonlinear Optics: Chemical Perspectives (Eds: S. R. Marder, J. E. Solm, G. D. Stucky), ACS Symposium Series 455, ACS, Washington DC, 1991; e) P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York, 1991; f) R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, Academic Press, Boston, 1992; g) G. Zerbi, Organic Materials for Photonics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1993; h) G. Zerbi, Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1-278; i) Molecular Nonlinear Optics - Materials, Physics and Devices (Ed: J. Zyss), Academic Press, San Siego, 1994; j) M. W. Evans, Modern Nonlinear Optics, Part 1-3, Wiley, New York, 2001.
156. See, for example: a) C. Bubeck in ref. [1k] p. 449-478; b) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1 and 2 (Eds: D. S. Chemla, J. Zyss), Academic Press, New York, 1987; c) P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter, The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990; d) Materials for Nonlinear Optics: Chemical Perspectives (Eds: S. R. Marder, J. E. Solm, G. D. Stucky), ACS Symposium Series 455, ACS, Washington DC, 1991; e) P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York, 1991; f) R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, Academic Press, Boston, 1992; g) G. Zerbi, Organic Materials for Photonics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1993; h) G. Zerbi, Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1-278; i) Molecular Nonlinear Optics - Materials, Physics and Devices (Ed: J. Zyss), Academic Press, San Siego, 1994; j) M. W. Evans, Modern Nonlinear Optics, Part 1-3, Wiley, New York, 2001.
157. See, for example: a) C. Bubeck in ref. [1k] p. 449-478; b) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vol. 1 and 2 (Eds: D. S. Chemla, J. Zyss), Academic Press, New York, 1987; c) P. N. Butcher, D. Cotter, The Elements of Nonlinear Optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990; d) Materials for Nonlinear Optics: Chemical Perspectives (Eds: S. R. Marder, J. E. Solm, G. D. Stucky), ACS Symposium Series 455, ACS, Washington DC, 1991; e) P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, Wiley, New York, 1991; f) R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, Academic Press, Boston, 1992; g) G. Zerbi, Organic Materials for Photonics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1993; h) G. Zerbi, Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1-278; i) Molecular Nonlinear Optics - Materials, Physics and Devices (Ed: J. Zyss), Academic Press, San Siego, 1994; j) M. W. Evans, Modern Nonlinear Optics, Part 1-3, Wiley, New York, 2001.
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193. This also includes analyses of obtained vibrational bands in IR and Raman spectra.
194. a) A. Bianco, M. Del Zoppo, G. Zerbi, Synth. Met. 2002, 125, 81-91;
195. b) G. Zerbi, C. Castiglioni, M. Del Zoppo in ref. [1k], pp. 345-402.
196. See also a) H. C. Holst, T. Pakula, H. Meier, Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 6765-6775; b) H. Meier, M. Lehmann, H. C. Holst, D. Schwöppe, Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 6881-6888.
197. See also a) H. C. Holst, T. Pakula, H. Meier, Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 6765-6775; b) H. Meier, M. Lehmann, H. C. Holst, D. Schwöppe, Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 6881-6888.
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