Bycatch quotas in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl fishery: Can they work?

Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 207-237

  Diamond, Sandra L ^a  

^a TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bycatch; Bycatch quotas; Bycatch reduction; Fisheries management; Groundfish fisheries; Gulf of Mexico; Multi species fisheries; Red snapper; Shrimp trawl fisheries

Indexed keywords

BYCATCH; FISHERY MANAGEMENT; FISHERY POLICY; QUOTA SYSTEM; SHRIMP CULTURE; TRAWLING;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; GULF OF MEXICO; OCEANIC REGIONS; WORLD;

CEPHALOPODA; DECAPODA (CRUSTACEA); OMMASTREPHES SLOANI; OTARIIDAE; PANTHERA LEO;

EID: 17444392862     PISSN: 09603166     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11160-004-7121-0     Document Type: Review

References (233)

1. Adkins, G. (1993) A comprehensive assessment of bycatch in the Louisiana shrimp fishery. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Marine Fisheries Division, Technical Bulletin No. 42.
2. D.G. Ainley A.R. Gange De L.L. Jones R.J. Beach 1981 Mortality of seabirds in high-seas salmon gill nets Fish. Bull. 79 4 800-806
3. Alverson, D.L., Freeberg, M.H., Murawski, S.A. and Pope, J.G. (1994) A global assessment of fisheries bycatch and discards. Food and Agriculture Organization Fisheries Technical Paper No. 339, 233 pp.
4. Anderson, W.W. (1968) Fishes taken during shrimp trawling along the South Atlantic coast of the United States, 1931-1935. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Contribution No. 92. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report-Fisheries No. 570, Brunswick, GA, 60 pp.
5. Anderson, W.W. and Gehringer, J.W. (1965) Biological-statistical census of the species entering fisheries in the Cape Canaveral area. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report - Fisheries No. 514, 79 pp.
6. J.H. Annala 1996 New Zealand's ITQ system: Have the first eight years been a success or a failure? Rev.Fish Biol. Fisher. 6 43-62
7. F. Arreguin-Sanchez R.G. Castro-Melendez 2000 On the interdependence of sequential fisheries: The brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus fisheries in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Crustaceana 73(Part 3), 333-343.
8. F. Arreguin-Sanchez M. Zetina-Rejon S. Manickchand- Helleman M. Ramirez-Rodriguiz L. Vidal 2004 Simulated response to harvesting strategies in an exploited ecosystem in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico Ecol. Model. 172 (2-4) 421-432
9. Bahen, J.J., Murray, J.D. and Rulifson, R.A. (1993). Development and evaluation of finfish separator device and TED combination to reduce bycatch in the shrimp fishery. Final Report to MARFIN, Award No. NA17FD0101-01. University of North Carolina Sea Grant Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
10. D.M. Baltz 1993 Patterns in the distribution and abundance of fishes and macroinvertebrates in a Louisiana marsh: Shrimp bycatch in the inshore fishery-independent trawl samples. Louisiana State University, Coastal Fisheries Institute Baton Rouge, LA Final Report to MARFIN Award No. NA17FF0263-01.
11. J.K. Baum J.J. Meeuwig A.C.J. Vincent 2003 Bycatch of lined seahorses (Hippocampus erectus) in a Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl fishery Fish. Bull. 101 4 721-731
12. Bearden, C., Low, R., Rhodes, R., Van Dolan, R., Wenner, C., Wenner, E. and Whitaker, D. (1985) A review and analysis of commercial shrimp trawling in the sounds and bays of South Carolina. South Carolina Marine Resources Center, Technical Report No. 61, 51 pp.
13. R.J. Berry J.B. Harvey 1964 Mesh selectivity studies. U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory Galveston, TX
14. Berry, R. J., and Benton, R.C. (1969) Discarding practices in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. Food and Agricultural Organization Fisheries Report No. 57(3), pp. 983-999.
15. Bess, R. (2002) Expanding New Zealand's quota management system. Paper presented at International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET) Conference, August 19-22, 2002, Wellington, New Zealand. [cited 2004 October 20]. Available from: http://www.fish.govt.nz/current/press/ spcon-fpap.htm.
16. R.O. Boyd C.M. Dewees 1992 Putting theory into practice: Individual transferable quotas in New Zealand's fisheries Soc. Natur. Resour. 5 179-198
17. S. Branstetter 1997 Bycatch and its reduction in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic shrimp fisheries. Gulf and South Atlantic Fisheries Development Foundation Inc. Suite 997, Lincoln Center, 5401 West Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, Florida 27 pp. + tables and figures
18. P.A. Breen R. Hilborn M.N. Maunder S.W. Kim 2003 Effects of alternative control rules on the conflict between a fishery and a threatened sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) Can. J. Fish. Aquatic Sci. 60 5 527-541
19. J.A. Browder 1983 A simulation model of a near-shore marine ecosystem of the north-central Gulf of Mexico In: K.W. Turgeon Marine (ed.) Ecosystem Modelling Frederick, MD. NOAA Washington, DC 179-222 Proceedings from a workshop help April 6-8, 1982
20. Browder, J.A. (1992) An application of the ecosystem approach to fishery management research in the Gulf of Mexico. In: Proceedings of the shrimp trawl bycatch workshop, November 22-23, 1991. St. Petersburg, FL. Center for Marine Conservation, Washington, DC, pp. 8-10.
21. Browder, J. A. (1993) A pilot model of the Gulf of Mexico continental shelf. In: Christensen, V. and Pauly, D. (eds.), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM Conference Proceedings No. 26, pp. 279-284.
22. B.E. Brown J.A. Browder J. Powers C.P. Goodyear 1991 Biomass, yield models and management strategies for the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem In: K. Sherman (ed.), Biomass, Yield Models and Management Strategies AAAS Publication, Westview Press Boulder, CO 125-163
23. J. Brown E.G. McCoy 1969 A review of the North Carolina scrap fishery. North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development,Division of Commercial and Sports Fisheries Raleigh, NC Information Series No. 1, 12 pp
24. Bryan, C.E., Cody, T.J. and Matlock, G.C. (1982) Organisms captured by the commercial shrimp fleet on the Texas brown shrimp grounds. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Technical Series No. 31, 26 pp.
25. Burchfield, P.M. and Peña, L.J. (2003) A sea turtle stranding network as part of the Mexico/United States of America population restoration project for the Kemp's ridley sea turtle. Final report to the National Marine Fisheries Service in partial fulfillment of service order #WC133F-02-SE-0290 [cited 2004 October 19]. Available from: http://www.sefsc.noaa.gov/PDFdocs/ CR_Burchfield_Pena_Strandings_report_2003.pdf
26. G.H. Burgess D.B. Snyder 1993 Fish bycatch from inshore shrimp fisheries in Florida. Lake Buena Vista, Florida, Southeastern Fisheries Association Tallahassee, FL 83-84 In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Shrimp Bycatch May 24-27 1992.
27. C.Y. Burridge J.B. Robbins 2000 Benefits of statistical blocking techniques in the design of gear evaluation trials: Introducing the Latin Square design Fish. Res. 47 1 69-79
28. N. Carter R. Colura 1996 Comparison of survival of bycatch associated with bait shrimping in three Texas estuarine areas. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Perry R. Bass Marine Fisheries Research Station Palacios, TX
29. M.I. Castro-Gonzales J.L.S. Barrita M.E.J. Silva S.M. Benavides F.P.G. Romo 1998 Chemical composition of shrimp by-catch fauna in Veracruz (Gulf of Mexico) Rev. Biol. Trop. 46 2 249-256
30. M.E. Chittenden J.D. McEachran Jr. 1976 Composition ecology and dynamics of demersal fish communities on the northwestern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf, with a similar synopsis for the entire Gulf. Final Report to Texas Sea Grant (TAMU-SG-76-208). Texas A&M University, College Station TX
31. P.A. Christian D.L. Harrington 1987 Loggerhead turtle finfish and shrimp retention studies on four turtle excluder devices (TEDs). Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources, Social Circle GA 114-127 In: Proceedings of the nongame and endangered wildlife symposium, September 8-10,
32. P. Christian D.L. Harrington D.R. Amos R.G. Overman L.G. Parker J.B. Rivers 1993 Final report on the reduction of finfish capture in South Atlantic shrimp trawls. University of Georgia Marine Extension Service Brunswick, GA Final report on Saltonstall-Kennedy Grant Program Project NA27FD0070-01 December 1993. 81 pp
33. J.S. Coale 1992 Changes in bycatch using skimmer trawl in the North Carolina shrimp fishery. Dept. of Biology, East Carolina University Greenville, NC MS Thesis.
34. J.S. Coale R.A. Rulifson J.D. Murray R. Hines 1994 Comparisons of shrimp catch and bycatch between a skimmer trawl and an otter trawl in the North Carolina inshore shrimp fishery North Am. J. Fish. Manage. 14 751-768
35. F.C. Coleman C.C. Koenig W.F. Herrnkind 1991 Survey of Florida inshore trawling bycatch and preliminary tests of by-catch reduction devices. Institute for Fishery Resource Ecology, Florida State University Tallahassee, FL First Annual Report to the Florida Department of Natural Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service MARFIN Grant Number NA37FF0051. 25 pp
36. F.C. Coleman C.C. Koenig W.F. Herrnkind 1992 Survey of Florida inshore trawling bycatch and preliminary tests of by-catch reduction devices. Institute for Fishery Resource Ecology, Florida State University Tallahassee, FL Second Annual Report to the Florida Department of Natural Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service MARFIN Grant Number NA37FF0051.21 pp
37. R. Colura B.W. Bumguardner 2001 Effect of the salt-box catch-bycatch separation procedure, as used by the Texas shrimp industry, on short-term survival of bycatch Fish. Bull. 99 3 399-409
38. R.D. Condrey D. Fuller 1992 The US Gulf shrimp fishery. In M.H. Glanz (eds.), Climate Variability, Climate Change, and Fisheries Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK pp. 89-119
39. E. Cortes 1995 Demographic analysis of the Atlantic sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae, in the Gulf of Mexico Fish. Bull. 93 1 57-66
40. D.T. Crouse L.B. Crowder H. Caswell 1987 A stage-based population model for loggerhead sea turtles and implications for conservation Ecology 68 5 1412-1423
41. D.H. Cushing 1984 Do discards affect the production of shrimps in the Gulf of Mexico In: J.S. Gulland B.J. Rothschild (eds.) Penaeid shrimps - their biology and management Fishing News Books, Ltd. Farnham, Surrey, UK 254-258 Selected papers presented at the Workshop on the Scientific Basis for the Management of Penaeid Shrimp Key West, FL, November 1981.
42. S.L. Diamond 1999 The population-level impacts of shrimp trawl bycatch on Atlantic croaker. North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC Ph.D. dissertation
43. S.L. Diamond 2003 Estimation of bycatch in shrimp trawl fisheries: A comparison of estimation methods using field data and simulated data Fish. Bull. 101 3 484-500
44. S.L. Diamond D.A. Hanan 1986 An estimate of harbor porpoise mortality in California set net fisheries Southwest Fisheries Science Center La Jolla, CA April 11983 through March 31, 1984. National Marine Fisheries Service Administrative Report SWR-86-15. 40 pp
45. S.L. Diamond L.B. Crowder L.G. Cowell 1999 Catch and bycatch: The qualitative effects of fisheries on population vital rates of Atlantic croaker Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 128 1085-1105
46. S.L. Diamond L.G. Cowell L.B. Crowder 2000 Population impacts of shrimp trawl bycatch on Atlantic croaker Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci 57 2010-2021
47. N. Ehrhardt 1996 Impacts of TED and BRD designs on overall finfish bycatch reduction and their relative effects on management strategies adopted in directed finfish fisheries. University of Miami - Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Virginia Beach Drive,Miami, FL
48. A. Engaas D. Foster B.D. Hataway J.W. Watson I. Workman 1999 The behavioral response of juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) to shrimp trawls that utilize water flow modifications to induce escapement Mar. Technol. Soc. J. 33 2 43-50
49. W.E. Fahy 1965a Report of trash fish study in North Carolina in 1962. North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development, Division of Commercial and Sports Fisheries Raleigh, NC Special Scientific Report No. 5, 20 pp
50. W.E. Fahy 1965b Report of trash fish study in North Carolina in 1964. North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development, Division of Commercial and Sports Fisheries Raleigh, NC Special Scientific Report No. 7, 13 pp
51. W.E. Fahy 1966 Species composition of the North Carolina industrial fish fishery Commer. Fish. Rev. 28 7 1-8
52. Federal Register (1987) Sea turtle conservation; shrimp trawling requirements. 50 CFR Parts 272, 222, 227 and 52 FR 24244. June 27, 1987, Washington, DC.
53. Federal Register (1998) Fisheries of the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and South Atlantic; Shrimp Fishery of the Gulf of Mexico; Amendment 9. 63(71): 970523122-8022-02. April 14, 1998, Washington, DC.
54. Federal Register (2002) Fisheries of the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and South Atlantic; Shrimp Fishery of the Gulf of Mexico; Amendment 11. 67(152): 011018254-2153-02. August 7, 2002, Washington, DC.
55. Federal Register (2003a) Endangered and threatened wildlife; sea turtle conservation requirements. 68(35):000320077-2302-03. February 21, 2003, Washington, DC.
56. Federal Register (2003b) Notice of decision on petition for rulemaking on bycatch. 68(47): 030224043-3043-01. March 11, 2003, Washington, DC.
57. Federal Register (2003c) Financial assistance for fisheries disasters. 68(102): 030506116-3116-01. May 28, 2003, Washington, DC.
58. D. Fertl 1994 Occurrence movements and behavior of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in association with the shrimp fishery in Galveston Bay, Texas. Texas A&M University, College Station TX MS Thesis
59. R.B. Fisher 1992 Introduction to bycatch. In R.W. Schoning R.W. Jacobson D.L. Alverson T.H. Gentle J. Auyong (eds.), Proceedings of National Industry Bycatch Workshop February 4-6, 1992 Natural Resources Consultants Seattle,WA 5-10 Newport Oregon
60. Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2000) News release: Groundfish trawl fishery opens. NR-PR-00-36E. 2000 April 28. Available from the internet URL: http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/comm/pages/release/p-releas/2000/ nr0036_e.htm.
61. Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2003) Fish stocks of the Pacific Coast: Online book. Available from: http://www-comm.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/ publications/speciesbook/groundfish/default_e.htm.
62. Fisheries Statistics of the United States 1942-1977. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Statistical Digest Numbers 36-71.
63. D.G. Foster E. Scott-Denton 2004 Status of bycatch reduction device performance and research in North-Central and Western Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, The Commons at Rivergate Tampa, FL Working paper to the Red Snapper Stock Assessment Data Workshop April 2004. Document No. SEDAR7-DW-38.
64. B. Fuls 1995 Assessment of composition and magnitude of bycatch associated with the commercial shrimp trawling industry in central lower Texas coastal bays during the spring and fall Texas commercial bay-shrimp open seasons. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Corpus Christi TX
65. B. Fuls 2001 Evaluation of shrimp trawl bycatch reduction devices in Texas bays. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Corpus Christi TX
66. B.J. Gallaway J.G. Cole L.R. Martin J.M. Nance M. Longnecker 2003a An evaluation of an electronic logbook as a more accurate method of estimating spatial patterns of trawling effort and bycatch in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery North Am. J. Fish Manage. 23 3 787-809
67. B.J. Gallaway J.G. Cole L.R. Martin J.M. Nance M. Longnecker 2003b Description of a simple electronic logbook designed to measure effort in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery North Am. J. Fish. Manage. 23 2 581-589
68. J. Gearhart 1996 Introduction of large mesh webbing in the belly of a traditional shrimp trawl to reduce bycatch in inshore waters. Eastern Carolina University Greenville,NC MS Thesis.
69. J.R. Gilbert K.M. Wynne 1984 Harbor seal populations and fisheries interactions with marine mammals in New England 1984. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole MA Fourth Annual Report contracts NA-80-FA-C-00029 and NA-84-EA-C-0070. Submitted to the Northeast Fisheries Center. 15 pp
70. C.P. Goodyear 1991 Sensitivity of shrimp-bycatch mortality estimates to natural mortality for red snapper. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center,Miami Laboratory Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL
71. C.P. Goodyear 1992 Red snappers in US waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Southeast Fisheries Science Center,Miami Laboratory Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL Contribution MIA91/92-70. National Marine Fisheries Service
72. C.P. Goodyear 1994 Red snappers in US waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami Laboratory Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL Contribution MIA93/94-63. National Marine Fisheries Service
73. C.P. Goodyear 1995 Red snapper in US waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Southeast Fisheries Science Center,Miami Laboratory, Coastal Resources Division Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL Contribution: MIA-95/96-05. National Marine Fisheries Service.171 pp
74. C.P. Goodyear P. Phares 1990 Status of red snapper stocks of the Gulf of Mexico report for 1990. National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami Laboratory, Coastal Resources Division Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL CRD 89/90-05
75. W. Griffin 2004 Discussion of days fished expansion in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council,The Commons at Rivergate Tampa, Florida Working paper to the Red Snapper Stock Assessment Data Workshop April 2004. Document No. SEDAR7-DW-6.
76. Griffin, W.L. and Shah, A.K. (1995) Estimation of standardized effort in the heterogeneous Gulf of Mexico shrimp fleet. MARFIN Final Report, Award Number NA37FF053.
77. GSAFDF (Gulf and South Atlantic Fisheries Development Foundation) (1995) Continued observer coverage of the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic shrimp fisheries to characterize the catch and evaluate the efficiency of bycatch reduction devices. Final Report (Award NA47FM0131). Gulf and South Atlantic Fisheries Development Foundation, Tampa, FL 33609.
78. GMFMC (Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council) 1980 Draft Fishery Management Plan for Groundfish in the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, The Commons at Rivergate Tampa, FL
79. GMFMC (Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council) 2002 Red snapper rebuilding amendment scooping document. Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council,The Commons at Rivergate Tampa, FL. Available from: http://www.gulfcouncil.org/downloads/ Red%20snapper%20scoping%20document%208-21-02.pdf
80. G. Gunter 1936 Studies of the destruction of marine fish by shrimp trawlers in Louisiana La. Cons. Rev. 18-24 45-46 La Dept. of ConservationNew Orleans, LA, Oct. 1936
81. G. Gunter 1956 Should fish and game fishes become more or less abundant as pressure increases in the trash fish fishery of the Gulf of Mexico? LA Dept. of Wildlife and Fisheries New Orleans LA LA Conserv., 11, 14-15, 19
82. E.J. Gutherz G.J. Pellegrin Jr. 1986 Report on snapper-grouper mortality by shrimp trawlers in the US Gulf of Mexico. The Commons at Rivergate Tampa, FL Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council
83. E.J. Gutherz G.J. Pellegrin Jr. 1988 Estimate of the catch of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, by shrimp trawlers in the United States Gulf of Mexico Mar. Fish. Rev. 59 1 17-25
84. M.G. Haby R.J. Miget L.L. Falconer G.L. Graham 2003 A review of current conditions in the Texas shrimp industry,an examination of contributing factors and suggestions for remaining competitive in the global shrimp market. TAMU-SG-03-701. Texas A&M Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Agnes St. Corpus Christi
85. M.A. Hall 1996 On bycatches Rev. Fish Biol. Fisher. 6 319-352
86. M.A. Hall D.L. Alverson K.I. Metuzals 2000 By-catch: Problems and solutions Mar. Pollut. Bull. 41 (1-6) 204-219
87. Harrington, D.L. (1996) Finfish excluder devices in the South Atlantic shrimp fishery. In: Castro, K., Corey, T., DeAlteris, J. and Gagnon, C. (eds.), Proceedings of the East Coast Bycatch Conference, April 7-8, 1995, Newport, RI. Rhode Island Sea Grant, University of Rhode Island Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI. December 1996, pp. 91-94.
88. P.J. Harris J.M. Dean 1998 Characterization of king mackerel and Spanish mackerel bycatches of South Carolina shrimp trawlers North Am. J. Fish. Manage. 18 2 439-453
89. D.S. Heales D.T. Brewer Y.G. Wang 2000 Subsampling multi-species trawl catches from tropical northern Australia: Does it matter which part of the catch is sampled? Fish. Res. 48 2 117-126
90. D.S. Heales D.T. Brewer P.N. Jones 2003a Subsampling trawl catches from vessels using seawater hoppers: Are catch composition estimates biased Fish. Res. 63 1 13-120
91. D.S. Heales D.T. Brewer Y.G. Wang P.N. Jones 2003b Does the size of subsamples taken from multispecies trawl catches affect estimates of catch composition and abundance? Fish. Bull. 101 4 790-799
92. V.I. Hensley D.A. Hensley 1995 Fishes eaten by sooty terns and brown noddies in the Dry Tortugas, Florida B. Mar. Sci. 56 3 813-821
93. E. Higgins J.C. Pearson 1927 Examination of the summer fisheries of Pamlico and Core Sounds, N.C., with special reference to the destruction of undersized fish and the protection of the gray trout, Cynosion regalis US. Gov. Printing Office Washington, DC. Rep. to the US Commissioner of Fisheries for 1927. B.F. Doc. # 1019.,
94. K.L. Hines R.A. Rulifson J.D. Murray 1999 Performance of low-profile skimmer trawls in the inshore shrimp fishery of North Carolina North Am. J. Fish. Manage. 19 2 569-580
95. P. Hoar J. Hoey J. Nance C Nelson 1992 A research plan addressing finfish bycatch in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic Shrimp Fisheries. Gulf and South Atlantic Fisheries Development Foundation Inc. Tampa, FL 114 pp
96. H.D. Hoese 1973 A trawl study of nearshore fishes and invertebrates of the Georgia coast Contrib. Mar. Sci. 17 63-98
97. B.F. Holland Jr. 1989 Evaluation of certified trawl efficiency devices (TEDs) in North Carolina's nearshore ocean. Division of Marine Fisheries Morehead City, NC Completion Report Project 2-439-R. North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development 38 pp
98. D.S. Holland J.J.C. Ginter 2001 Common property institutions in the Alaskan groundfish fisheries Mar. Policy 25 33-42
99. IPHC (International Pacific Halibut Commission) 1996 Annual Report Seattle WA 64 pp. Available from: http://www.iphc.washington.edu/halcom/ pubs/annrep/AnnualReport96.pdf
100. IPHC (International Pacific Halibut Commission) 1997 Annual Report Seattle WA 80 pp.Available from: http://www.iphc.washington.edu/halcom/ pubs/annrep/ar1997.pdf
101. IPHC (International Pacific Halibut Commission) 1998a Annual Report Seattle WA 80 pp. Available from: http://www.iphc.washington.edu/halcom/ pubs/annrep/ar1998.pdf
102. IPHC (International Pacific Halibut Commission) 1998b The Pacific halibut: Biology fishery and management. Seattle WA Technical Report No. 40, 64 pp. Available from: http://www.iphc.washington.edu/halcom/pubs/ techrep/tech0040.pdf
103. IPHC (International Pacific Halibut Commission) 1999 Annual Report Seattle WA 72 pp. Available from: http://www.iphc.washington.edu/halcom/ pubs/annrep/ar1999.pdf
104. IPHC (International Pacific Halibut Commission) 2000 Annual Report Seattle WA 76 pp. Available from: http://www.iphc.washington.edu/halcom/ pubs/annrep/ar2000.pdf
105. IPHC (International Pacific Halibut Commission) 2001 Annual Report Seattle WA 80 pp. Available from: http://www.iphc.washington.edu/halcom/ pubs/annrep/ar2001.pdf
106. B. Jones 2004a EBLUB small area estimation for red snapper bycatch from the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fleet. Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, The Commons at Rivergate Tampa, FL Working paper to the Red Snapper Stock Assessment Data Workshop April 2004. Document No. SEDAR7-DW-31.
107. B. Jones 2004b Spatial modeling of red snapper shrimp fleet bycatch in the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, The Commons at Rivergate Tampa, FL Working paper to the Red Snapper Stock Assessment Data Workshop April 2004. Document No. SEDAR7-DW-32.
108. L.L. Jones 1981 U.S. research on the incidental take of marine mammals by Japanese salmon mothership fishery National Marine Mammal Laboratory,Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center NMFS, Seattle, WA 1981 progress report (Document submitted to the Scientific Subcommittee of the Ad Hoc Committee on Marine Mammals International North Pacific Fisheries Commission).27 pp
109. R.K. Keiser Jr. 1976 Species composition magnitude and utilization of the incidental catch of the South Carolina shrimp fishery. South Carolina Marine Resources Center Charleston, SC Technical Report No. 16,94 pp
110. R.K. Keiser Jr. 1977 The incidental catch from commercial shrimp trawlers of the South Atlantic states. South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department Charleston, SC Technical Report No. 26, 38 pp
111. C.J. Knowlton 1972 Fishes taken during commercial shrimping in Georgia's close inshore ocean waters. Coastal Fisheries Office Game and Fish Division, Department of Natural Resources State of Georgia. Contribution Series No. 21, 42 pp
112. Latham, F.F. (1951) Evidence of fish loss due to shrimping in Pamlico Sound. Committee Report to Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, November 1, 1951, 4 pp. (Appendix B)
113. M.J. Lindner 1936 A discussion of the shrimp trawl-fish problem. La. Conserv. Rev. 4 12-17 51
114. M. Logan 2003 Marine mammals and the mistaken minister Seafood New Zealand 11 4 18-20
115. O. Lupton 1998 Certification of bycatch reduction devices in North Carolina. Pamlico County Schools Bayboro, NC 28515 Report to the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries Grant No. FEG-98-23.24 pp
116. Lunz, G. R., McHugh, J.L., Roelofs, E.W., Tiller, R.E. and Atkinson, C.E. (1951) The destruction of small fish by the shrimp trawlers in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina. Report to the Chesapeake and South Atlantic Sections, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, November 1, 1951, 13 pp. + Appendices.
117. B.F. Manley A. Seyb D.J. Fletcher 2002 Bycatch of sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) in New Zealand fisheries 1987/88 to 1995/96 and observer coverage. New Zealand Department of Conservation Science, New Zealand Department of Conservation Wellington, New Zealand Internal Series 42., 21 pp. Available from: http://www.doc.govt.nz/Publications/ 004~Science-and-Research/DOC-Science-Internal-Series/PDF/DSIS42.pdf
118. R. Marquez Millan O.A. Villanueva P.M. Burchfield 1989 Nesting population and production of hatchlings of Kemp's ridley sea turtle at Rancho Nuevo Tamaulipas Mexico. In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle Biology, Conservation, and Management, October 1-4, 1985, Galveston, TX. TAMU-SG-89-105. Texas A&M University Sea Grant Program. College Station, TX, pp. 16-19
119. E.X. Martinez J.M. Nance Z.P. Zein-Eldin J. Davis L. Rathmell D.A. Emiliani 1993 Trawling bycatch in the Galveston Bay system. Galveston Bay National Estuary Program Webster TX GBNEP-34, 185 pp
120. E.X. Martinez J.M. Nance R.J. Zimmerman 1996 A model for assessment of ecological interactions among living marine resources in the Gulf of Mexico: Implications for bycatch management and shrimp production. The Commons at Rivergate Tampa, FL Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council
121. M.N. Maunder P.J. Starr R. Hilborn 2000 A Bayesian analysis to estimate loss in squid catch due to the implementation of a sea lion population management plan Mar. Mammal Sci. 16 2 413-426
122. S. McKenna 1996 Effectiveness of excluder devices on bycatch reduction and shrimp retention. In K. Castro T. Corey J. DeAlteris C. Gagnon (eds.), Proceedings of the East Coast Bycatch Conference Rhode Island Sea Grant, University of Rhode Island Bay Campus Narragansett, pp 106-112 April 7-8, 1995, Newport, RI December 1996
123. S.A. McKenna J.P. Monoghan Jr. 1991 Gear development to improve management of commercial fisheries in North Carolina. Tampa FL Saltonstall-Kennedy Award NA90AAHSK- 052; annual contract report to the Gulf and South Atlantic Fisheries Development Foundation (contract 43-01)
124. S. McKenna J.P. Monaghan Jr. 1993 Gear development to reduce bycatch in the North Carolina trawl fisheries. Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries Morehead City NC, 59 pp. + Appendices
125. S. McKenna G. Judy C. P. Lewis J. Schoolfield 1996 Evaluation of trawl efficiency devices/bycatch reduction devices in estuarine and nearshore waters of North Carolina. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries Morehead City, NC Completion Report for NOAA Award Number NA 47 FF0016 March 1996. 39 pp. + tables and figures
126. A.D. Meister 1999 The New Zealand experience with fishery management: lessons learned. International Development Research Center Ottowa, Canada. Special Paper: Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA)13th EEPSEA Biannual Workshop, Singapore, November 1999, 25 pp. Available from: http://idrinfo.idrc.ca/archive/corpdocs/118111/ NewZealand.htm
127. D.L. Meyer M.S. Fonseca P.L. Murphey R.H. McMichael M.M. Byerly M.M. LaCroix P.E. Whitfield G.W. Thayer 1999 Effects of live-bait shrimping on seagrass beds and fish bycatch in Tampa Bay, Florida Fish. Bull. 97 1 193-199
128. B. Morris 1999 North Carolina bycatch reduction device certification. Pamlico County Schools Bayboro, NC 28515 Report to the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries Grant No. FEG-97-40. 30 pp
129. S.A. Murawski J.T. Finn 1988 Biological bases for mixed-species fisheries: Species co-distribution in relation to environmental and biotic variables Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45 1720-1735
130. J.D. Murray J.J. Bahen R.A. Rulifson 1992 Management considerations for by-catch in the North Carolina and Southeast shrimp fishery Fisheries 17 1 21-26
131. J.D. Murray S.L. Diamond J.J. Bahen 1994 A program to distribute and evaluate bycatch reduction devices in inshore waters of North Carolina. University of North Carolina Sea Grant Program, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC Final Report to MARFIN Award Number NA37FF038-01 November 1994 39 pp
132. J.D. Murray J.L. Gearhardt R.A. Rulifson C.W. Wescott 1995 Introduction of larger mesh webbing in the belly and wings of traditional shrimp trawls to reduce bycatch in inshore waters. North Carolina State University University of North Carolina Sea Grant Program, Box 8605, Raleigh, NC Saltonstall-Kennedy Final ReportProject Number NA37FD0088-01 February 1995,75 pp
133. J.M. Nance 1992 Estimation of effort in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. Southeast Fisheries Science Center Galveston, TX NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-300. National Marine Fisheries Service 12 pp
134. Nance, J.M. (1993a). Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery Recruitment Overfishing Definition -Workshop 2. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFSC-323, 12 pp.
135. J.M. Nance 1993b Effort trends for the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. Southeast Fisheries Science Center Galveston, TX NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-337.National Marine Fisheries Service, 37 pp
136. J.M. Nance 2004 Estimation of effort in the offshore shrimp trawl fishery of the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, The Commons at Rivergate Tampa, FL Working paper to the Red Snapper Stock Assessment Data Workshop April 2004. Document No. SEDAR7-DW-24.
137. J.M. Nance N. Garfield J.A. Paredes 1989 A study of the social impact of the Texas shrimp closure J.S. Thomas L. Maril E.P. Durrenberger Marine Resources Utilization Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, Mobile AL 81-83 Proceedings of a Conference on Social Science Issues MASGP-89-039.
138. J. Nance E. Scott-Denton E. Martinez J. Watson A. Shah D. Foster 1997 Bycatch in the southeast shrimp trawl fishery. National Marine Fisheries Service, Galveston Laboratory Galveston, TX Available from http://galveston.ssp.nmfs.gov/publications/pdf/512a.pdf A data summary report, SFA Task N-10.03 June 1997. 207 pp.
139. J.M. Nance D. Foster E. Martinez T. McIlwain S. Nichols R. Raulerson M. Schirripa E. Scott-Denton A. Shah J. Watson 1998 Report to Congress. Southeastern United States shrimp trawl bycatch program. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center Southeast Regional Office 9721 Executive Center Drive, St. Petersburg, FL 154 pp. Available from: http://galveston.ssp.nmfs.gov/publications/pdf/conbyrep98.pdf
140. NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) 1992a Shrimp trawl bycatch characterization. Sampling Protocol Manual for Data Collection. National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center Galveston, Texas, 4700 Avenue U, Galveston, TX 62 pp
141. NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) 1992b Evaluation of bycatch reduction devices. Sampling Protocol Manual for Data Collection. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center Galveston, Texas, Galveston, TX 62 pp
142. NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) 1993 Cruise results: Shrimp trawl bycatch reduction National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS NOAA ship Oregon II cruise 92-05 (201) 9/4-29/92.
143. NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) 1995 Cooperative research program addressing finfish bycatch in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic shrimp fisheries: A report to Congress. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center Southeast Regional Office 9721 Executive Center Drive, St. Petersburg, FL 66 pp
144. NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) 1998 Managing the nation's bycatch: Priorities programs and actions for the National Marine Fisheries Service. National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Washington, DC 199 pp. Available from: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/bycatchplanonline.pdf
145. NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) (2003a) Commercial fisheries database (Internet database). Available from the internet URL: http://www.st.nmfs.gov/pls/webpls/FT_HELP.SPECIES Accessed November 11, 2003.
146. NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) (2003b) Closure summaries in the Alaskan groundfish fisheries, 1986-2000. (Internet database). National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Regional Office. Available from the internet URL: http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/sustainablefisheries/ closure.html. Accessed November 11, 2003.
147. NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) (2003c) Vessel-specific bycatch rates, 1994-2000. (Internet database). National Marine fisheries Service, Alaska Regional Office. Available from the internet URL: http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/2000/pscinfo.html. Accessed November 11, 2003. Each year's list can be obtained by changing the year in the URL.
148. NRC (National Research Council) 1990 Decline of the sea turtles; causes and prevention. National Academy Press Washington, DC Committee on Sea Turtle Conservation, Board on Environmental Sciences and Toxicology Board on Biology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council. 259 pp. Available from: http://books.nap.edu/books/030904247X/ html/index.html
149. NRC (National Research Council) 1999 Share the fish: Towards a national policy on individual fishing quotas. National Academy Press Washington, DC 422 pp. Available from: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309063302/html/ R1.html#pagetop Committee to Review Individual Fishing Quotas Ocean Studies Board Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Research Council.
150. New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries (2003a) Press release: Auckland Islands squid fishery resumes. April 4, 2003. Available from the internet URL: http://www.fish.govt.nz/current/press/040403.htm
151. New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries (2003b) Draft strategy for managing the environmental effects of fishing. March 31, 2003. New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand. Available from the internet URL: http://www.fish.govt.nz/sustainability/management_strategy/ SMEEF_3%20Apr_03.pdf.
152. New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries (2003c) Press Release: Announcement of Auckland Islands marine reserve. Available from: http://www.fish.govt.nz/ current/press/sp290103.htm.
153. New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries (2004a) Arrow squid (SQU). In : Summary of the Assessments of the Sustainability of Current TACCs and Recent Catch Levels and Status of the Stocks for the 2004-05 Fishing Year, pp. 50-65. Available from the internet URL: http://www.fish.govt.nz/sustainability/research/stock/status1.html.
154. New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries (2004b) Proposed operational plan to manage the incidental capture of New Zealand sea lions in the squid (SQU) 6T trawl fishery for the 2004-05 fishing year. Initial Position Paper, Consultation Document, September 03, 2004. New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand, 28 pp. Available from the inter-net URL: http://www.fish.govt.nz/sustainability/decisions/ sealions/2004-05-sea-lion-ipp-final.pdf.
155. S. Nichols 1990a The spatial and temporal distribution of the bycatch of red snapper by the shrimp fishery in the offshore waters of the US Gulf of Mexico. National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council
156. S. Nichols 1990b Report of the workshop to evaluate potential management alternatives for reducing directed effort and shrimp trawl bycatch of red snapper. Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS
157. S. Nichols 1994 Update and revision of bycatch estimate for King and Spanish mackerel 1972-1993. National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council
158. S. Nichols 1996a An update on some issues relating to the distribution of red snapper bycatch. Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory,National Marine Fisheries Service Pascagoula, MS Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council
159. S. Nichols 1996b An update of bycatch findings for mackerels and cobia in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory,National Marine Fisheries Service Pascagoula, MS Unpublished Report
160. S. Nichols 1999 Overall effectiveness of BRDs. Final Report on the Red Snapper/Shrimp Research Program Summer 1998 Project Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory,National Marine Fisheries Service Pascagoula, MS
161. S. Nichols 2004a Some Bayesian approaches to estimation of shrimp fleet bycatch. Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, The Commons at Rivergate Tampa, Florida Working paper to the Red Snapper Stock Assessment Data Workshop April2004. Document No. SEDAR7-DW-3.
162. S. Nichols 2004b An update for the Bayesian estimation of shrimp fleet bycatch. Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, The Commons at Rivergate Tampa, Florida Working paper to the Red Snapper Stock Assessment Data Workshop April 2004. Document No. SEDAR7-DW-54.
163. S. Nichols A. Shah G. Pellegrin and K. Mullin 1987 Estimates of annual shrimp fleet bycatch for thirteen species in the offshore waters of the Gulf of Mexico. National Marine Fisheries Service,Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, 27 pp
164. S. Nichols A. Shah G. Pellegrin and K. Mullin 1990 Updated estimates of shrimp fleet bycatch in the offshore waters of the Gulf of Mexico. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, 25 pp
165. S. Nichols and G. Pellegrin 1992 Revision and update of estimates of shrimp fleet bycatch 1972-1991. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council
166. S. Nichols J. Nance C.P. Goodyear A. Shah and J. Watson 1995 Some considerations in determining bycatch reduction requirements. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council
167. Oceana (2002) Petition for rulemaking, letter addressed to Donald L. Evans, US Secretary of Commerce. February 28, 2002. Available from the internet URL: http://www.oceana.org/uploads/formal_petition.pdf
168. M. Ortiz C.M. Legault and N.M. Ehrhardt 2000 An alternative method for estimating bycatch from the US shrimp trawl fishery in the Gulf of Mexico, 1972-1995 Fish. Bull. 98 583-599
169. G. Parsons 2004 Behavior and swimming performance of red snapper: Its application to shrimp trawl bycatch reduction. Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, The Commons at Rivergate Tampa, FL Working paper to the Red Snapper Stock Assessment Data Workshop April 2004. Document No. SEDAR7-DW-4.
170. Peacey, J. (2002) Managing catch limits in multi-species, ITQ fisheries. Paper presented at International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET) Conference, August 19-22, 2002, Wellington, New Zealand. [2003 March 24]. [cited 2004 October 20]. Available from: http://www.fish.govt.nz/current/press/pr240303_2.htm.
171. K.B. Pearce D.W. Moye and S.K. Strasser 1989 Evaluation of trawl excluder devices in the Pamlico Sound shrimp fishery Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine Study,North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries Morehead City, NC Report No. 88-07 to the Environmental Protection Agency and the North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, 46 pp
172. Pellegrin, G. Jr. (1982) Fish discards from the southeastern United States shrimp fishery. In: Fish Bycatch... Bonus from the Sea: A report of a technical consultation on shrimp by-catch utilization held in George, Guyana, 27-30 October 1981. FAO and International Development Research Centre, Ottowa, Canada (IDRC 198-e), pp. 51-54.
173. Pellegrin, G. Jr., Drummond, S.B. and Ford, R.S. Jr., (undated) The incidental catch of fish by the northern Gulf of Mexico shrimp fleet. Draft manuscript. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory, Pascagoula, MS.
174. P. Perkins and E. Edwards 1996 A mixture model for estimating discarded bycatch from data with many zero observations: Tuna discards in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean Fish. Bull. 94 330-340
175. Perret, W.S. and Bowman, P.E. (1993) Butterfly and skimmer nets in the Gulf of Mexico and their potential use elsewhere. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Shrimp Bycatch, May 24-27, 1992, Lake Buena Vista, Florida. Southeastern Fisheries Association, Tallahassee, FL, pp. 325-340.
176. Peuser, R. (ed.) (1996) Estimates of finfish bycatch in the South Atlantic shrimp fishery. Prepared by the SEAMAP South Atlantic Committee, Shrimp Bycatch Work Group, Final Report. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, April 1996, 64 pp.
177. J.E. Powers C.P. Goodyear and G.P. Scott 1987 The potential effects of shrimp fleet bycatch on fisheries production of selected fish stocks in the Gulf of Mexico. Southeast Fisheries Science Center Miami Laboratory, Coastal Resources Division, Miami, FL Contribution No. CRD 87/88-06. National Marine Fisheries Services
178. Purvis, C.E. and McCoy, E.G. (1974) Pink-brown shrimp discard studies in the Core-Pamlico Sound area. North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, Division of Marine Fisheries.
179. Renaud, M., Gitschlag, G., Klima, E., Shah, A., Nance, J., Caillouet, C., Zein-Eldin, Z. and Koi, D. (1990) Evaluation of the impacts of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) on shrimp catch rates in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic, March 1988 through July 1989. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFC-254, 165 pp.
180. Renaud, M., Gitschlag, G., Klima, E., Shah, A., Koi, D. and Nance, J. (1991) Evaluation of the impacts of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) on shrimp catch rates in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic, September 1989 through August 1990. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFC-288, 80 pp.
181. RFSAP (Reef Fish Stock Assessment Panel) (1999) September 1999 report of the Reef Fish Stock Assessment Panel. Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, The Commons at Rivergate, Tampa, FL. Available from http://www.gulfcouncil.org./downloads/RFSAP-O99-final.pdf.
182. Renko, B.L. (1998) Management of Pacific Halibut Bycatch in the Alaskan Groundfish Fishery 1990-1996; the Vessel Incentive Program. MS Thesis. University of Washington, School of Marine Affairs, 164 pp.
183. Roelofs, E.W. (1950a) Mesh size and construction as a factor in releasing small fish and shrimp from trawl nets. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fishery Leaflet 382, 12 pp.
184. Roelofs, E.W. (1950b) Observations on the capture of small fish by the shrimp trawls. Reprinted from the 1950 Annual Report of the Institute of Fisheries Research of the University of North Carolina, Morehead City, NC. In : Lunz, G.R., McHugh, J.L., Roelofs, E.W., Tiller, R.E., Atkinson C.E. (eds.) 1951. The destruction of small fish by the shrimp trawlers in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina. Report to the Chesapeake and South Atlantic Sections, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, November 1, 1951, Appendix A, 4 pp.
185. C.M. Roithmayr 1965 Review of industrial bottomfish fishery in northern Gulf of Mexico, 1959-1962 Commer. Fish. Rev. 27 1 1-6
186. D.R. Rogers B.D. Rogers J.A. Silva de and V.L. Wright 1994 Evaluation of shrimp trawls designed to reduce bycatch in inshore waters of Louisiana. School of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge, LA Final report for MARFIN Award No. NA 17FF0375-01 January 1994. 230 pp
187. D.R. Rogers B.D. Rogers J.A. Silva de and V.L. Wright 1997a Effectiveness of four industry-developed bycatch reduction devices in Louisiana's inshore waters Fish. Bull. 91 1 129-137
188. D.R. Rogers B.D. Rogers J.A. Silva de V.L. Wright and J.W. Watson 1997b Evaluation of shrimp trawls equipped with bycatch reduction devices in inshore waters of Louisiana Fish. Res. 33 1-3 55-72
189. Rogers, D.R., Wilson, C.A. and Baltz, D.M. (1998) Behavior of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, with respect to trawl modifications to reduce shrimp trawl bycatch. Final Report to MARFIN, Award Number NA57FF0049, 60 pp.
190. M. R. Ross and S.R. Hokenson 1997 Short-term mortality of discarded finfish bycatch in the Gulf of Maine fishery for northern shrimp Pandalus borealis North Am. J. Fish. Manage. 17 902-909
191. Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand (2003a) New Zealand sea lions and the squid fishery. [Organization webpage]. Available from: http://www.forest-bird.org.nz/Marine/sealions/ squidfishery.asp.
192. Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand (2003b) New Zealand sea lion fact sheet [Organization webpage]. Available from the internet URL: http://www.forest-bird.org.nz/Marine/sealions/ factsheet.asp
193. R.A. Rulifson J.D. Murray and J.J. Bahen 1992 Finfish bycatch reduction in South Atlantic shrimp trawls using 3 designs of bycatch reduction devices Fisheries 17 1 1-9
194. M. Schirripa and C. Legault 1999 Status of the red snapper in US waters of the Gulf of Mexico: Updated through 1998. Sustainable Fisheries Division Miami, FL Sustainable Fisheries Division Contribution: SFD-99/00-75. Southeast Fisheries Science Center 62 pp
195. Scott-Denton, E. (2004) Observer coverage of the US Gulf of Mexico and Southeastern Atlantic shrimp fishery, February 1992-December 2003 - Methods. Working paper to the Red Snapper Stock Assessment Data Workshop, April, 2004. Document No. SEDAR7-DW-5. Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, The Commons at Rivergate, Tampa, FL.
196. A.K. Shah 1999 Statistical Inference on overall reduction rate of BRDs. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS Final Report on the Red Snapper/ Shrimp Research Program Summer 1998 Project
197. P.F. Sheridan J.A. Browder and J.E. Powers 1984 Ecological interactions between penaeid shrimp and bottomfish assemblages In: J.S. Gulland and B.J. Rothschild (eds.) Penaeid shrimps-their biology and management Fishing News Books, Ltd., Farnham, Surrey UK 235-254 Selected papers presented at the Workshop on the Scientific Basis for the Management of Penaeid Shrimp, Key West, FL, November 1981.
198. J.B. Siebenaler 1952 Studies of "trash" caught by shrimp trawlers in Florida Proc. Gulf Carrib. Fish. Inst. 4 94-99
199. Smith, P. (undated) Managing biodiversity: Invertebrate by-catch in seamount fisheries in the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone 1. NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research), Wellington, New Zealand. Available from the internet URL: http://www.worldfish.org/ Blue%20Millennium%20PDFs/Chapter%202-%20Smith%20Case%20Study.pdf.
200. SAFMC (South Atlantic Fishery Management Council) (1996) Bycatch reduction device testing protocol manual. South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, 1Charleston, SC.
201. P. Steele T.M. Burt K.H. Johnston and S. Levett 2002 Efficiency of bycatch reduction devices in small otter trawls used in the Florida shrimp fishery Fish. Bull. 100 338-350
202. B.W. Stender and C.A. Barans 1994 Comparison of the catch from tongue and two-seam shrimp nets off South Carolina North Am. J. Fish. Manage. 14 178-195
203. L. Thomas 2002 Giving marine mammals the slip Seafood New Zealand 10 10 18-22
204. R.J. Trumble 1992 Looking beyond time-area management of bycatch-an example from Pacific halibut In: R.W. Schoning R.W. Jacobson D.L. Alverson T.H. Gentle and J. Auyong (eds.) Proceedings of the National Industry Bycatch Workshop National Resources Consultants, Seattle WA 142-158
205. D. Vaughan and J. Nance 1998 Estimates of bycatch of mackerel and cobia in US South Atlantic shrimp trawls. Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, The Commons at Rivergate, Tampa, Florida Report for Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic Fishery Management Councils February 16 1998. 26 pp
206. Vaughan, D.S., Seagraves, R.J. and West, K. (1991) An assessment of the status of the Atlantic weakfish stock, 1982-1988. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, Special Report No. 21. National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC, 29 pp.
207. R.A. Vendetti R.G. Overman L.G. Parker and D.L. Harrington 1996 Improved methods and procedures for the transfer of technology and the education of constituency groups for devices that will reduce the bycatch in shrimp trawls. University of Georgia Marine Extension Service Brunswick, GA Final Report to MARFIN Award Number NA57FF0051.
208. R.K. Wallace and C.L. Robinson 1994 Bycatch and bycatch reduction in recreational shrimping Northeast Gulf Science 13 2 139-144
209. Warren, J.R. (1981) Population analysis of the juvenile groundfish on the traditional shrimping grounds in Mississippi Sound before and after the opening of the shrimp season. MS Thesis. University of Southern Mississippi, 94 pp.
210. T.J. Wassenberg C.Y. Burridge M. Connell and N. Gribble 1998 A validation of short-duration scientific tows as a representation of long commercial-length tows: Comparing the catch rates, size composition and species composition of prawn trawler catch in the far northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia Fish. Res. 36 1 35-46
211. Watson, J.W. (1989) Fish behavior and trawl design: Potential for selective trawl development. In: C.M. Campbell (ed.), Proceedings of the World Symposium on Fishing Gear and Fishing Vessels. Marine Institute, St. Johns, NF, Canada. pp. 25-29.
212. J.W. Watson 1993 Status of knowledge in the United States relating fish behavior to the reduction of bycatch. In: Southeastern Fisheries Association Tallahassee, FL Proceedings of the International Conference on Shrimp Bycatch May 24-27, 1992, Lake Buena Vista, Florida. pp185-195
213. J. Watson 1995 Summary report on the status of bycatch reduction device development. Presentation to the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council. National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center Pasca- goula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS
214. J. Watson 1996 Summary report on the status of bycatch reduction device development. Presentation to the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council. National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center,Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS
215. J.W. Watson J.F. Mitchell and A.K. Shah 1986 Trawling efficiency device: A new concept for selective shrimp trawling gear Fisheries 48 1 1-9
216. J.W. Watson Jr. and C.W. Taylor 1990 Research on selective shrimp trawl design for penaeid shrimp in the United States: A review of selective shrimp trawl research in the United States since 1973 Narrangansett RI Proceedings of Fisheries Conservation Engineering Workshop April 4-5 1990
217. J. Watson I. Workman D. Foster C. Taylor A. Shah J. Barbour D. Hataway 1993 Status report on the potential of gear modifications to reduce finfish bycatch in shrimp trawls in the southeastern United States 1990-1992. Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-327. National Marine Fisheries Service, 131 pp
218. J. Watson Foster and A. Shah 1997 Report on the results of evaluations of the Jones/Davis BRD. National Marine Fisheries Service,Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS
219. J. Watson and A. Shah 1997 Results of BRD and proxy analyses. National Marine Fisheries Service,Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS
220. J. Watson D. Foster S. Nichols A. Shah J. Nance and E. Scott-Denton 1999a The development of bycatch reduction technology in the southeastern United States shrimp fishery Mar. Technol. Soc. J. 33 2 51-56
221. J. Watson D. Foster A. Shah and J. Nance 1999b Summer 1998 red snapper/ shrimp research program-BRD performance report. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS Final Report on the Red Snapper/Shrimp Research Program Summer 1998 Project
222. N.H. Watts and G.J. Pellegrin 1982 Comparison of shrimp and finfish catch rates and ratios for Texas and Louisiana Mar. Fish. Rev. 44 9-10 44-49
223. Wendell, F.E., Hardy, R.A. and Ames, J.A. (1986) Assessment of the incidental take of sea otters, Enhydra lutris, in gill and trammel nets. California Department of Fish and Game. Marine Resources Technical Report No. 54, 31 pp.
224. C.A. Wenner 1987 Results of tests on two different trawl efficiency devices (TED) in South Carolina coastal waters - final report. Marine Research Institute South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Dept. Charleston, SC
225. Whitaker, J.D., DeLancey, L.B. and Jenkins, J.E. (1989) A study of the experimental closure of South Carolina's sounds and bays to commercial fishing. South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Dept., Division of Marine Resources, Commercial Crustacean Management Section, Tech. Rep. No. 72, 54 pp.
226. D. Witherell and C. Pautzke 1997 A brief history of bycatch management measures foe eastern Bering Sea groundfish fisheries Mar. Fish. Rev. 59 4 15-22
227. M. Wolff 1972 A study of North Carolina's scrap fishery. North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development Division of Commercial and Sports Fisheries Raleigh, NC Special Scientific Report No. 20, 29 pp
228. R. Woodward W. Griffin and Y. Wui 2003 An integrated economic analysis of alternative bycatch commercial and recreational policies for the recovery of Gulf of Mexico red snapper. Texas A & M University College Station, TX MARFIN report NM87FF0420, 116 pp
229. I.K. Workman 1999 Fate of juvenile red snapper Lutjanus campechanus that escape from shrimp trawls. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS Final Report on the Red Snapper/Shrimp Research Program Summer 1998 Project.
230. Workman, I.K. and Watson, J.W. (1995) Using trawlable webbing reefs as a step in the certification of shrimp trawl bycatch reduction devices. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecological System Enchancement Technology for Aquatic Environments, Oct. 29-Nov. 2, 1995, Tokyo, Japan.
231. I.K. Workman J.W. Watson and C.W. Taylor Jr. 1992 Trawl gear modifications to reduce bycatch in the southeastern United States shrimp fishery. Southeast Fisheries Science Center,Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS Draft manuscript. National Marine Fisheries Service
232. I. Workman J. Watson D. Foster C. Taylor A. Shah and J. Barbour 1994 Status report on the potential of gear modifications to reduce finfish bycatch in shrimp trawls in the southeastern United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center Pascagoula Laboratory Pascagoula, MS 1993 Annual Report.
233. Y.M. Ye 2002 Bias in estimating bycatch-to-shrimp-ratios Aquat. Living Resour. 15 3 149-154