Stepwise and dramatic enhancement of anion recognition with a triple-site receptor based on the calix[4]arene framework using two different cationic effectors

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Volumn 127, Issue 15, 2005, Pages 5507-5511

  Nabeshima, Tatsuya ^a   Saiki, Toshiyuki ^a   Iwabuchi, Jun ^a   Akine, Shigehisa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TSUKUBA   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ESTERS; POLYETHERS; POSITIVE IONS; UREA;

ANION RECOGNITION; BIPYRIDINE UNITS; ION BINDING SITES; MULTIPLE LIGANDS;

NEGATIVE IONS;

ANION; CALIXARENE; CATION;

ARTICLE; BINDING AFFINITY; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; RECEPTOR BINDING; SUBSTITUTION REACTION;

EID: 17644365726     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja042882y     Document Type: Article

References (66)

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5. For receptors for cationic and anionic guests as well as transition metals, see: (a) Rudkevich, D. M.; Brzozka, Z.; Palys, M.; Visser, H. C.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 467-468. (b) Rudkevich, D. M.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3683-3686. (c) Rudkevich, D. M.; Mercer-Chalmers, J. D.; Verboom, W.; Ungaro, R.; de Jong, F.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6124-6125. (d) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Shinkai, S. Chem. Lett. 1994, 989-992. (e) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Shinkai, S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1995, 1883-1888. (f) Beer, P. D.; Stokes, S. E. Polyhedron 1995, 14, 2631-2635. (g) Beer, P. D.; Cooper, J. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 129-130. (h) Redman, J. E.; Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W.; Drew, M. G. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 231-232. (i) Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W. Chem. Commun. 1998, 825-826. (j) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2000, 2721-2728. (k) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 392-401. (l) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456.
6. For receptors for cationic and anionic guests as well as transition metals, see: (a) Rudkevich, D. M.; Brzozka, Z.; Palys, M.; Visser, H. C.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 467-468. (b) Rudkevich, D. M.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3683-3686. (c) Rudkevich, D. M.; Mercer-Chalmers, J. D.; Verboom, W.; Ungaro, R.; de Jong, F.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6124-6125. (d) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Shinkai, S. Chem. Lett. 1994, 989-992. (e) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Shinkai, S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1995, 1883-1888. (f) Beer, P. D.; Stokes, S. E. Polyhedron 1995, 14, 2631-2635. (g) Beer, P. D.; Cooper, J. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 129-130. (h) Redman, J. E.; Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W.; Drew, M. G. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 231-232. (i) Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W. Chem. Commun. 1998, 825-826. (j) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2000, 2721-2728. (k) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 392-401. (l) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456.
7. For receptors for cationic and anionic guests as well as transition metals, see: (a) Rudkevich, D. M.; Brzozka, Z.; Palys, M.; Visser, H. C.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 467-468. (b) Rudkevich, D. M.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3683-3686. (c) Rudkevich, D. M.; Mercer-Chalmers, J. D.; Verboom, W.; Ungaro, R.; de Jong, F.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6124-6125. (d) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Shinkai, S. Chem. Lett. 1994, 989-992. (e) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Shinkai, S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1995, 1883-1888. (f) Beer, P. D.; Stokes, S. E. Polyhedron 1995, 14, 2631-2635. (g) Beer, P. D.; Cooper, J. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 129-130. (h) Redman, J. E.; Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W.; Drew, M. G. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 231-232. (i) Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W. Chem. Commun. 1998, 825-826. (j) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2000, 2721-2728. (k) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 392-401. (l) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456.
8. For receptors for cationic and anionic guests as well as transition metals, see: (a) Rudkevich, D. M.; Brzozka, Z.; Palys, M.; Visser, H. C.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 467-468. (b) Rudkevich, D. M.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3683-3686. (c) Rudkevich, D. M.; Mercer-Chalmers, J. D.; Verboom, W.; Ungaro, R.; de Jong, F.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6124-6125. (d) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Shinkai, S. Chem. Lett. 1994, 989-992. (e) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Shinkai, S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1995, 1883-1888. (f) Beer, P. D.; Stokes, S. E. Polyhedron 1995, 14, 2631-2635. (g) Beer, P. D.; Cooper, J. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 129-130. (h) Redman, J. E.; Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W.; Drew, M. G. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 231-232. (i) Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W. Chem. Commun. 1998, 825-826. (j) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2000, 2721-2728. (k) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 392-401. (l) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456.
9. For receptors for cationic and anionic guests as well as transition metals, see: (a) Rudkevich, D. M.; Brzozka, Z.; Palys, M.; Visser, H. C.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 467-468. (b) Rudkevich, D. M.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3683-3686. (c) Rudkevich, D. M.; Mercer-Chalmers, J. D.; Verboom, W.; Ungaro, R.; de Jong, F.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6124-6125. (d) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Shinkai, S. Chem. Lett. 1994, 989-992. (e) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Shinkai, S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1995, 1883-1888. (f) Beer, P. D.; Stokes, S. E. Polyhedron 1995, 14, 2631-2635. (g) Beer, P. D.; Cooper, J. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 129-130. (h) Redman, J. E.; Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W.; Drew, M. G. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 231-232. (i) Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W. Chem. Commun. 1998, 825-826. (j) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2000, 2721-2728. (k) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 392-401. (l) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456.
10. For receptors for cationic and anionic guests as well as transition metals, see: (a) Rudkevich, D. M.; Brzozka, Z.; Palys, M.; Visser, H. C.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 467-468. (b) Rudkevich, D. M.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3683-3686. (c) Rudkevich, D. M.; Mercer-Chalmers, J. D.; Verboom, W.; Ungaro, R.; de Jong, F.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6124-6125. (d) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Shinkai, S. Chem. Lett. 1994, 989-992. (e) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Shinkai, S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1995, 1883-1888. (f) Beer, P. D.; Stokes, S. E. Polyhedron 1995, 14, 2631-2635. (g) Beer, P. D.; Cooper, J. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 129-130. (h) Redman, J. E.; Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W.; Drew, M. G. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 231-232. (i) Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W. Chem. Commun. 1998, 825-826. (j) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2000, 2721-2728. (k) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 392-401. (l) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456.
11. For receptors for cationic and anionic guests as well as transition metals, see: (a) Rudkevich, D. M.; Brzozka, Z.; Palys, M.; Visser, H. C.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 467-468. (b) Rudkevich, D. M.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3683-3686. (c) Rudkevich, D. M.; Mercer-Chalmers, J. D.; Verboom, W.; Ungaro, R.; de Jong, F.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6124-6125. (d) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Shinkai, S. Chem. Lett. 1994, 989-992. (e) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Shinkai, S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1995, 1883-1888. (f) Beer, P. D.; Stokes, S. E. Polyhedron 1995, 14, 2631-2635. (g) Beer, P. D.; Cooper, J. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 129-130. (h) Redman, J. E.; Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W.; Drew, M. G. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 231-232. (i) Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W. Chem. Commun. 1998, 825-826. (j) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2000, 2721-2728. (k) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 392-401. (l) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456.
12. For receptors for cationic and anionic guests as well as transition metals, see: (a) Rudkevich, D. M.; Brzozka, Z.; Palys, M.; Visser, H. C.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 467-468. (b) Rudkevich, D. M.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3683-3686. (c) Rudkevich, D. M.; Mercer-Chalmers, J. D.; Verboom, W.; Ungaro, R.; de Jong, F.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6124-6125. (d) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Shinkai, S. Chem. Lett. 1994, 989-992. (e) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Shinkai, S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1995, 1883-1888. (f) Beer, P. D.; Stokes, S. E. Polyhedron 1995, 14, 2631-2635. (g) Beer, P. D.; Cooper, J. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 129-130. (h) Redman, J. E.; Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W.; Drew, M. G. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 231-232. (i) Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W. Chem. Commun. 1998, 825-826. (j) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2000, 2721-2728. (k) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 392-401. (l) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456.
13. For receptors for cationic and anionic guests as well as transition metals, see: (a) Rudkevich, D. M.; Brzozka, Z.; Palys, M.; Visser, H. C.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 467-468. (b) Rudkevich, D. M.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3683-3686. (c) Rudkevich, D. M.; Mercer-Chalmers, J. D.; Verboom, W.; Ungaro, R.; de Jong, F.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6124-6125. (d) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Shinkai, S. Chem. Lett. 1994, 989-992. (e) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Shinkai, S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1995, 1883-1888. (f) Beer, P. D.; Stokes, S. E. Polyhedron 1995, 14, 2631-2635. (g) Beer, P. D.; Cooper, J. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 129-130. (h) Redman, J. E.; Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W.; Drew, M. G. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 231-232. (i) Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W. Chem. Commun. 1998, 825-826. (j) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2000, 2721-2728. (k) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 392-401. (l) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456.
14. For receptors for cationic and anionic guests as well as transition metals, see: (a) Rudkevich, D. M.; Brzozka, Z.; Palys, M.; Visser, H. C.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 467-468. (b) Rudkevich, D. M.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3683-3686. (c) Rudkevich, D. M.; Mercer-Chalmers, J. D.; Verboom, W.; Ungaro, R.; de Jong, F.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6124-6125. (d) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Shinkai, S. Chem. Lett. 1994, 989-992. (e) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Shinkai, S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1995, 1883-1888. (f) Beer, P. D.; Stokes, S. E. Polyhedron 1995, 14, 2631-2635. (g) Beer, P. D.; Cooper, J. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 129-130. (h) Redman, J. E.; Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W.; Drew, M. G. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 231-232. (i) Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W. Chem. Commun. 1998, 825-826. (j) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2000, 2721-2728. (k) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 392-401. (l) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456.
15. For receptors for cationic and anionic guests as well as transition metals, see: (a) Rudkevich, D. M.; Brzozka, Z.; Palys, M.; Visser, H. C.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 467-468. (b) Rudkevich, D. M.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3683-3686. (c) Rudkevich, D. M.; Mercer-Chalmers, J. D.; Verboom, W.; Ungaro, R.; de Jong, F.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6124-6125. (d) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Shinkai, S. Chem. Lett. 1994, 989-992. (e) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Shinkai, S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1995, 1883-1888. (f) Beer, P. D.; Stokes, S. E. Polyhedron 1995, 14, 2631-2635. (g) Beer, P. D.; Cooper, J. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 129-130. (h) Redman, J. E.; Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W.; Drew, M. G. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 231-232. (i) Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W. Chem. Commun. 1998, 825-826. (j) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2000, 2721-2728. (k) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 392-401. (l) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456.
16. For receptors for cationic and anionic guests as well as transition metals, see: (a) Rudkevich, D. M.; Brzozka, Z.; Palys, M.; Visser, H. C.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 467-468. (b) Rudkevich, D. M.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3683-3686. (c) Rudkevich, D. M.; Mercer-Chalmers, J. D.; Verboom, W.; Ungaro, R.; de Jong, F.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6124-6125. (d) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Shinkai, S. Chem. Lett. 1994, 989-992. (e) Nagasaki, T.; Fujishima, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Shinkai, S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1995, 1883-1888. (f) Beer, P. D.; Stokes, S. E. Polyhedron 1995, 14, 2631-2635. (g) Beer, P. D.; Cooper, J. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 129-130. (h) Redman, J. E.; Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W.; Drew, M. G. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 231-232. (i) Beer, P. D.; Dent, S. W. Chem. Commun. 1998, 825-826. (j) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2000, 2721-2728. (k) Cooper, J. B.; Drew, M. G. B.; Beer, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 392-401. (l) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456.
17. For calixarene-based ditopic receptors for cationic and anionic guests, see: (a) Scheerder, J.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1090-1093. (b) Scheerder, J.; Vreekamp, R. H.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Verboom, W.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3476-3481. (c) Pelizzi, N.; Casnati, A.; Friggeri, A.; Ungaro, R. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1998, 1307-1311. (d) Beer, P. D.; Hopkins, P. K.; McKinney, J. D. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1253-1254. (e) Tuntulani, T.; Poompradub, S.; Thavomyutikarn, P.; Jaiboon, N.; Ruangpornvisuti, V.; Chaichit, N.; Asfari, Z.; Vicens, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 5541-5544. (f) Kang, S. O.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2002, 23, 640-642. (g) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (h) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (i) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (j) Tumcharem, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974.
18. For calixarene-based ditopic receptors for cationic and anionic guests, see: (a) Scheerder, J.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1090-1093. (b) Scheerder, J.; Vreekamp, R. H.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Verboom, W.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3476-3481. (c) Pelizzi, N.; Casnati, A.; Friggeri, A.; Ungaro, R. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1998, 1307-1311. (d) Beer, P. D.; Hopkins, P. K.; McKinney, J. D. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1253-1254. (e) Tuntulani, T.; Poompradub, S.; Thavomyutikarn, P.; Jaiboon, N.; Ruangpornvisuti, V.; Chaichit, N.; Asfari, Z.; Vicens, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 5541-5544. (f) Kang, S. O.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2002, 23, 640-642. (g) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (h) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (i) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (j) Tumcharem, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974.
19. For calixarene-based ditopic receptors for cationic and anionic guests, see: (a) Scheerder, J.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1090-1093. (b) Scheerder, J.; Vreekamp, R. H.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Verboom, W.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3476-3481. (c) Pelizzi, N.; Casnati, A.; Friggeri, A.; Ungaro, R. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1998, 1307-1311. (d) Beer, P. D.; Hopkins, P. K.; McKinney, J. D. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1253-1254. (e) Tuntulani, T.; Poompradub, S.; Thavomyutikarn, P.; Jaiboon, N.; Ruangpornvisuti, V.; Chaichit, N.; Asfari, Z.; Vicens, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 5541-5544. (f) Kang, S. O.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2002, 23, 640-642. (g) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (h) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (i) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (j) Tumcharem, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974.
20. For calixarene-based ditopic receptors for cationic and anionic guests, see: (a) Scheerder, J.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1090-1093. (b) Scheerder, J.; Vreekamp, R. H.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Verboom, W.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3476-3481. (c) Pelizzi, N.; Casnati, A.; Friggeri, A.; Ungaro, R. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1998, 1307-1311. (d) Beer, P. D.; Hopkins, P. K.; McKinney, J. D. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1253-1254. (e) Tuntulani, T.; Poompradub, S.; Thavomyutikarn, P.; Jaiboon, N.; Ruangpornvisuti, V.; Chaichit, N.; Asfari, Z.; Vicens, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 5541-5544. (f) Kang, S. O.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2002, 23, 640-642. (g) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (h) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (i) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (j) Tumcharem, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974.
21. For calixarene-based ditopic receptors for cationic and anionic guests, see: (a) Scheerder, J.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1090-1093. (b) Scheerder, J.; Vreekamp, R. H.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Verboom, W.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3476-3481. (c) Pelizzi, N.; Casnati, A.; Friggeri, A.; Ungaro, R. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1998, 1307-1311. (d) Beer, P. D.; Hopkins, P. K.; McKinney, J. D. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1253-1254. (e) Tuntulani, T.; Poompradub, S.; Thavomyutikarn, P.; Jaiboon, N.; Ruangpornvisuti, V.; Chaichit, N.; Asfari, Z.; Vicens, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 5541-5544. (f) Kang, S. O.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2002, 23, 640-642. (g) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (h) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (i) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (j) Tumcharem, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974.
22. For calixarene-based ditopic receptors for cationic and anionic guests, see: (a) Scheerder, J.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1090-1093. (b) Scheerder, J.; Vreekamp, R. H.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Verboom, W.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3476-3481. (c) Pelizzi, N.; Casnati, A.; Friggeri, A.; Ungaro, R. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1998, 1307-1311. (d) Beer, P. D.; Hopkins, P. K.; McKinney, J. D. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1253-1254. (e) Tuntulani, T.; Poompradub, S.; Thavomyutikarn, P.; Jaiboon, N.; Ruangpornvisuti, V.; Chaichit, N.; Asfari, Z.; Vicens, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 5541-5544. (f) Kang, S. O.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2002, 23, 640-642. (g) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (h) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (i) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (j) Tumcharem, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974.
23. For calixarene-based ditopic receptors for cationic and anionic guests, see: (a) Scheerder, J.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1090-1093. (b) Scheerder, J.; Vreekamp, R. H.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Verboom, W.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3476-3481. (c) Pelizzi, N.; Casnati, A.; Friggeri, A.; Ungaro, R. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1998, 1307-1311. (d) Beer, P. D.; Hopkins, P. K.; McKinney, J. D. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1253-1254. (e) Tuntulani, T.; Poompradub, S.; Thavomyutikarn, P.; Jaiboon, N.; Ruangpornvisuti, V.; Chaichit, N.; Asfari, Z.; Vicens, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 5541-5544. (f) Kang, S. O.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2002, 23, 640-642. (g) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (h) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (i) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (j) Tumcharem, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974.
24. For calixarene-based ditopic receptors for cationic and anionic guests, see: (a) Scheerder, J.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1090-1093. (b) Scheerder, J.; Vreekamp, R. H.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Verboom, W.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3476-3481. (c) Pelizzi, N.; Casnati, A.; Friggeri, A.; Ungaro, R. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1998, 1307-1311. (d) Beer, P. D.; Hopkins, P. K.; McKinney, J. D. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1253-1254. (e) Tuntulani, T.; Poompradub, S.; Thavomyutikarn, P.; Jaiboon, N.; Ruangpornvisuti, V.; Chaichit, N.; Asfari, Z.; Vicens, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 5541-5544. (f) Kang, S. O.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2002, 23, 640-642. (g) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (h) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (i) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (j) Tumcharem, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974.
25. For calixarene-based ditopic receptors for cationic and anionic guests, see: (a) Scheerder, J.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1090-1093. (b) Scheerder, J.; Vreekamp, R. H.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Verboom, W.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3476-3481. (c) Pelizzi, N.; Casnati, A.; Friggeri, A.; Ungaro, R. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1998, 1307-1311. (d) Beer, P. D.; Hopkins, P. K.; McKinney, J. D. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1253-1254. (e) Tuntulani, T.; Poompradub, S.; Thavomyutikarn, P.; Jaiboon, N.; Ruangpornvisuti, V.; Chaichit, N.; Asfari, Z.; Vicens, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 5541-5544. (f) Kang, S. O.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2002, 23, 640-642. (g) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (h) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (i) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (j) Tumcharem, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974.
26. For calixarene-based ditopic receptors for cationic and anionic guests, see: (a) Scheerder, J.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1090-1093. (b) Scheerder, J.; Vreekamp, R. H.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Verboom, W.; van Duynhoven, J. P. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3476-3481. (c) Pelizzi, N.; Casnati, A.; Friggeri, A.; Ungaro, R. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1998, 1307-1311. (d) Beer, P. D.; Hopkins, P. K.; McKinney, J. D. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1253-1254. (e) Tuntulani, T.; Poompradub, S.; Thavomyutikarn, P.; Jaiboon, N.; Ruangpornvisuti, V.; Chaichit, N.; Asfari, Z.; Vicens, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 5541-5544. (f) Kang, S. O.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2002, 23, 640-642. (g) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (h) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (i) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (j) Tumcharem, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974.
27. For other ditopic receptors for ion pairs, see: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Harms, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1472-1474. (b) Reetz, M. T.; Johnson, B. M.; Harms, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2525-2528. (c) Arafa, E. A.; Kinnear, K. I.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 61-64. (d) Kinnear, K. I.; Mousley, D. P.; Arafa, E.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1994, 3637-3643. (e) White, D. J.; Laing, N.; Miller, H.; Parsons, S.; Coles, S.; Tasker, P. A. Chem. Commun. 1999, 2077-2078. (f) Nishizawa, S.; Shigemori, K.; Teramae, N. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1185-1186. (g) Kavallieratos, K.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer, B. A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 187-188. (h) Shukla, R.; Kida, T.; Smith, B. D. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3099-3102. (i) Tozawa, T.; Misawa, Y.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5219-5223. (j) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (k) Mahoney, J. M.; Beatty, A. M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5847-5848. (l) Mahoney, J. M.; Nawaratna, G. U.; Beatty, A. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Smith, B. D. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 5902-5907. (m) Nabeshima, T.; Hanami, T.; Akine, S.; Saiki, T. Chem. Lett. 2001, 560-561. (n) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schröder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (o) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (p) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011.
28. For other ditopic receptors for ion pairs, see: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Harms, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1472-1474. (b) Reetz, M. T.; Johnson, B. M.; Harms, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2525-2528. (c) Arafa, E. A.; Kinnear, K. I.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 61-64. (d) Kinnear, K. I.; Mousley, D. P.; Arafa, E.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1994, 3637-3643. (e) White, D. J.; Laing, N.; Miller, H.; Parsons, S.; Coles, S.; Tasker, P. A. Chem. Commun. 1999, 2077-2078. (f) Nishizawa, S.; Shigemori, K.; Teramae, N. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1185-1186. (g) Kavallieratos, K.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer, B. A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 187-188. (h) Shukla, R.; Kida, T.; Smith, B. D. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3099-3102. (i) Tozawa, T.; Misawa, Y.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5219-5223. (j) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (k) Mahoney, J. M.; Beatty, A. M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5847-5848. (l) Mahoney, J. M.; Nawaratna, G. U.; Beatty, A. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Smith, B. D. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 5902-5907. (m) Nabeshima, T.; Hanami, T.; Akine, S.; Saiki, T. Chem. Lett. 2001, 560-561. (n) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schröder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (o) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (p) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011.
29. For other ditopic receptors for ion pairs, see: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Harms, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1472-1474. (b) Reetz, M. T.; Johnson, B. M.; Harms, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2525-2528. (c) Arafa, E. A.; Kinnear, K. I.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 61-64. (d) Kinnear, K. I.; Mousley, D. P.; Arafa, E.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1994, 3637-3643. (e) White, D. J.; Laing, N.; Miller, H.; Parsons, S.; Coles, S.; Tasker, P. A. Chem. Commun. 1999, 2077-2078. (f) Nishizawa, S.; Shigemori, K.; Teramae, N. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1185-1186. (g) Kavallieratos, K.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer, B. A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 187-188. (h) Shukla, R.; Kida, T.; Smith, B. D. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3099-3102. (i) Tozawa, T.; Misawa, Y.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5219-5223. (j) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (k) Mahoney, J. M.; Beatty, A. M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5847-5848. (l) Mahoney, J. M.; Nawaratna, G. U.; Beatty, A. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Smith, B. D. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 5902-5907. (m) Nabeshima, T.; Hanami, T.; Akine, S.; Saiki, T. Chem. Lett. 2001, 560-561. (n) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schröder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (o) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (p) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011.
30. For other ditopic receptors for ion pairs, see: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Harms, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1472-1474. (b) Reetz, M. T.; Johnson, B. M.; Harms, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2525-2528. (c) Arafa, E. A.; Kinnear, K. I.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 61-64. (d) Kinnear, K. I.; Mousley, D. P.; Arafa, E.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1994, 3637-3643. (e) White, D. J.; Laing, N.; Miller, H.; Parsons, S.; Coles, S.; Tasker, P. A. Chem. Commun. 1999, 2077-2078. (f) Nishizawa, S.; Shigemori, K.; Teramae, N. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1185-1186. (g) Kavallieratos, K.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer, B. A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 187-188. (h) Shukla, R.; Kida, T.; Smith, B. D. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3099-3102. (i) Tozawa, T.; Misawa, Y.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5219-5223. (j) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (k) Mahoney, J. M.; Beatty, A. M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5847-5848. (l) Mahoney, J. M.; Nawaratna, G. U.; Beatty, A. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Smith, B. D. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 5902-5907. (m) Nabeshima, T.; Hanami, T.; Akine, S.; Saiki, T. Chem. Lett. 2001, 560-561. (n) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schröder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (o) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (p) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011.
31. For other ditopic receptors for ion pairs, see: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Harms, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1472-1474. (b) Reetz, M. T.; Johnson, B. M.; Harms, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2525-2528. (c) Arafa, E. A.; Kinnear, K. I.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 61-64. (d) Kinnear, K. I.; Mousley, D. P.; Arafa, E.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1994, 3637-3643. (e) White, D. J.; Laing, N.; Miller, H.; Parsons, S.; Coles, S.; Tasker, P. A. Chem. Commun. 1999, 2077-2078. (f) Nishizawa, S.; Shigemori, K.; Teramae, N. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1185-1186. (g) Kavallieratos, K.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer, B. A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 187-188. (h) Shukla, R.; Kida, T.; Smith, B. D. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3099-3102. (i) Tozawa, T.; Misawa, Y.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5219-5223. (j) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (k) Mahoney, J. M.; Beatty, A. M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5847-5848. (l) Mahoney, J. M.; Nawaratna, G. U.; Beatty, A. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Smith, B. D. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 5902-5907. (m) Nabeshima, T.; Hanami, T.; Akine, S.; Saiki, T. Chem. Lett. 2001, 560-561. (n) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schröder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (o) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (p) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011.
32. For other ditopic receptors for ion pairs, see: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Harms, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1472-1474. (b) Reetz, M. T.; Johnson, B. M.; Harms, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2525-2528. (c) Arafa, E. A.; Kinnear, K. I.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 61-64. (d) Kinnear, K. I.; Mousley, D. P.; Arafa, E.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1994, 3637-3643. (e) White, D. J.; Laing, N.; Miller, H.; Parsons, S.; Coles, S.; Tasker, P. A. Chem. Commun. 1999, 2077-2078. (f) Nishizawa, S.; Shigemori, K.; Teramae, N. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1185-1186. (g) Kavallieratos, K.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer, B. A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 187-188. (h) Shukla, R.; Kida, T.; Smith, B. D. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3099-3102. (i) Tozawa, T.; Misawa, Y.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5219-5223. (j) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (k) Mahoney, J. M.; Beatty, A. M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5847-5848. (l) Mahoney, J. M.; Nawaratna, G. U.; Beatty, A. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Smith, B. D. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 5902-5907. (m) Nabeshima, T.; Hanami, T.; Akine, S.; Saiki, T. Chem. Lett. 2001, 560-561. (n) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schröder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (o) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (p) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011.
33. For other ditopic receptors for ion pairs, see: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Harms, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1472-1474. (b) Reetz, M. T.; Johnson, B. M.; Harms, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2525-2528. (c) Arafa, E. A.; Kinnear, K. I.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 61-64. (d) Kinnear, K. I.; Mousley, D. P.; Arafa, E.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1994, 3637-3643. (e) White, D. J.; Laing, N.; Miller, H.; Parsons, S.; Coles, S.; Tasker, P. A. Chem. Commun. 1999, 2077-2078. (f) Nishizawa, S.; Shigemori, K.; Teramae, N. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1185-1186. (g) Kavallieratos, K.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer, B. A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 187-188. (h) Shukla, R.; Kida, T.; Smith, B. D. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3099-3102. (i) Tozawa, T.; Misawa, Y.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5219-5223. (j) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (k) Mahoney, J. M.; Beatty, A. M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5847-5848. (l) Mahoney, J. M.; Nawaratna, G. U.; Beatty, A. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Smith, B. D. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 5902-5907. (m) Nabeshima, T.; Hanami, T.; Akine, S.; Saiki, T. Chem. Lett. 2001, 560-561. (n) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schröder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (o) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (p) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011.
34. For other ditopic receptors for ion pairs, see: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Harms, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1472-1474. (b) Reetz, M. T.; Johnson, B. M.; Harms, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2525-2528. (c) Arafa, E. A.; Kinnear, K. I.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 61-64. (d) Kinnear, K. I.; Mousley, D. P.; Arafa, E.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1994, 3637-3643. (e) White, D. J.; Laing, N.; Miller, H.; Parsons, S.; Coles, S.; Tasker, P. A. Chem. Commun. 1999, 2077-2078. (f) Nishizawa, S.; Shigemori, K.; Teramae, N. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1185-1186. (g) Kavallieratos, K.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer, B. A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 187-188. (h) Shukla, R.; Kida, T.; Smith, B. D. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3099-3102. (i) Tozawa, T.; Misawa, Y.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5219-5223. (j) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (k) Mahoney, J. M.; Beatty, A. M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5847-5848. (l) Mahoney, J. M.; Nawaratna, G. U.; Beatty, A. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Smith, B. D. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 5902-5907. (m) Nabeshima, T.; Hanami, T.; Akine, S.; Saiki, T. Chem. Lett. 2001, 560-561. (n) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schröder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (o) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (p) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011.
35. For other ditopic receptors for ion pairs, see: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Harms, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1472-1474. (b) Reetz, M. T.; Johnson, B. M.; Harms, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2525-2528. (c) Arafa, E. A.; Kinnear, K. I.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 61-64. (d) Kinnear, K. I.; Mousley, D. P.; Arafa, E.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1994, 3637-3643. (e) White, D. J.; Laing, N.; Miller, H.; Parsons, S.; Coles, S.; Tasker, P. A. Chem. Commun. 1999, 2077-2078. (f) Nishizawa, S.; Shigemori, K.; Teramae, N. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1185-1186. (g) Kavallieratos, K.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer, B. A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 187-188. (h) Shukla, R.; Kida, T.; Smith, B. D. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3099-3102. (i) Tozawa, T.; Misawa, Y.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5219-5223. (j) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (k) Mahoney, J. M.; Beatty, A. M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5847-5848. (l) Mahoney, J. M.; Nawaratna, G. U.; Beatty, A. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Smith, B. D. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 5902-5907. (m) Nabeshima, T.; Hanami, T.; Akine, S.; Saiki, T. Chem. Lett. 2001, 560-561. (n) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schröder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (o) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (p) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011.
36. For other ditopic receptors for ion pairs, see: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Harms, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1472-1474. (b) Reetz, M. T.; Johnson, B. M.; Harms, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2525-2528. (c) Arafa, E. A.; Kinnear, K. I.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 61-64. (d) Kinnear, K. I.; Mousley, D. P.; Arafa, E.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1994, 3637-3643. (e) White, D. J.; Laing, N.; Miller, H.; Parsons, S.; Coles, S.; Tasker, P. A. Chem. Commun. 1999, 2077-2078. (f) Nishizawa, S.; Shigemori, K.; Teramae, N. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1185-1186. (g) Kavallieratos, K.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer, B. A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 187-188. (h) Shukla, R.; Kida, T.; Smith, B. D. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3099-3102. (i) Tozawa, T.; Misawa, Y.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5219-5223. (j) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (k) Mahoney, J. M.; Beatty, A. M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5847-5848. (l) Mahoney, J. M.; Nawaratna, G. U.; Beatty, A. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Smith, B. D. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 5902-5907. (m) Nabeshima, T.; Hanami, T.; Akine, S.; Saiki, T. Chem. Lett. 2001, 560-561. (n) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schröder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (o) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (p) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011.
37. For other ditopic receptors for ion pairs, see: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Harms, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1472-1474. (b) Reetz, M. T.; Johnson, B. M.; Harms, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2525-2528. (c) Arafa, E. A.; Kinnear, K. I.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 61-64. (d) Kinnear, K. I.; Mousley, D. P.; Arafa, E.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1994, 3637-3643. (e) White, D. J.; Laing, N.; Miller, H.; Parsons, S.; Coles, S.; Tasker, P. A. Chem. Commun. 1999, 2077-2078. (f) Nishizawa, S.; Shigemori, K.; Teramae, N. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1185-1186. (g) Kavallieratos, K.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer, B. A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 187-188. (h) Shukla, R.; Kida, T.; Smith, B. D. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3099-3102. (i) Tozawa, T.; Misawa, Y.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5219-5223. (j) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (k) Mahoney, J. M.; Beatty, A. M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5847-5848. (l) Mahoney, J. M.; Nawaratna, G. U.; Beatty, A. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Smith, B. D. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 5902-5907. (m) Nabeshima, T.; Hanami, T.; Akine, S.; Saiki, T. Chem. Lett. 2001, 560-561. (n) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schröder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (o) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (p) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011.
38. For other ditopic receptors for ion pairs, see: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Harms, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1472-1474. (b) Reetz, M. T.; Johnson, B. M.; Harms, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2525-2528. (c) Arafa, E. A.; Kinnear, K. I.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 61-64. (d) Kinnear, K. I.; Mousley, D. P.; Arafa, E.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1994, 3637-3643. (e) White, D. J.; Laing, N.; Miller, H.; Parsons, S.; Coles, S.; Tasker, P. A. Chem. Commun. 1999, 2077-2078. (f) Nishizawa, S.; Shigemori, K.; Teramae, N. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1185-1186. (g) Kavallieratos, K.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer, B. A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 187-188. (h) Shukla, R.; Kida, T.; Smith, B. D. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3099-3102. (i) Tozawa, T.; Misawa, Y.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5219-5223. (j) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (k) Mahoney, J. M.; Beatty, A. M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5847-5848. (l) Mahoney, J. M.; Nawaratna, G. U.; Beatty, A. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Smith, B. D. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 5902-5907. (m) Nabeshima, T.; Hanami, T.; Akine, S.; Saiki, T. Chem. Lett. 2001, 560-561. (n) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schröder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (o) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (p) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011.
39. For other ditopic receptors for ion pairs, see: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Harms, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1472-1474. (b) Reetz, M. T.; Johnson, B. M.; Harms, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2525-2528. (c) Arafa, E. A.; Kinnear, K. I.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 61-64. (d) Kinnear, K. I.; Mousley, D. P.; Arafa, E.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1994, 3637-3643. (e) White, D. J.; Laing, N.; Miller, H.; Parsons, S.; Coles, S.; Tasker, P. A. Chem. Commun. 1999, 2077-2078. (f) Nishizawa, S.; Shigemori, K.; Teramae, N. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1185-1186. (g) Kavallieratos, K.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer, B. A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 187-188. (h) Shukla, R.; Kida, T.; Smith, B. D. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3099-3102. (i) Tozawa, T.; Misawa, Y.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5219-5223. (j) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (k) Mahoney, J. M.; Beatty, A. M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5847-5848. (l) Mahoney, J. M.; Nawaratna, G. U.; Beatty, A. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Smith, B. D. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 5902-5907. (m) Nabeshima, T.; Hanami, T.; Akine, S.; Saiki, T. Chem. Lett. 2001, 560-561. (n) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schröder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (o) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (p) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011.
40. For other ditopic receptors for ion pairs, see: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Harms, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1472-1474. (b) Reetz, M. T.; Johnson, B. M.; Harms, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2525-2528. (c) Arafa, E. A.; Kinnear, K. I.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 61-64. (d) Kinnear, K. I.; Mousley, D. P.; Arafa, E.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1994, 3637-3643. (e) White, D. J.; Laing, N.; Miller, H.; Parsons, S.; Coles, S.; Tasker, P. A. Chem. Commun. 1999, 2077-2078. (f) Nishizawa, S.; Shigemori, K.; Teramae, N. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1185-1186. (g) Kavallieratos, K.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer, B. A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 187-188. (h) Shukla, R.; Kida, T.; Smith, B. D. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3099-3102. (i) Tozawa, T.; Misawa, Y.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5219-5223. (j) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (k) Mahoney, J. M.; Beatty, A. M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5847-5848. (l) Mahoney, J. M.; Nawaratna, G. U.; Beatty, A. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Smith, B. D. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 5902-5907. (m) Nabeshima, T.; Hanami, T.; Akine, S.; Saiki, T. Chem. Lett. 2001, 560-561. (n) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schröder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (o) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (p) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011.
41. For other ditopic receptors for ion pairs, see: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Harms, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1472-1474. (b) Reetz, M. T.; Johnson, B. M.; Harms, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2525-2528. (c) Arafa, E. A.; Kinnear, K. I.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 61-64. (d) Kinnear, K. I.; Mousley, D. P.; Arafa, E.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1994, 3637-3643. (e) White, D. J.; Laing, N.; Miller, H.; Parsons, S.; Coles, S.; Tasker, P. A. Chem. Commun. 1999, 2077-2078. (f) Nishizawa, S.; Shigemori, K.; Teramae, N. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1185-1186. (g) Kavallieratos, K.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer, B. A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 187-188. (h) Shukla, R.; Kida, T.; Smith, B. D. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3099-3102. (i) Tozawa, T.; Misawa, Y.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5219-5223. (j) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (k) Mahoney, J. M.; Beatty, A. M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5847-5848. (l) Mahoney, J. M.; Nawaratna, G. U.; Beatty, A. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Smith, B. D. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 5902-5907. (m) Nabeshima, T.; Hanami, T.; Akine, S.; Saiki, T. Chem. Lett. 2001, 560-561. (n) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schröder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (o) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (p) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011.
42. For other ditopic receptors for ion pairs, see: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Harms, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1472-1474. (b) Reetz, M. T.; Johnson, B. M.; Harms, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2525-2528. (c) Arafa, E. A.; Kinnear, K. I.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 61-64. (d) Kinnear, K. I.; Mousley, D. P.; Arafa, E.; Lockhart, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1994, 3637-3643. (e) White, D. J.; Laing, N.; Miller, H.; Parsons, S.; Coles, S.; Tasker, P. A. Chem. Commun. 1999, 2077-2078. (f) Nishizawa, S.; Shigemori, K.; Teramae, N. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1185-1186. (g) Kavallieratos, K.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer, B. A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 187-188. (h) Shukla, R.; Kida, T.; Smith, B. D. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3099-3102. (i) Tozawa, T.; Misawa, Y.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5219-5223. (j) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (k) Mahoney, J. M.; Beatty, A. M.; Smith, B. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5847-5848. (l) Mahoney, J. M.; Nawaratna, G. U.; Beatty, A. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Smith, B. D. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 5902-5907. (m) Nabeshima, T.; Hanami, T.; Akine, S.; Saiki, T. Chem. Lett. 2001, 560-561. (n) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schröder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (o) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (p) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011.
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66. The preparation described in ref 10 was modified by substituting 1-bromo-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene.