Traumatic axolemmal and cytoskeletal derangement in myelinated axons of human oedematous cerebral cortex and loss of consciousness. An electron microscopic study using cortical biopsies

Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology

Volumn 36, Issue 3-4, 2004, Pages 285-293

  Castejon O J ^a   Acurero, G ^b  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA   (Venezuela)

^b UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA   (Venezuela)

Author keywords

Brain oedema; Brain trauma; Consciousness; Electron microscopy; Microtubules; Neurofilaments

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BRAIN BIOPSY; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN HYPOXIA; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONSCIOUSNESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; CYTOSKELETON; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; FEMALE; HEAD INJURY; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; MALE; MICROTUBULE; MYELINATION; NERVE FIBER; NERVE FIBER MEMBRANE; NEUROFILAMENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AXONS; BIOPSY; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN INJURIES; CEREBRAL CORTEX; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC; CONSCIOUSNESS; CYTOSKELETON; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, TRANSMISSION; MIDDLE AGED; MYELIN SHEATH; NERVE FIBERS, MYELINATED; UNCONSCIOUSNESS;

EID: 17444412219     PISSN: 11229497     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. BOGEN J.E., 1995. On the neurophysiology of consciousness: I. An overview. Conscious Cogn., 4, 52-62.
2. CASTEJÓN O.J., 1980. Electron microscopic study of capillary wall in human cerebral edema. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 39, 296-327.
3. CASTEJÓN O.J., 1985. Electron microscopic study of central axons degeneration in traumatic human brain edema. J. Submicrosc. Cytol., 17, 703-718.
4. CASTEJÓN O.J., VALERO C. and DÍAZ M., 1997. Light and electron microscopic study of nerve cells in traumatic oedematous human cerebral cortex. Brain Inj., 11, 363-388.
5. CASTEJÓN O.J., 1998. Electron microscopic analysis of cortical biopsies in patients with traumatic brain injuries and dysfunction of neurobehavioural system. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol., 30, 145-156.
6. CASTEJÓN O.J., and CASTEJÓN H.V., 2000. Oligodendroglial cell behaviour in traumatic oedematous human cerebral cortex: a light and electron microscopic study. Brain Inj., 4, 303-317.
7. CASTEJÓN O.J., CASTEJÓN H.V., DÍAZ M. and CASTELLANO A., 2001. Consecutive light microscopy, scanning-transmission electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of traumatic human brain oedema and ischaemic brain damage. Histol. Histopathol., 16, 1117-1134.
8. CASTEJÓN O.J., DÍAZ M., CASTEJÓN H.V. and CASTELLANO A., 2002. Glycogen-rich and glycogen-depleted astrocytes in the oedematous human cerebral cortex associated with brain trauma, tumours and congenital malformations: an electron microscopy study. Brain Inj., 16, 109-132.
9. CASTEJÓN O.J., 2003. Synaptic plasticity in the oedematous human cerebral cortex. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol., 35, 177-197.
10. COHADON F., RIGONLET M., AVERET N. and ALLIGONI E., 1989. Membrane damage in acute brain trauma. I. J. Neurol. Sci., 10, 147-155.
11. CHALMERS D.J., 2000. What I a neural correlates of consciousness. In: 'Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Empirical and Conceptual Questions'. Metzinger T. ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 13-23.
12. CHOI B.H., 1993. Oxygen, antioxidants and brain dysfunction. Yonsei Med. J., 34, 1-10.
13. CRICK F. and KOCH C., 1995. Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex?. Nature, 375, 121-123.
14. CRICK F. and KOCH C., 1998. Constraints on cortical and thalamic projections: the no-strong-loops hypothesis. Nature, 39, 245-250.
15. CRICK F. and KOCH C., 2003. A framework for consciousness. Nat. Neurosci., 6, 119-126.
16. CHRISTMAN C.W., GRADY M.S., WALKER S.A., HOLLOWAY K.L. and POVLISHOCK J.T., 1992. Ultrastructural studies of diffuse axonal injury in humans. J. Neurotrauma, 11, 173-186.
17. DARREL A.B., 1973. An electron microscopic study of the neuroglial reaction in Wallerian degeneration of the corticospinal tract. Acta Anat., 86, 459-473.
18. EDELMAN G.M., 1993. Neural Darwinism: selection and re-entrant signalling in higher brain function. Neuron, 10, 115-125.
19. ERB D.E. and POVLISHOCK J.T., 1988. Axonal damage in severe traumatic brain injury: an experimental study in cat. Acta Neuropathol., 76, 347-358.
20. EVANS P.H., 1993. Free radicals in brain metabolism and pathology. Brit. Med. Bull. (Suppl. 3), 49, 577-587.
21. FLOHR H., 1995. Sensations and brain processes. Behav. Brain Res., 71, 157-161.
22. FLOHR H., 1998. On the mechanism of action of anesthetic agents. In: 'Toward A Science of Consciousness II. The Second Tucson Discussions and Debates'. Hameroff S.R., Kaszriak A. and Scott A.C. eds., MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 459-467.
23. FITZPATRICK M.O., MAXWELL W.L. and GRAHAM D.I., 1998. The role of the axolemma in the initiation of traumatically induced axonal injury. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 64, 285-287.
24. GINSBERG M.D., WATSON B.D. and BUSTO R., 1988. Peroxidative damage to cell membranes following cerebral ischemia. A cause of ischemic brain injury. Neurochem. Pathol., 9, 171-173.
25. GRUSH R. and SMITH-CHURLAND P., 1995. Gaps in Penrose's tolings. J. Consci. Study, 2, 10-29.
26. HAMEROFF S.R. and WATT R.C., 1982. Information processing in microtubules. J. Theor. Biol., 98, 549-561.
27. HAMEROFF S.R. and PENROSE R., 1998a. Quantum computation in brain microtubules? The Penrose-Hameroff 'Orch OR' model of consciousness, Philosoph. Trans. R. Soc. London (A), 356, 1869-1896.
28. HAMEROFF S.R. and PENROSE R., 1998b. Conscious events as orchestrated space-time selections. In: 'Explaining Consciousness. The Hard Problem'. Shear J. ed., The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., London, pp. 177-195.
29. HAYES R.L., YANG K., WHITSON J.S. and POSTMANTUR R., 1995. Cytoskeletal derangements following central nervous system injury: modulation by neurotrophic gene transfection. J. Neurotrauma, 12, 933-941.
30. HIRANO A., 1972. The pathology of the central myelinated axon. In: 'The Structure and Function of Nervous Tissue'. Bourne G. ed., Academic Press, New York, Vol. V, pp. 73-156.
31. HOBSON J.A., 1997. Consciousness as a state-dependent phenomenon. In: 'Scientific Approaches to Consciousness'. Cohen J. and Schooler J. eds., Lawrence Erlbaum, New York, pp. 50-65.
32. HOMAYOUN P., RODRIGUEZ DE TURCO E.B., PARKINS N.E., LANCE D.C., SOBLOSKY J. and CAREY BAZAN N.G., 1997. Delayed phospholipids degradation in rat brain after traumatic brain injury. J. Neurochem., 69, 199-205.
33. HU B.R., JANELIDZE S., GINSBERG M.D., BUSTO R., PEREZ-PINZON M., SICK T.J., SIESJO B.J. and LIU C.L., 2001. Protein aggregation after focal brain ischemia and reperfusion. J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metab., 21, 865-875.
34. JIBU M., HAGAN S., HAMEROFF S. and PRIBRAM K.H., 1994. Quantum optical coherent in cytoskeletal microtubules: implications for brain function. Biosystems, 32, 195-209.
35. JOLIOT M., RIBARY U. and LLINÁS R., 1994. Human oscillatory brain activity near 40Hz coexists with cognitive temporal binding. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 11748-11751.
36. JOHN E.R., 2002. The neurophysics of consciousness. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 39, 1-28.
37. KUFFLER S.W., NICHOLS J.G. and MARTIN A.R., 1984. 'From Neuron to Brain: A Cellular Approach to the Function of Nervous System'. Sunderland, Mass., USA, pp. 32-45.
38. LAMPERT P.W., 1967. A comparative microscopic study of reactive, degenerating, regenerating and dystrophic axons. J. Neuropath. Exper. Neurol., 26, 345-367.
39. LAMPERT P.W. and KIES M.W., 1967. Mechanism of demyelination in allergic encephalomyelitis of guinea pig. An electron microscopic study. Exp. Neurol., 18, 210-223.
40. LLINÁS R.R., RIBARY U., JOLIOT M. and WANG W.J., 1994. Content and context in temporal thalamocortical binding. In: 'Temporal Coding in the Brain'. Guzsaki G., Llinás R.R. and Singer W. eds., Berlin, Springer Verlag, pp. 50-72.
41. LLINÁS R., RIBARY U., CONTRERAS D. and PEDROARENA C., 1998. The neuronal basis for consciousness. Philosoph. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci., 353, 1841-1849.
42. MAXWELL W., 1996. Histopathological changes at central nodes of Ranvier after stretch-injury. Microsc. Res. Tech., 34, 522-535.
43. MAXWELL W.L., DOMLEO A., MCCOLL G., JAFARI S.S. and GRAHAM D.I., 2003. Post-acute alterations in the axonal cytoskeleton after traumatic axonal injury. J. Neurotrauma, 20, 151-168.
44. MILLER A.D. and GOODALE M.A., 1995. 'The Visual Brain in Action'. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 60-75.
45. MORLEY P., TAUSKELA J.S. and HAKIM A.M., 1999. Calcium Overload. In: 'Cerebral Ischemia'. Walz W. ed., New Jersey, Humana Press, pp. 69-104.
46. NEWMAN J.B., 1997. Putting the puzzle together: Toward a general theory of the neural correlates of consciousness. J. Consc. Stud., 4, 47-66.
47. PASCHEN W., 2000. Role of calcium in neuronal cell injury: which subcellular compartment is involved? Brain Res. Bull., 53, 409-413.
48. PENROSE R., 1994. 'Shadows of the Mind. A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness'. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 348-392.
49. PENROSE R., 1999. The Large, the Small and the Human Mind'. Cambridge University Press, Longer M. ed., New York, pp. 127-134.
50. PETTUS E.H., CHRISTMAN C.W., GIEBEL M.L. and POVLISHOCK J.T., 1994. Traumatically induced altered membrane permeability: its relationship to traumatically induced reactive axonal change. J. Neurotrauma, 11, 507-522.
51. POSMANTUR R.M., KAMPFL A., LIU S.J., HECK K., TAFT W.C., CLIFTON G. and HAYES R.L., 1996a. Cytoskeletal derangements of cortical neuronal processes three hours after traumatic brain injury in rats: an immunofluorescence study. Neuropathol. Exper. Neurol., 55, 68-80.
52. POSMANTUR R.M., KAMPFL A., TAFT W.C., BHATTACHARJEE J., DIXON C.E., BAO J. and HAYES R.L., 1996b. Diminished microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunoreactivity following cortical impact brain injury. J. Neurotrauma, 13, 125-137.
53. POVLISHOCK J.T., 1992. Traumatically induced axonal injury: pathogenesis and pathobiological implications. Brain Pathol., 2, 1-12.
54. POVLISHOCK J.T., 1993. Pathobiology of traumatically induced axonal injury in animals and man. Ann. Emerg. Med., 22, 980-986.
55. POVLISHOCK J.T. and CHRISTMAN C.W., 1995. The pathobiology of traumatically induced axonal injury in animals and humans: a review of current thoughts. J. Neurotrauma, 12, 555-564.
56. POVLISHOCK J.T. and CHRISTMAN C.W., 1996. The pathobiology of traumatically induced axonal injury in animals and humans: A review of current thoughts. In: 'Traumatic Brain Injury Bioscience and Mechanics'. Bandak F.A., Eppinger R.H. and Ommaya A.K. eds., Mary Ann Liebert Inc. Pub., New York, pp. 51-59.
57. POVLISHOCK J.T. and PETTUS E.H., 1996. Traumatically induced axonal damage: evidence for enduring changes in axolemmal permeability with associated cytoskeletal change. Acta Neurochir., 66 (suppl.), 81-86.
58. POVLISHOCK J.T., BUKI A., KOIZIUMI H., STONE J. and OKONKWO D.O., 1999. Initiation mechanisms involved in the pathobiology of traumatically induced axonal injury and interventions targeted at blunting their progression. Acta Neurochir., 73 (suppl.), 15-20.
59. ROY J.E., 2002. The neurophysics of consciousness. Brain Res. Rev., 39, 1-28.
60. SAATMAN K.E., GRAHAM D.I. and MCINTOSCH T.K., 1998. The neuronal cytoskeleton is at risk after mild and moderate brain injury. J. Neurotrauma, 15, 1047-1058.
61. SCHLAEPFER W.W., 1969. Experimental lead neuropathy: a disease of the supporting cells in the peripheral nervous system. J. Neuropathol. Exper. Neurol., 28, 401-418.
62. SCHLAEPFER W.W., 1974. Calcium-induced degeneration of axoplasm in isolated segments of rat peripheral nerve. Brain Res., 69, 203-215.
63. SEARLE J.R., 1998. How to study consciousness scientifically. Brain Res. Rev., 26, 379-387.
64. SEIFE C., 2000. Cold numbers unmake the quantum mind. Neurosci., 287, 791-798.
65. SHAW N.A., 2002. The neurophysiology of concussion. Progr. Neurobiol., 67, 281-344.
66. SHEINBERG D.L. and LOGOTHETIS N.K., 1997. The role of temporal cortical areas in perceptual organization. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 3408-3413.
67. SIESJO B.K., AGAR C.D. and BENGTSON F., 1989. Free radicals and brain damage. Cerebr. Brain Metab. Rev., 1, 165-171.
68. TEGMAR M., 2000. The importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes. Physic Rev., 61, 4194-4206.
69. TUCEK S., HANZLIKOVA V. and STRANIKOVA D., 1978. Effect of ischemia on axonal transport of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase and on ultrastructural changes of isolated segments of rabbit nerves in situ. J. Neurol. Sci., 36, 237-246.
70. TUSZYNSKI J., NIP A., PORTER M. and HAMEROFF S., 2004. Conduction pathways in microtubules. Quantum Consciousness Group, University of Arizona. Arizona USA. http://www.u.arizona.edu.
71. WANG J.Y. and HOU L., 2000. Model of diffuse axonal injury and focal brain injury in rats. Hunan Yi Ke DaXue Xue Bao, 28, 233-237.
72. WILBERGER J., 1996. Molecular basis of head injury. In: 'The Molecular Basis of Neurosurgical Disease'. Raffel C. and Hars G.R. eds., William and Wilkins, Baltimore, USA, pp. 296-303.
73. YAMAKI T., MURAKAMI N., IWAMATO Y., NAKAGAWA Y., UEDA S., IRIZAWA Y., KOMURA S. and MATSURA T., 1992. Pathological study of diffuse axonal injury patients who died shortly after impact. Acta Neurochir., 119, 153-158.