Regional differences in diving behavior of harbor seals in the Gulf of Alaska

Canadian Journal of Zoology

Volumn 82, Issue 11, 2004, Pages 1755-1773

  Hastings, K K ^a   Frost, K J ^b   Simpkins, M A ^c,e   Pendleton, G W ^a   Swain, U G ^d   Small, R J ^a  

^a ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS   (United States)

^c NOAA National Marine Mammal Laboratory   (United States)

^d Marine Mammal Commission ^*  (United States)

^e Marine Mammal Commission   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; BIODIVERSITY; CLIMATE CHANGE; DATA RECORDING; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; PARAMETER ESTIMATION; PORTS AND HARBORS; SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS;

DIURNAL PATTERNS; DIVING BEHAVIOR; PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND (PWS); SATELLITE DATA RECORDERS; SUBADULT HARBOR SEALS;

FISHERIES;

DEPTH; DIVING BEHAVIOR; GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION; PINNIPED;

GULF OF ALASKA; OCEANIC REGIONS; PACIFIC OCEAN; WORLD;

PHOCA; PHOCA VITULINA RICHARDII; PHOCIDAE;

EID: 16844363761     PISSN: 00084301     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/Z04-145     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Angliss, R.P., Demaster, D.P., and Lopez, A.L. 2001. Alaska marine mammal stock assessments, 2001. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-124.
2. Baechler, J., Beck, C.A., and Bowen, W.D. 2002. Dive shapes reveal temporal changes in the foraging behaviour of different age and sex classes of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina). Can. J. Zool. 80: 1569-1577.
3. Beck, C.A., Bowen, W.D., McMillan, J.I., and Iverson, S.J. 2003. Sex differences in diving at multiple temporal scales in a size-dimorphic capital breeder. J. Anim. Ecol. 72: 979-993.
4. Bekkby, T., and Bjørge, A. 2000. Diving behaviour of harbour seal Phoca vitulina pups from nursing to independent feeding. J. Sea Res. 44: 267-275.
5. Bjørge, A., Thompson, D., Hammond, P., Fedak, M., Bryant, E., Aarefjord, H. et al. 1995. Habitat use and diving behaviour of harbour seals in a coastal archipelago in Norway. In Whales, seals, fish and man. Edited by A.S. Blix, L. Walløe, and Ø. Ulltang. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. pp. 211-223.
6. Bone, Q., Marshall, N.B., and Blaxter, J.H.S. 1995. Biology of fishes. 2nd ed. Chapman and Hall, Glasgow.
7. Boness, D.J., Bowen, W.D., and Oftedal, O.T. 1994. Evidence of a maternal foraging cycle resembling that of otariid seals in a small phocid, the harbor seal. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 34: 95-104.
8. Boveng, P.L., Bengtson, J.L., Withrow, D.E., Cesarone, J.C., Simpkins, M.A., Frost, K.J., and Burns, J.J. 2003. The abundance of harbor seals in the Gulf of Alaska. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 19:111-127.
9. Bowen, W.D., and Harrison, G.D. 1996. Comparison of harbour seal diets in two inshore habitats of Atlantic Canada. Can. J. Zool. 74: 125-135.
10. Bowen, W.D., Boness, D.J., and Iverson, S.J. 1999. Diving behaviour of lactating harbour seals and their pups during maternal foraging trips. Can. J. Zool. 77: 978-988.
11. Bowen, W.D., Tully, D., Boness, D.J., Bulheier, B.M., and Marshall, G.J. 2002. Prey-dependent foraging tactics and prey profitability in a marine mammal. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 244: 235-245.
12. Boyd, I.L., McCafferty, D.J., Reid, K., Taylor, R., and Walker, T.R. 1998. Dispersal of male and female Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55: 845-852.
13. Brodeur, R.D., and Wilson, M.T. 1996. Mesoscale acoustic patterns of juvenile walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the western Gulf of Alaska. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 1951-1963.
14. Burns, J.M., Schreer, J.F., and Castellini, M.A. 1997. Physiological effects on dive patterns and foraging strategies in yearling Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii). Can. J. Zool. 75: 1796-1810.
15. Coltman, D.W., Bowen, W.D., Boness, D.J., and Iverson, S.J. 1997. Balancing foraging and reproduction in the male harbour seal, an aquatically mating pinniped. Anim. Behav. 54: 663-678.
16. Coltman, D.W., Bowen, W.D., Iverson, S.J., and Boness, D.J. 1998. The energetics of male reproduction in an aquatically mating pinniped, the harbour seal. Physiol. Zool. 71: 387-399.
17. Fadely, B.S. 1997. Investigations of health status and body condition of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Gulf of Alaska. Ph.D. thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska.
18. Feder, H.M., and Jewett, S.C. 1986. The subtidal benthos. In Gulf of Alaska, physical environment and biological resources. Edited by D.W. Hood and S.T. Zimmerman. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 347-396.
19. Frost, K.J., Lowry, L.F., Ver Hoef, J.M., and Iverson, S.J. 1997. Monitoring, habitat use, and trophic interactions of harbor seals in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Annual report to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. Restoration Project 96064. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, Fairbanks, Alaska.
20. Frost, K.J., Lowry, L.F., and Ver Hoef., J.M. 1999. Monitoring the trend of harbor seals in Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 15: 494-506.
21. Frost, K.J., Simpkins, M.A., and Lowry, L.F. 2001. Diving behavior of subadult and adult harbor seals in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 17: 813-834.
22. Gjertz, I., Lydersen, C., and Wiig, Ø. 2001. Distribution and diving of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in Svalbard. Polar Biol. 24: 209-214.
23. Goodwin, B.J., and Fahrig, L. 1998. Spatial scaling and animal population dynamics. In Ecological scale. Edited by D.L. Peterson and V.T. Parker. Columbia University Press, New York. pp. 193-206.
24. Gotthardt, T. 2001. The foraging ecology of harbor seals in south-central Prince William Sound, Alaska: 1994-1997. M.Sc. thesis, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska.
25. Helfman, G.S., Collette, B.B., and Facey, D.E. 1997. The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Mass.
26. Hoover-Miller, A.A. 1994. Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) biology and management in Alaska. Report to the Marine Mammal Commission, contract number T75134749, 1825 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA.
27. Härkönen, T., and Harding, K.C. 2001. Spatial structure of harbour seal populations and the implications thereof. Can. J. Zool. 79: 2115-2127.
28. Iverson, S.J., Frost, K.J., and Lowry, L.F. 1997. Fatty acid signatures reveal fine scale structure of foraging distribution of harbor seals and their prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 151: 255-271.
29. Kleiber, M. 1961. The fire of life: an introduction to animal energetics. Wiley, New York.
30. Kooyman, G.L. 1989. Diverse divers: physiology and behavior. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
31. Krafft, B.A., Lydersen, C., Gjertz, I., and Kovacs, K.M. 2002. Diving behavior of subadult harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) at Prins Karls Forland, Svalbard. Polar Biol. 25: 230-234.
32. Le Boeuf, B.J., Costa, D.P., Huntley, A.C., and Feldkamp, S.D. 1988. Continuous, deep diving in female northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris. Can. J. Zool. 66: 446-458.
33. Le Boeuf, B.J., Crocker, D.E., Costa, D.P., Blackwell, S.B., Webb, P.M., and Houser, D.S. 2000. Foraging ecology of northern elephant seals. Ecol. Monogr. 70: 353-382.
34. Lesage, V., Hammill, M.O., and Kovacs, K.M. 1999. Functional classification of harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) dives using depth profiles, swimming velocity, and an index to foraging success. Can. J. Zool. 77: 74-87.
35. Levin, S.A. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology, 73: 1943-1967.
36. Logerwell, E.A., and Hargreaves, N.B. 1996. The distribution of sea birds relative to their fish prey off Vancouver Island: opposing results at large and small spatial scales. Fish. Oceanogr. 5: 163-175.
37. Lowry, L.F., Frost, K.J., Ver Hoef, J.M., and DeLong, R.A. 2001. Movements of satellite-tagged subadult and adult harbor seals in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 17: 835-861.
38. McLaren, I.A. 1993. Growth in pinnipeds. Biol. Rev. 68: 1-79.
39. Mueter, F.J., and Norcross, B.L. 2002. Spatial and temporal patterns in the demersal fish community on the shelf and upper slope regions of the Gulf of Alaska. Fish. Bull. (Wash., D.C.), 100: 559-581.
40. Paradis, E., Baillie, S.R., Sutherland, W.J., and Gregory, R.D. 2002. Exploring density-dependent relationships in demographic parameters in populations of birds at a large spatial scale. Oikos, 97: 293-307.
41. Pickard, G.L. 1967. Some oceanographic characteristics of the larger inlets of Southeast Alaska. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 24: 1475-1506.
42. Pitcher, K.W. 1977. Population productivity and food habits of harbor seals in the Prince William Sound - Copper River Delta Area, Alaska. Final report to the US Marine Mammal Commission, Washington, D.C., contract number MM5AC011.
43. Pitcher, K.W. 1980. Food of the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina richardsi, in the Gulf of Alaska. Fish. Bull. (Wash., D.C.), 78: 544-549.
44. Pitcher, K.W. 1990. Major decline in number of harbor seals, Phoca vitulina richardsi, on Tugidak Island, Gulf of Alaska. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 6: 121-134.
45. Pitcher, K.W., and Calkins, D.G. 1979. Biology of the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina richardsi, in the Gulf of Alaska. Final report to the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Washington, D.C., contract number 03-5-002-69.
46. Ray, C., and Hastings, A. 1996. Density dependence: are we searching at the wrong spatial scale? J. Anim. Ecol. 65: 556-566.
47. Reed, R.K., and Schumacher, J.D. 1986. Physical oceanography. In Gulf of Alaska. Physical environment and biological resources. Edited by D.W. Hood and S.T. Zimmerman. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 57-75.
48. Rogers, D.E., Rogers, B.J., and Rosenthal, R.J. 1986. The near-shore fish. In Gulf of Alaska, physical environment and biological resources. Edited by D.W. Hood and S.T. Zimmerman. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 399-415.
49. Rose, G.A., and Leggett, W.C. 1990. The importance of scale to predator-prey spatial correlations: an example of Atlantic fishes. Ecology, 71: 33-43.
50. Ryer, C.H., and Olla, B.L. 1998. Effect of light on juvenile walleye pollock shoaling and their interaction with predators. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 167: 215-226.
51. Ryer, C.H., and Olla, B.L. 1999. Light-induced changes in the prey consumption and behavior of two juvenile planktivorous fish. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 181: 41-51.
52. Simpkins, M.A., Withrow, D.E., Cesarone, J.C., and Boveng, P.L. 2003. Stability in the proportion of harbor seals hauled out under locally ideal conditions. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 19: 791-805.
53. Simpson, E.H. 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature (Lond.), 163: 688.
54. Small, R.J., Pendleton, G.W., and Pitcher, K.W. 2003. Trends in abundance of Alaska harbor seals, 1983-2001. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 19: 344-362.
55. Stewart, B.S. 1984. Diurnal hauling patterns of harbor seals at San Miguel Island, California. J. Wildl. Manag. 48: 1459-1461.
56. Suryan, R.M., and Harvey, J.T. 1998. Tracking harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) to determine dive behavior, foraging activity, and haul-out site use. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 14: 361-372.
57. Thompson, D., and Fedak, M.A. 2001. How long should a dive last? A simple model of foraging decisions by breath-hold divers in a patchy environment. Anim. Behav. 61: 287-296.
58. Thompson, P.M. 1993. Harbour seal movement patterns. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. No. 66: 225-239.
59. Thompson, P.M., Pierce, G.J., Hislop, J.R.G., Miller, D., and Diack, J.S.W. 1991. Winter foraging by common seals (Phoca vitulina) in relation to food availability in the inner Moray Firth, N.E. Scotland. J. Anim. Ecol. 60: 283-294.
60. Tollit, D.J., Black, A.D., Thompson, P.M., Mackay, A., Corpe, H.M., Wilson, B. et al. 1998. Variations in harbour seal Phoca vitulina diet and dive-depths in relation to foraging habitat. J. Zool. (Lond.), 244: 209-222.
61. Van Parijs, S.M., Hastie, G.D., and Thompson, P.M. 1999. Geographic variation in temporal and spatial vocalization patterns of male harbour seals in the mating season. Anim. Behav. 58: 1231-1239.
62. Westlake, R.L., and O'Corry-Crowe, G.M. 2002. Macrogeographic structure and patterns of genetic diversity in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from Alaska to Japan. J. Mammal. 83: 1111-1126.
63. Williams, T.M., and Kooyman, G.L. 1985. Swimming performance and hydrodynamic characteristics of harbor seals Phoca vitulina. Physiol. Zool. 58: 576-589.
64. Williams, T.M., Davis, R.W., Fuiman, L.A., Francis, J., Le Boeuf, B.J., Horning, M. et al. 2000. Sink or swim: strategies for cost-efficient diving by marine mammals. Science (Wash., D.C.), 288: 133-136.