Cognitive outcome in traumatic brain injury survivors

Current Opinion in Critical Care

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 111-116

  Salmond, Claire Helen ^a   Sahakian, Barbara Jacquelyn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Behaviour cognition; Cognitive rehabilitation; Head injury; Psychiatric symptoms

Indexed keywords

CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; DONEPEZIL; LAMOTRIGINE; PLACEBO;

ATTENTION; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; BRAIN INJURY; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEVICE; DRUG UTILIZATION; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PILOT STUDY; PSYCHOTHERAPY; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; TASK PERFORMANCE; VISUAL CORTEX;

BRAIN INJURIES; COGNITION DISORDERS; HUMANS; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 16844371476     PISSN: 10705295     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.ccx.0000155358.31983.37     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Ghajar J. Traumatic brain injury. Lancet 2000; 356:923-929.
2. Field JH. Epidemiology in head injury in England and Wales. London: Research Division, Dept of Health and Social Security; 1975.
3. Jennett B. Epidemiology of head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 60:362-369.
4. Max W, MacKenzie EJ, Rice DP. Head Injuries: Cost and Consequences. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1991; 6:76-91.
5. Deb S, Lyons I, Koutzoukis C, et al. Rate of psychiatric illness 1 year after traumatic brain injury. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:374-378.
6. Hellawell DJ, Taylor RT, Pentland B. Cognitive and psychosocial outcome following moderate or severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 1999; 13: 489-504.
7. Max JE, Roberts MA, Koele SL, et al. Cognitive outcome in children and adolescents following severe traumatic brain injury: influence of psychosocial, psychiatric, and injury-related variables. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1999; 5: 58-68.
8. Max JE, Koele SL, Castillo CC, et al. Personality change disorder in children and adolescents following traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2000; 6:279-289.
9. Chan RC. Attentional deficits in patients with closed head injury: a further study to the discriminative validity of the test of everyday attention. Brain Inj 2000; 14:227-236.
10. Fortin S, Godbout L, Braun CM. Cognitive structure of executive deficits in frontally lesioned head trauma patients performing activities of daily living. Cortex 2003; 39:273-291.
11. Robertson IH, Manly T, Andrade J, et al. 'Oops!': performance correlates of everyday attentional failures in traumatic brain injured and normal subjects. Neuropsychologia 1997; 35:747-758.
12. Arcia E, Gualtieri CT. Neurobehavioural performance of adults with closed-head injury, adults with attention deficit, and controls. Brain Inj 1994; 8: 395-404.
13. Polo MD, Newton P, Rogers D, et al. ERPs and behavioural indices of long-term preattentive and attentive deficits after closed head injury. Neuropsychologia 2002; 40:2350-2359.
14. Whyte J, Polansky M, Fleming M, et al. Sustained arousal and attention after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia 1995; 33:797-813.
15. McAllister TW, Flashman LA, Sparling MB, Saykin AJ. Working memory deficits after traumatic brain injury: catecholaminergic mechanisms and prospects for treatment - a review. Brain Inj 2004; 18:331-350. A review of neural basis of working memory, impairments in working memory in TBI survivors and catecholamine treatment.
16. Fortin S, Godbout L, Braun CM. Strategic sequence planning and prospective memory impairments in frontally lesioned head trauma patients performing activities of daily living. Brain Cogn 2002; 48:361-365.
17. Mathias JL, Beall JA, Bigler ED. Neuropsychological and information processing deficits following mild traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2004; 10:286-297.
18. Ríos M, Periáñez JA, Muñoz-Céspedes JM. Attentional control and slowness of information processing after severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2004; 18:257-272. This study identified four component cognitive factors thought to underlie attentional impairments post TBI.
19. Dockree PM, Kelly SP, Roche RA, et al. Behavioural and physiological impairments of sustained attention after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2004; 20:403-414. This report provides performance and EEG measures of a predictable Go/No-Go task in controls and TBI survivors.
20. Azouvi P, Couillet J, Leclercq M, et al. Divided attention and mental effort after severe traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia 2004; 42:1260-1268. This study revealed the deficit in divided attention post TBI is likely to be associated with reduced attentional resources, rather than difficulties in the allocation of attention.
21. Hammond FM, Hart T, Bushnik T, et al. Change and predictors of change in communication, cognition, and social function between 1 and 5 years after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2004; 19:314-328. A study investigating cognitive, communication and social changes in outcome from 1 year to 5 years post head injury. Many individuals showed no change, slight improvement in memory and planning noted.
22. Jonsson CA, Horneman G, Emanuelson I. Neuropsychological progress during 14 years after severe traumatic brain injury in childhood and adolescence. Brain Inj 2004; 18:921-934. A longitudinal study of children surviving serious TBI, for 14 years post injury. Deteriorating verbal IQ was noted.
23. Perlstein WM, Cole MA, Demery JA, et al. Parametric manipulation of working memory load in traumatic brain injury: behavioral and neural correlates. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2004; 10:724-741. A cognitive investigation into working memory using the n back task in TBI, including a small fMRI (n = 7) study.
24. Easdon C, Levine B, O'Connor C, et al. Neural activity associated with response inhibition following traumatic brain injury: an event-related fMRI investigation. Brain Cogn 2004; 54:136-138. An innovative functional imaging study of a task of inhibition, investigating the neural basis of cognitive deficits in TBI. Using controls matched on behavioural performance to the TBI individuals, decreased activation was found in the prefrontal cortex in the TBI group.
25. Ashman TA, Spielman LA, Hibbard MR, et al. Psychiatric challenges in the first 6 years after traumatic brain injury: cross-sequential analyses of Axis I disorders. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85:S36-S42.
26. Fann JR, Katon WJ, Uomoto JM, Esselman PC. Psychiatric disorders and functional disability in outpatients with traumatic brain injuries. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1493-1499.
27. McAllister TW. Neuropsychiatrie sequelae of head injuries. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1992; 15:395-413.
28. van Reekum R, Bolago I, Finlayson MA, et al. Psychiatric disorders after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 1996; 10:319-327.
29. Jorge RE, Robinson RG, Moser D, et al. Major depression following traumatic brain injury. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61:42-50. This study investigated the clinical, neuropsychological and structural correlates of depression in TBI survivors.
30. Glaesser J, Neuner F, Lütgehetmann R, et al. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in patients with traumatic brain injury. BMC Psychiatry 2004; 4:5. This study investigated the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder in TBI survivors.
31. Tavares JV, Drevets WC, Sahakian BJ. Cognition in mania and depression. Psychol Med 2003; 33:959-967.
32. Warriner EM, Rourke BP, Velikonja D, Metham L. Subtypes of emotional and behavioural sequelae in patients with traumatic brain injury. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology 2003; 25:904-917. This study reports on a cluster analysis of emotional and behavioural sequelae in 300 TBI survivors. Six profiles were identified, see Table 1.
33. Geraldina P, Mariarosaria L, Annarita A, et al. Neuropsychiatric sequelae in TBI: a comparison across different age groups. Brain Inj 2003; 17:835-846. This study describes the psychological and behavioural problems found in children surviving head injury. The profiles are found to vary with age at injury.
34. Harmsen M, Geurts AC, Fasotti L, Bevaart BJ. Positive behavioural disturbances in the rehabilitation phase after severe traumatic brain injury: an historic cohort study. Brain Inj 2004; 18:787-796.
35. Wassenberg R, Max JE, Lindgren SD, Schatz A. Sustained attention in children and adolescents after traumatic brain injury: relation to severity of injury, adaptive functioning, ADHD and social background. Brain Inj 2004; 18:751-764. This study examined the factors that might predict TBI outcome. The number of omission errors obtained immediately after TBI was found to predict later onset of secondary ADHD.
36. Milders M, Fuchs S, Crawford JR. Neuropsychological impairments and changes in emotional and social behaviour following severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology 2003; 25:157-172. This study investigated the relationship between cognitive and socioemotional changes post head injury.
37. Franulic A, Carbonell CG, Pinto P, Sepulveda I. Psychosocial adjustment and employment outcome 2, 5 and 10 years after TBI. Brain Inj 2004; 18: 119-129. This study examined predictors of return to work and psychosocial status post TBI.
38. Engberg AW, Teasdale TW. Psychosocial outcome following traumatic brain injury in adults: a long-term population-based follow-up. Brain Inj 2004; 18:533-545. A cross-sectional survey of survivors of TBI at 5, 10 and 15 years post injury.
39. Stern Y. What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2002; 8:448-460.
40. Shiraishi H, Chang CC, Kanno H, Yamamoto I. The relationship between cerebral blood flow and cogntiive function in patients with brain insult of various etiology. J Clin Neurosci 2004; 11:138-141.
41. Coles JP, Fryer TD, Smielewski P, et al. Incidence and mechanisms of cerebral ischemia in early clinical head injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004.
42. Friedman G, Froom P, Sazbon L, et al. Apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 genotype predicts a poor outcome in survivors of traumatic brain injury. Neurology 1999; 52:244-248.
43. Lichtman SW, Seliger G, Tycko B, Marder K. Apolipoprotein E and functional recovery from brain injury following postacute rehabilitation. Neurology 2000; 55:1536-1539.
44. Teasdale GM, Nicoll JA, Murray G, Fiddes M. Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with outcome after head injury. Lancet 1997; 350:1069-1071.
45. Millar K, Nicoll JA, Thornhill S, et al. Long term neuropsychological outcome after head injury: relation to APOE genotype. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74:1047-1052.
46. Mayeux R, Ottman R, Tang MX, et al. Genetic susceptibility and head injury as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease among community-dwelling elderly persons and their first-degree relatives. Ann Neurol 1993; 33:494-501.
47. Mortimer JA, French LR, Mutton JT, Schuman LM. Head injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1985; 35:264-267.
48. O'Meara ES, Kukull WA, Sheppard L, et al. Head injury and risk of Alzheimer's disease by apolipoprotein E genotype. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 146:373-384.
49. Van Duijn CM, Clayton DG, Chandra V, et al. Interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a reanalysis of case-control studies. EURODEM Risk Factors Research Group. Genet Epidemiol 1994; 11:539-551.
50. Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, et al. Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:6917-6922. This genetic study reports differences in executive function according to COMT genotype.
51. Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, et al. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003; 301:386-389. This longitudinal study examined the relationship between genetic profile and the development of depression following stressful experiences.
52. Murrey GJ, Starzinski D. An inpatient neurobehavioural rehabilitation programme for persons with traumatic brain injury: overview of and outcome data for the Minnesota Neurorehabilitation. Brain Inj 2004; 18:519-531.
53. Cicerone KD, Mott T, Azulay J, Friel JC. Community integration and satisfaction with functioning after intensive cognitive rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85:943-950. This study evaluated a program of intensive cognitive rehabilitation in comparison to a standard neurorehabilitation program, in terms of community integration and satisfaction with functioning. The intensive program was found to be more effective.
54. Kapur N, Glisky EL, Wilson BA. Technological memory aids for people with memory deficits. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2004; 14:41-60.
55. Kirsch NL, Shenton M, Rowan J. A generic, 'in-house', alphanumeric paging system for prospective activity impairments after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2004; 18:725-734. This paper is a report of a case study of use of a paging system to improve use of a daily planner.
56. Hart T, O'Neil-Pirozzi T, Morita C. Clinician expectations for portable electronic devices as cognitive-behavioural orthoses in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation. Brain Inj 2003; 17:401-411. This study investigated the experiences and expectations in rehabiliation clinicans regarding the use of technology.
57. Laatsch LK, Thulborn KR, Krisky CM, et al. Investigating the neurobiological basis of cognitive rehabilitation therapy with fMRI. Brain Inj 2004; 18:957-974. This fMRI study examined the neural changes occurring following cognitive rehabilitation: The authors report changes in the pattern and extent of the activation occurring post therapy. A wide degree of individual variation was noted.
58. Hawley CA, Ward AB, Magnay AR, Mychalkiw W. Return to school after brain injury. Arch Dis Child 2004; 89:136-142. This study evaluated the support provided to children with TBI as they return to school.
59. Hawley CA. Reported problems and their resolution following mild, moderate and severe traumatic brain injury amongst children and adolescents in the UK. Brain Inj 2003; 17:105-129. This study examined the difficulties faced by families of children post TBI. Significant maladaptive behaviours and anxiety were found.
60. Ponsford J, Olver J, Ponsford M, Nelms R. Long-term adjustment of families following traumatic brain injury where comprehensive rehabilitation has been provided. Brain Inj 2003; 17:453-468. This study examined the emotional adjustment of relatives of individuals with TBI.
61. Butera-Prinzi F, Perlesz A. Through children's eyes: children's experience of living with a parent with an acquired brain injury. Brain Inj 2004; 18:83-101. This is a qualitative study of the experiences of four children of survivors of head injury.
62. Leonard BE, McCartan D, White J, King DJ. Methylphenidate: a review of its neuropharmacological, neuropsychological and adverse clinical effects. Hum Psychopharmacol 2004; 19:151-180. This is a detailed review of methylphenidate and its use in head injury. The article includes consideration of dosing and methodological limitations of studies to date.
63. Zhang L, Plotkin RC, Wang G, et al. Cholinergic augmentation with donepezil enhances recovery in short-term memory and sustained attention after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85:1050-1055. This study describes a randomized, placebo control, crossover design trial of 10-week administration of donepezil. Recovery of cognitive function was enhanced by donepezil. There was also evidence for carry over of these improvements when the drug was no longer administered.
64. McDowell S, Whyte J, D'Esposito M. Differential effect of a dopaminergic agonist on prefrontal function in traumatic brain injury patients. Brain 1998; 121:1155-1164.
65. Pachet A, Friesen S, Winkelaar D, Gray S. Beneficial behavioural effects of lamotrigine in traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2003; 17:715-722. This case study reports decreased aggressive behaviour following lamotrigine treatment.
66. Walker W, Seel R, Gibellato M, et al. The effects of Donepezil on traumatic brain injury acute rehabilitation outcomes. Brain Inj 2004; 18:739-750. This study reported that donepezil administered early in rehabilitation enhances cognitive outcome.