Recommendations for diagnosis and multimodal primary therapy for rectal carcinoma 2004;Empfehlungen zu diagnostik und multimodaler primärtherapie des rektumkarzinoms 2004

Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift

Volumn 117, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 154-171

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAPECITABINE; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; LEVAMISOLE; SEMUSTINE;

ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; COLONOSCOPY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION; ECHOGRAPHY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY; LUNG METASTASIS; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PROGNOSIS; RECTUM BIOPSY; RECTUM CARCINOMA; RECTUM RESECTION; REVIEW; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY;

AUSTRIA; HUMANS; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; RECTAL NEOPLASMS;

EID: 17144418539     PISSN: 00435325     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00508-005-0323-1     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Aberle DR, Gamsu G, Henschke CI, Naidich DP, Swensen SJ (2001) A consensus Statement of Society of Thoracic Radiology: screening for lung cancer with helical computed tomography. J Thorac Imaging 16: 65-68
2. Advanced Colorectal Cancer Meta-Analysis Project (1992) Modulation of fluorouracil by leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: evidence in terms of response rate. J Clin Oncol 10: 896-903
3. Andre T, Boni C, Mounedji-Boudiaf L, et al (2004) Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. N Engl J Med 350: 2343-2351
4. André T, Colin P, Louvet C, et al (2003) Semimonthly versus monthly regimen of fluorouracil and leucovorin administered for 24 or 36 weeks as adjuvant therapy in stage II and III colon cancer: results of a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 21: 2896-2903
5. Arbman G, Nilsson E, Hallböök O, Sjödahl R (1996) Local recurrence following total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Br J Surg 83: 375-379
6. Banerjee AK, Jehle EC, Shorthouse AJ, Buess G (1995) Local excision of rectal tumours. Br J Surg 82: 1165-1173
7. Beets-Tan RG, Beets GL, Vliegen RF, Kessels AG, Van Boven H, De Bruine A, von Meyenfeldt MF, Beaten CG, van Engelshoven JM (2001) Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in prediction of tumour-free resection margin in rectal cancer surgery. Lancet 357: 497-504
8. Buess G, Hutterer F, Theiss J, Bobel M, Isselhard W, Pichlmaier H (1984) Das System für die transanale, endoskopische Rektumoperation. Chirurg 55: 677-680
9. Byfield JE, Calabro-Jones P, Klisak I, et al (1982) Pharmacologic requirements for obtaining sensitization of human tumor cells in vitro to combined 5-fluorouracil or ftorafur and X rays. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 8: 1923-1933
10. Cammà C, Giunta M, Fiorica F, et al (2000) Preoperative radiotherapy for resectable rectal cancer. JAMA 284: 1008-1015
11. Carraro S, Roca EL, Cartelli C, et al (2002) Radiochemotherapy with short daily infusion of low-dose oxaliplatin, leucovorin, and 5-FU in T3-T4 unresectable rectal cancer: a phase II IATTGI study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54: 397-402
12. Colorectal Cancer Colloborative Group (2001) Adjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer: a systematic overview of 8,507 patients from 22 randomised trials. Lancet 358: 1291-304
13. Corvo R, Pastrone I, Scolaro T, et al (2003) Radiotherapy and oral capecitabine in preoperative treatment of patients with rectal cancer: rationale, prelimary results and perspectives. Tumori 89: 361-367
14. de Gramont A, Bosset JF, Milan C, et al (1997) Randomized trial comparing monthly low-dose leucovorin and fluorouracil bolus with bimonthly high-dose leucovorin and fluorouracil bolus plus continuous infusion for advanced colorectal cancer: a French intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 15: 808-815
15. De Haas-Kock DFM, Baeten CGMI, Jager JJ, Langendijk JA, Schouten LJ, Volovics A, Arends JW (1996) Prognostic significance of radial margins of clearance in rectal cancer. Br J Surg 83: 781-785
16. Douglass HO Jr, Moertel CG, Mayer RJ, et al (1986) Survival after postoperative combination treatment of rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 315: 1294-1295
17. Dukes CE (1932) The classification of cancer of the rectum the rectum. J Pathol Bacteriol 35: 323-332
18. Dunst J, Reese T, Sutter T, et al (2002) Phase I trial evaluating the concurrent combination of radiotherapy and capecitabine in rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 20: 3983-3991
19. Finan PJ, Ritchie JK, Hawley PR (1987) Synchronous and 'early' metachronous carcinomas of the colon and rectum. Br J Surg 74: 945-947
20. Fisher B, Wolmark N, Rockette H, et al (1988) Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy for rectal cancer: results from NSABP Protocol R-01. J Natl Cancer Inst 80: 21-29
21. Freyer G, Bossard N, Romestaing P, et al (2001) Addition of oxaliplatin to continuous fluorouracil, L-folinic acid, and concomitant radiotherapy in rectal cancer: the lyon R 97-03 phase I trial. J Clin Oncol 19: 2433-2439
22. Frykholm GJ, Glimelius B, Pahlman L (1993) Preoperative or postoperative irradiation in adenocarcinoma of the rectum: final treatment results of a randomized trial and an evaluation of late secondary effects. Dis Colon Rectum 36: 564-572
23. Fürst A, Suttner S, Agha A, Beham A, Jauch KW (2003) Colonic J-pouch vs. coloplasty following resection of distal rectal cancer: early results of a prospective, randomized, pilot study. Dis Colon Rectum 46: 1161-1166
24. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group (1985) Prolongation of the disease-free interval in surgically treated rectal carcinoma. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. N Engl J Med 312: 1465-1472
25. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group (1992) Radiation therapy and fluorouracil with or without semustine for the treatment of patients with surgical adjuvant adenocarcinoma of the rectum. J Clin Oncol 10: 549-557
26. Grothey A, Kellermann L, Schmoll HJ (2002) Defizite in der Behandlung von Patienten mit kolorektalem Karzinom in Deutschland. Med Klin 97: 270-277
27. Hallböök O, Pahlman L, Krog M, Wexner SD, Sjödahl R (1996) Randomized comparison of straight and colonic J pouch anastomosis after low anterior resection. Ann Surg 224: 58-65
28. Haller DG, Catalano PJ, Mac Donald JS, et al (1998) Fluorouracil (FU), leucovorin (LV) and levamisol (LEV) adjuvant therapy for colon cancer: five year report! of INT 0089. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 17 (abstr 982)
29. Heald RJ (1988) The 'Holy Plane' of rectal surgery. J Roy Soc Med 81: 503-508
30. Heald RJ, Husband EM, Ryall RD (1982) The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery - the clue to pelvic recurrence? Br J Surg 69: 613-616
31. Heald RJ, Moran BJ, Ryall RDH, Sexton R, MacFarlane JK (1998) Rectal cancer. The basingstoke experience of total mesorectal excision, 1978-1997. Arch Surg 133: 894-899
32. Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, Mirtcheva R, McGuinnes G, McCaul Miettinen OS, ELCAP Group (2002) CT screening for lung cancer: frequency and significance of solid and nonsolid nodules. AJR 178: 1053-1057
33. Herbst F (2003) Pelvic radiological imaging: a surgeon's perspective. Eur J Radiol 47: 135-141
34. Hermanek P, Altendorf A (1981) Classification of colorectal carcinomas with regional lymphatic metastases. Pathol Res Pract 173: 1-11
35. Hermanek P, Gall FP (1986) Early (microinvasive) colorectal carcinoma. Pathology, diagnosis, surgical treatment. Int J Colorectal Dis 1: 79-84
36. Hida J, Yasutomi M, Fujimoto K, Okuno K, Ieda S, Machidera N, Kubo R, Shindo K, Koh K (1996) Functional outcome after low anterior resection with low anastomosis for rectal cancer using the colonic J-pouch. Prospective randomized study for determination of optimum pouch size. Dis Colon Rectum 39: 986-991
37. Hida J, Yasutomi M, Maruyama T, Fujimoto K, Uchida T, Okuno K (1997) Lymph nodes detected in the mesorectum distal to carcinoma by the clearing method: justification of total mesorectal excision. J Am Coll Surg 184: 584-588
38. Hildebrandt U, Feifel G (1985) Preoperative staging of rectal cancer by intrarectal ultrasound. Dis Colon Rectum 28: 42-46
39. Hildebrandt U, Klein T, Feifel G, Schwarz HP, Koch B, Schmitt RM (1990) Endosonography of pararectal lymph nodes. In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Dis Colon Rectum 33: 863-868
40. Hill GL, Rafique M (1998) Extrafascial excision of the rectum for rectal cancer. Br J Surg 85: 809-812
41. Ho YH, Brown S, Heah SM, Tsang C, Seow-Choen F, Eu KW, Tang CL (2002) Comparison of J-pouch and coloplasty pouch for low rectal cancers: a randomized, controlled trial investigating functional results and comparative anastomotic leak rates. Ann Surg 236: 49-55
42. Impact study group (1995) Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in colon cancer. Lancet 345: 939-944
43. Janjan NA, Abbruzzese J, Pazdur R, Khoo VS, Cleary K, Dubrow R, Ajani J, Rich TA, Goswitz MS, Evetts PA, Allen PK, Lynch PM, Skibber JM (1999) Prognostic implications of response to preoperative infusional chemoradiation in locally advanced rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol 51: 153-160
44. Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, Putter H, Steup WH, Wiggers T, Rutten HJ, Pahlman L, Glimelius B, van Krieken JH, Leer JW, van de Velde CJ (2001) Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 345: 638-646
45. Killingback M (1992) Local excision of carcinoma of the rectum: indications. World J Surg 16: 437-447
46. Kinkel K, Lu Y, Both M, Warren RS, Thoeni RF (2002) Detection of hepatic metastases from cancer of the gastrointestinaltract by using non-invasive imaging methods (US, CT, MR imaging, PET): a meta-analysis. Radiology 224: 748-756
47. Köckerling F, Reymond MA, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Dworak O, Hohenberger W (1998) Influence of surgery on metachronous distant metastases and survival in rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 16: 324-329
48. Krook JE, Moertel CG, Gunderson LL, et al (1991) Effective surgical adjuvant therapy for high-risk rectal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 324: 709-715
49. Kudo S, Tamure S, Nakajima T, Hirota S, Asano M, Ito O, Kusaka H (1995) Depressed type of colorectal cancer. Endoscopy 27: 54-57
50. Kusunoki M, Shoji Y, Yanagi H, Hatada T, Fujita S, Sakanoue Y, Yamamura T, Utsunomiya J (1991) Function after anoabdominal rectal resection and colonic J pouch-anal anastomosis. Br J Surg 78: 1434-1438
51. Law WL, Chu KW (2004) Anterior resection for rectal cancer with mesorectal excision: a prospective evaluation of 622 patients. Ann Surg. 240: 260-268
52. Lazorthes F, Chiotasso P, Gamagami RA, Istvan G, Chevreau P (1997) Late clinical outcome in a randomized prospective comparison of colonic J pouch and straight coloanal anastomosis. Br J Surg 84: 1449-1451
53. Leroy J, Jamali F, Forbes L, Smith M, Rubino F, Mutter D, Marescaux J (2004) Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer surgery: long-term outcomes. Surg Endosc 18: 281-289
54. Lopez-Kostner F, Lavery IC, Hool GR, Rybicki LA, Fazio VW (1998) Total mesorectal excision is not necessary for cancers of the upper rectum. Surgery 124: 612-618
55. Machado M, Nygren J, Goldman S, Ljungqvist O (2003) Similar outcome after colonic pouch and side-to-end anastomosis in low anterior resection for rectal cancer: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg 238: 214-220
56. Maier AG, Barton PP, Neuhold NR, Herbst F, Teleky BK, Lechner GL (1997) Peritumoral tissue reaction at transrectal US as a possible cause of overstaging: histopathologic correlation. Radiology 203: 785-789
57. Maier AG, Kersting-Sommerhoff B, Reeders JWAJ, et al (2000) Staging of rectal cancer by double-contrast MR imaging using the rectally administered superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agent ferristene and iv gadodiamide injection: results of a multicenter phase II trial. J Magn Reson Imaging 12: 651-660
58. Mamounas E, Wieand S, Wolmark N, et al (1999) Comparative efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with Dukes' B versus Dukes' C colon cancer: results from four National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project adjuvant studies (C-01, C-02, C-03, and C-04). J Clin Oncol 17: 1349-1355
59. Maughan TS, James RD, Kerr DJ, et al (2003) Comparison of intermittent and continuous palliative chemotherapy for advanced colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 361: 457-464
60. Mentges B, Buess G, Effinger G, Manncke K, Becker HD (1997) Indications and results of local treatment of rectal cancer. Br J Surg 84: 348-351
61. Merkel S, Mansmann U, Siassi M, Papadopoulos T, Hohenberger W, Hermanek P (2001) The prognostic inhomogeneity in pT3 rectal carcinomas. Int J Colorect Dis 16: 298-230
62. Metha VK, Cho C, Ford J, et al (2003) Phase II trial of pre-operative 3D conformal radiotherapy, protracted venous infusion 5-fluorouracil, and weekly CPT-11, followed by surgery for ultrasound-staged t 3 rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 55: 132-137
63. Minsky BD, Cohen AM, Enker WE, Saltz L, Guillem JG, Paty PB, Kelsen DP, Kemeny N, Ilson D, Bass J, Conti J (1997) Preoperative 5-FU, low-dose leucovorin, and radiation therapy for locally advanced and unresectable rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 37: 289-295
64. Miwa M, Ura M, Nishida M, et al (1998) Design of a novel oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate, capecitabine, which generates 5-fluorouracil selectively in tumours by enzymes concentrated in human liver and cancer tissue. Eur J Cancer 34: 1274-1281
65. Moertel CG, Fleming TR, MacDonald JS, et al (1990) Levamisole and fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma. N Engl J Med 322: 352-358
66. Moertel CG, Reitemeier RJ (1969) Advanced gastrointestinal cancer: clinical management and chemotherapy. Harper & Row, New York
67. Mohiuddin M, Regine WF, John WJ, Hagihara PF, McGrath PC, Kenady DE, Marks G (2000) Preoperative chemoradiation in fixed distal rectal cancer: dose time factors for pathological complete response. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46: 883-888
68. Mohiuddin M, Regine WF, Marks GJ, et al (1998) High-dose preoperative radiation and the challenge of sphincter-preservation surgery for cancer of the distal 2 cm of the rectum. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 40: 569-574
69. Nagtegaal ID, Marijnen CA, Kranenbarg EK, van de velde CJ, van Krieken JH Pathology Review Committee Cooperative Clinical Investigators (2002a) Circumferential margin involvement is still an important predictor of local recurrence in rectal carcinoma: not one millimeter but two millimeters is the limit. Am J Surg Pathol 26: 350-357
70. Nagtegaal ID, van de Velde CJ, van der Worp E, Kapitejin E, Quirke P, van Krieken JH (2002b) Macroscopic evaluation of rectal cancer resection specimen: clinical significance of the pathologist in quality control. J Clin Oncol 20: 1714-1715
71. Nascimbeni R, Burgart LJ, Nivatvongs S, Larson DR (2002) Risk of lymph node metastasis in T1 carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 45: 200-206
72. National Cancer Institute - Clinical Announcement (1991) Adjuvant therapy of rectal cancer. U.S. Departement of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, March 14
73. Nicholls RJ, Mason AY, Morson BC, Dixon AK, Fry IK (1982) The clinical staging of rectal cancer. Br J Surg 69: 404-409
74. NIH Consensus Conference (1990) Adjuvant therapy for patients with colon and rectal cancer. JAMA 264: 1444-1450
75. O'Connell MJ, Laurie JA, Kahn M, et al (1998) Prospectively randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with high-risk colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 16: 295-300
76. O'Connell MJ, Martenson JA, Wieand HS, et al (1994) Improving adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer by combining protracted-infusion fluorouracil with radiation therapy after curative surgery. N Engl J Med 331: 502-507
77. Ortiz H, De Miguel M, Armendáriz P, Rodriguez J, Chocarro C (1995) Coloanal anastomosis: are functional results better with a pouch? Dis Colon Rectum 38: 375-377
78. Parks AG (1968) A technique for excising extensive villous papillomatous change in the lower rectum. Proc R Soc Med 61: 441-442
79. Peretz T, Figer A, Borovik R, et al (1997) 5-FU + leucovorin as active and less toxic regimen than 5-FU + levamisole in the adjuvant therapy of colorectal cancer. Israel Cooperative Oncology Group. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 18 (abstr 941)
80. Pickhardt PJ, Choi R, Hwang I, Butler JA, Puckett ML, Hildebrandt HA, Wong RK, Nugent PA, Mysliwiec PA, Schindler WR (2003) Computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy to screen for colorectal neoplasia in asymtomatic adults. N Engl J Med 349: 2191-2200
81. Pollett WG, Nicholls RJ (1983) The relationship between the extent of distal clearance and survival and local recurrence rates after curative anterior resection for carcinoma of the rectum. Ann Surg 70: 159-163
82. Poon MA, O'Connell MJ, Moertel CG, et al (1989) Biochemical modulation of fluorouracil: evidence of significant improvement of survival and quality of life in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 7: 1407-1418
83. Porter GA, Soskolne CL, Yakimets WW, Newman SC (1998) Surgeon-related factors and outcome in rectal cancer. Ann Surg 227: 157-167
84. Quirke P (1997) Rectal cancer surgery. In: Soreide O, Norstein J (eds) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 63-81
85. Ratio C, Ricci R, Rossi C, Morelli U, Vecchio FM, Doglietto GB (2002) Mesorectal microfoci adversely affect the prognosis of patients with rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 45: 733-742
86. Rex DK, Weddle RA, Lehman GA, Poznd DC, O'Connor KW, Hawes RH, Dittus RS, Lappas JC, Lumeng L (1990) Flexible sigmoidoscopy plus air contrast barium enema versus colonoscopy for suspected lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology 98: 855-861
87. Rödel C, Grabenbauer GC, Papadopoulos T, et al (2003) Phase I/II trial of capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and radiation for rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 21: 3098-3104
88. Roh MS, Petrelli N, Wieand H, et al (2001) Phase II randomised trial of preoperative versus postoperative multimodality therapy in patients with carcinoma of threctum (NSABP R-03). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 20 (abstr 490)
89. Rosen HR, Urbarz C, Novi G, Zöch G, Schiessel R (2002) Long-term results of modified graciloplasty for sphincter replacement after rectal excision. Colorectal Dis 4: 266-269
90. Rothenberg ML, Oza AM, Bigelow RH, et al (2003) Superiority of oxaliplatin and fluorouracil-leucovorin compared with either therapy alone in patients with progressive colorectal cancer after irinotecan and fluorouracil-leucovorin: interim results of a phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 21: 2059-2069
91. Saini A, Cunningham D, Norman AR, et al (2000) Multicentre randomized trial of protected venous infusion (PVI) 5 FU compared to 5 FU/folinic acid (5FU/FA) as adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 19 (abstr 928)
92. Sauer R, Becker H, Hohenberger W, Rodel C, Wittekind C, Fietkau R, Martus P, Tschmelitsch J, Hager E, Hess CF, Karstens JH, Liersch T, Schmidberger H, Raab R; German Rectal Cancer Study Group (2004) Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 351: 1731-1740
93. Sawada N, Ishikawa T, Sekiguchi F, et al (1999) X-ray irradiation induces thymidine phosphorylase and enhances the efficacy of capecitabine (Xeloda) in human cancer xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 5: 2948-2953
94. Scheidbach H, Schneider C, Huegel O, Bärlehner E, Konradt K, Wittekind C, Köckerling F (2002) Laparoscopic sigmoid resection for cancer: curative resection and preliminary medium-term results. Dis Colon Rectum 45: 1641-1647
95. Schiessel R, Karner-Hanusch J, Herbst F, Teleky B, Wunderlich M (1994) Intersphincteric resection for low rectal tumours. Br J Surg 81: 1376-1378
96. Schiessel R, Wunderlich M, Herbst F (1986) Local recurrence of colorectal cancer: effect of early detection and aggressive surgery. Br J Surg 73: 342-344
97. Schrag D, Gelfand SE, Bach PB, et al (2001) Who gets adjuvant treatment for stage II and III rectal cancer? Insight from surveillance, epidemiology, and end results-medicare. J Clin Oncol 19: 3712-3718
98. Scott N, Jackson P, Al-Jaberi T, Dixon MF, Quirke P, Finan PJ (1995) Total mesorectal excision and local recurrence: a study of tumour spread in the mesorectum distal to rectal cancer. Br J Surg 82: 1031-1033
99. Seow-Choen F, Goh HS (1995) Prospective randomized trial comparing J colonic pouch-anal anastomosis and straight coloanal reconstruction. Br J Surg 82: 608-610
100. Smalley SR, Benedetti J, Williamson S, et al (2003) Intergroup 0144-phase III trial of 5-FU based chemotherapy regimes plus radiotherapy (XRT) in postoperative adjuvant rectal cancer. Bolus 5-FU vs prolonged venous infusion (PVI) before and after XRT + PVI vs.bolus 5-FU + leucovorin (LV) + levamisole (LEV) before and after XRT + bolus 5-FU + LV Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 22 (abstr 1006)
101. Stelzner F (1995) Das echte und das falsche Lokalrezidiv nach der Kontinenzresektion des Rektumkarzinoms. Chirurg 67: 611-620
102. Swedish Rectal Cancer-Trial (1997) Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 336: 980-987
103. Tepper JE (2001) Adjuvant radiation therapy of rectal cancer. (Editorial) J Clin Oncol 19: 3709-3711
104. Tepper JE, O'Connell MJ, Niedzwiecki D, et al (2001) Impact of number of nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 19: 157-163
105. Tepper JE, O'Connell M, Niedzwiecki D, et al (2002) Adjuvant therapy in rectal cancer: analysis of stage, sex, and local control - Final report of intergroup 0114. J Clin Oncol 20: 1744-1750
106. Thoeni RF (1997) Colorectal cancer. Radiologic staging. Radiol Clin North Am 35: 457-485
107. Tveit KM, Guldvog I, Hagen S, et al (1997) Randomized controlled trial of postoperative radiotherapy and short-term time-scheduled 5-fluorouracil against surgery alone in the treatment of Dukes B and C rectal cancer. Br J Surg 84: 1130-1135
108. UICC TNM Supplement (2001) 2nd edn. In: Wittekind CH, Henson DE, Hutter RVP, Sobin LH (eds) John Wiley & Sons, New York
109. UICC (2002) TNM Klassifikation maligner Tumoren, 6. Aufl. In: Wittekind CH, Meyer H-J, Bootz F (Hrsg) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
110. Urban M, Rosen HR, Hölbling N, Feil W, Hochwarther G, Hruby W, Schiessel R (2000) MR Imaging for the preoperative planning of sphincter-saving surgery for tumours of the lower third of the rectum: use of intravenous and endorectal contrast materials. Radiology 214: 503-508
111. Valentini V, Coco C, Picciocchi A, Morganti AG, Trodella L, Ciabattoni A, Cellini F, Barbara B, Cogliandolo S, Nuzzo G, Doglietto GB, Ambesi-Impiombato F, Cosimelli M (2002) Does downstaging predict improved outcome after preoperative chemoradiation for extraperitoneal locally advanced rectal cancer? A long-term analysis of 165 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 53: 664-674
112. Volter V, Stupp R, Matter M, et al (2003) Preoperative hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (HART) and concomitant