메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 201-225

Lebanon's foreign trade relations in the postwar era: Scenarios for integration (1990-present)

(1)  Baroudi, Sami E a  

a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BALANCE OF TRADE; ECONOMIC RELATIONS; TRADE RELATIONS;

EID: 16644378058     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263200500035165     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (6)

References (112)
  • 1
    • 0006125722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the emergence of an open economy in Lebanon in the post-independence years (mainly 1943-58) (London: Centre for Lebanese Studies in association with LB Tauris), especially
    • For the emergence of an open economy in Lebanon in the post-independence years (mainly 1943-58) see C. Gates, The Merchant Republic of Lebanon, Rise of an Open Economy (London: Centre for Lebanese Studies in association with LB Tauris, 1998), especially pp.1-34.
    • (1998) The Merchant Republic of Lebanon, Rise of an Open Economy , pp. 1-34
    • Gates, C.1
  • 2
    • 16644370821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Al-Tahadiyyat al-Iqtisadiyyah wa al-Tanmawiyyah allati Tuwajijih Lubnan wa Suriya
    • In 1996, international financial institutions ranked Lebanon no. 151 out of 152 states in terms of its export/import ratio. See Beirut, No. 33, July reprinted in Albert Dagher, Lubnan wa Suriya: Al-Tahadiyyat al-Iqtisadiyyah wa al-Siyasaat at-Matlubah (Lebanon and Syria: Economic Challenges and Required Polices), (Beirut: Al-Nahar Press, 2001), p.75
    • In 1996, international financial institutions ranked Lebanon no. 151 out of 152 states in terms of its export/import ratio. See A. Dagher, Al-Tahadiyyat al-Iqtisadiyyah wa al-Tanmawiyyah allati Tuwajijih Lubnan wa Suriya (Economic and Developmental Challenges Facing Lebanon and Syria), Majalat al-Difa' al-Watani (National Defence Magazine) Beirut, No. 33, July 2000; reprinted in Albert Dagher, Lubnan wa Suriya: Al-Tahadiyyat al-Iqtisadiyyah wa al-Siyasaat at-Matlubah (Lebanon and Syria: Economic Challenges and Required Polices), (Beirut: Al-Nahar Press, 2001), p.75.
    • (2000) Majalat Al-Difa' Al-Watani (National Defence Magazine) , pp. 75
    • Dagher, A.1
  • 3
    • 16644375510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • It is estimated that Lebanese commercial banks attracted between 1993 and 1998 an estimated US$25 billion in local and foreign deposits that were largely used to finance the trade and budgetary deficits, enabling an expansion of imports and public spending. During the same period, the government borrowed a further US$5.5 billion in foreign currency from external sources. Ibid., p.78. Likewise, Makram Sader, general secretary of the Association of Lebanese banks, puts the amount of foreign capital inflows from 1992 to 1999 at US$30 billion, Al-Safir, 25 April 2000, p.6. Most of these inflows took the form of deposits in Lebanese liras to benefit from high interest rates.
  • 4
    • 16644364213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Banque du Liban (Lebanese Central Bank)
    • Al-Taqrir al-Sanawi (Annual Report), Banque du Liban (Lebanese Central Bank, 1999), p.58.
    • (1999) Al-Taqrir Al-Sanawi (Annual Report) , pp. 58
  • 5
    • 0033869444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Figures derived from Banque du Liban, Al-Taqrir al-Sanawi, selected years. The 22,219 number does not represent a net addition to the labor force in industry; it reflects the number of jobs created by new industrial establishments, but as new establishments were hiring workers, others were closing down or cutting down on employment. In brief, the net addition to the industrial labour force is probably smaller than the above figure. For a discussion of the problems of Lebanon's industrial sector see S.E. Baroudi, 'Business associations and the representation of business interests in post-war Lebanon: the case of the Association of Lebanese Industrialists', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.36, No.3 (2000), pp.22-51.
  • 6
    • 16644391134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Banque du Liban, selected years
    • Al-Taqrir al-Sanawi, Banque du Liban, selected years, p.60.
    • Al-Taqrir Al-Sanawi , pp. 60
  • 11
    • 16644391134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Banque Du Liban, selected years
    • Banque Du Liban, Al-Taqrir al-Sanawi, selected years.
    • Al-Taqrir Al-Sanawi
  • 12
    • 16644363760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The index of industrial exports to Gulf markets rose in current prices from 100 in 1967 to 595 in 1973; it rose again from 100 in 1973 to 268 in 1978. J.P. Bertran, et. al., p.13.
  • 13
    • 16644379150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Between 1993 and 1999, Syria ranked between number 3 and number 6 in terms of Lebanese exports to it; and between number 5 and number 11 in terms of Lebanese imports from it. Banque Du Liban, Al-Taqrir al-Sanawi, selected years.
  • 14
    • 16644365791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Published in Al-Mustaqbal, 2 June 2001, p.10. In the first half of 2001, the statistics of the general secretariat of the Lebanese-Syrian high council show that Syria exported (to Lebanon) merchandise worth US$175 million, while importing from it merchandise worth only US$16 million. Lebanon's trade deficit with Syria (for the first six months of 2001) thus stood at US$159 million. Al-Mustaqbal, 8 Sept. 2001, p.10.
  • 15
    • 84883967565 scopus 로고
    • For a definition of hegemony see (Princeton, N.T: Princeton University Press) financial commitments, which have been accepted by a group of states.'
    • For a definition of hegemony see R. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton, N.T: Princeton University Press, 1984), p.33.
    • (1984) After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy , pp. 33
    • Keohane, R.1
  • 16
    • 84972443021 scopus 로고
    • 'International responses to technology: Concepts and trends'
    • John Ruggie defines an international regime as 'a set of mutual expectations, rules and regulations, plans, organizing energies and financial commitments, which have been accepted by a group of states.'
    • John Ruggie defines an international regime as 'a set of mutual expectations, rules and regulations, plans, organizing energies and financial commitments, which have been accepted by a group of states.' J.G. Ruggie, 'International responses to technology: concepts and trends', International Organization, Vol.29, No.3 (1975), p.570.
    • (1975) International Organization , vol.29 , Issue.3 , pp. 570
    • Ruggie, J.G.1
  • 17
    • 0003557467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For further discussion of international regimes see inter alia Keohane, After Hegemony, esp. pp.57-64, 85-109 and 182-240; and (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
    • For further discussion of international regimes see inter alia Keohane, After Hegemony, esp. pp.57-64, 85-109 and 182-240; and A. Hasenclever, P. Mayer & V. Rittberger, Theories of International Regimes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997) pp. 8-22.
    • (1997) Theories of International Regimes , pp. 8-22
    • Hasenclever, A.1    Mayer, P.2    Rittberger, V.3
  • 18
    • 16644373686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The texts of the Brotherhood Treaty and the agreements, protocols, and memorandums of understanding between Lebanon and Syria can be found in the appendix of Al-'Alaqat al-Lubnaiyyah al-Suriyyah: Muhawalt taqwirmyyah (Lebanese-Syrian Relations: An Attempt at Appraisal) pp.335-587 (Antilyas: Lebanon, 2000).
  • 19
    • 16644390205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The first general secretary has been a Lebanese Maronine, Nasser-Khouri (still serving).
  • 20
    • 16644362076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For the text of the agreement see the appendix to Al-'Alaqat al-Lubnaiyyah al-Suriyyah: Muhawalt taqwimiyyah.
  • 21
    • 16644364002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Ibid., pp.433-4.
  • 22
    • 16644365577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Ibid., pp.445-6.
  • 23
    • 16644398338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 11 May
    • Al-Mustaqbal, 11 May 2001, p.6.
    • (2001) Al-Mustaqbal , pp. 6
  • 24
    • 16644397286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • notes
    • Ministerial decree 3477, lowering duties on practically all imports and eliminating them on raw materials that enter into industrial use, was adopted by the cabinet on 29 Oct. 2000, and signed by President Lahoud the same day. For the text of the decree see Al-Safir, 30 Oct. 2000, p.3; see also Al-Nahar, 30 Oct. 2000, pp.2 and 3. In subsequent modification to the decree a list of industrial components was also exempted from all customs duties. See Al-Safir, 25 April 2001, p.6
  • 25
    • 16644374142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a brief discussion of the 1953 Agreement see Unpublished study prepared for the Economic and Social Committee for Western Asia (ESCWA) (Beirut: ESCWA)
    • For a brief discussion of the 1953 Agreement see T. A. Kannan, Arab Economic Integration Efforts: A Critical Assessment. Unpublished study prepared for the Economic and Social Committee for Western Asia (ESCWA) (Beirut: ESCWA, 1999).
    • (1999) Arab Economic Integration Efforts: A Critical Assessment
    • Kannan, T.A.1
  • 26
    • 16644366018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The four Arab countries that declared their intentions of creating an Arab Common Market were Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq, joined by Libya in 1975.
  • 27
  • 28
    • 16644373241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abd al-Rahman al-Suhaybani
    • Decision No. 1997 (23 June) of the Arab League of States. Quoted in
    • Decision No. 1997 (23 June 1997) of the Arab League of States. Quoted in Abd al-Rahman al-Suhaybani, p.15.
    • (1997) , pp. 15
  • 29
    • 16644373241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abd al-Rahman al-Suhaybani
    • Decision No. 1997 (23 June) of the Arab League of States. Quoted in
    • I b i d.
    • (1997) , pp. 15
  • 30
    • 16644385368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The Action Programme was ratified by the Lebanese parliament and signed by President Emile Lahoud and Prime Minister Salim Hoss in February 1999. For the text of the programme see Al-Jareedah al-Rasmiyyah (Lebanese Official Gazette) No. 10, 1 March 1999, pp.641-6.
  • 31
    • 16644401730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Each country would draw its own agricultural calendar, identifying the months during which imports of particular agricultural commodities (such as potatoes) would not be allowed in order to protect local growers.
  • 32
    • 16644381740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In return for this concession it was agreed not to export any textile items to Egypt until after 1 Jan. 2002.
  • 33
  • 34
    • 0003991632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Prime Minister made his remarks in Arabic; the English translation is from 27 June
    • The Prime Minister made his remarks in Arabic; the English translation is from The Daily Star, 27 June 2001, p.4.
    • (2001) The Daily Star , pp. 4
  • 35
    • 16644382139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lahoud's remarks were made during an interview with the official Tunisian Press Agency; the English text of his statement is from The Daily Star, 11 July 2001, p.2.
  • 36
    • 16644371255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Al-Mustaqhal, 6 July 2001, p.9; Al-Nahar, 19 July 2001, p.6; Another group that spoke strongly in favour of revising the trade agreements with the Arab countries, especially Syria, was the Assembly of Southern Farmers, headed by Waddah Fakhri. In a statement issued on Is October 2000, the Assembly called for revising the agricultural sections of trade agreements with Arab countries, and for ending smuggling from Syria by placing Lebanese army checkpoints on the Syrian border to assist the customs authorities in preventing smuggling. Al-Nahar, 19 Oct. 2000, p.6. In an earlier statement, Fakhri blamed the Lebanese government for entering into trade agreements with Syria that were detrimental to the interests of Lebanese farmers. He went on to ask ironically whether ending smuggling from Syria posed a threat to the unity of the Syrian-Lebanese track of negotiations with Israel. Al-Nahar, 1 Aug. 2000, p.6.
  • 37
    • 16644369342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 19 July
    • Al-Nahar, 19 July 2001, p.6.
    • (2001) Al-Nahar , pp. 6
  • 38
    • 16644398338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 16 Jan
    • Al-Mustaqbal, 16 Jan. 2001, p.8.
    • (2001) Al-Mustaqbal , pp. 8
  • 39
    • 16644400979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Export plus specified the following schedule of payments: Exports to Syria, Jordan and Iraq: LL 50,000 per ton with the possibility of raising the amount to 75,000 per ton at a later date; Exports to other Arab countries, Iran and Turkey: LL 75,000 per ton, with the possibility of raising the amount to LL 120,000; Exports to new markets (outside the Arab region): LL 150,000 per ton of vegetables; LL 200,000 per ton of fruit). Al-Nahar, 25 April 2001, p.13.
  • 40
    • 16644387866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • While Export Plus was officially inaugurated in April 20001, its implementation began on 13 Aug. 2001. Al-Mustaqbal, 14 Aug. 2001, p.10. Al-Safir, 14 Aug. 2001, p.8
  • 41
    • 16644390664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 16 Sept
    • Al-Nahar, 16 Sept. 2000, p.8.
    • (2000) Al-Nahar , pp. 8
  • 42
    • 0002872636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Economic conflict in postwar Lebanon: State-Labour Relations between 1992 and 1997'
    • S. E. Baroudi, 'Economic conflict in postwar Lebanon: State-Labour Relations between 1992 and 1997', Middle East Journal, Vol.52, No.4 (1998), pp.531-50.
    • (1998) Middle East Journal , vol.52 , Issue.4 , pp. 531-550
    • Baroudi, S.E.1
  • 43
    • 16644394875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See 13 March
    • In March 2001, the Hariri Government lowered mandatory contributions by employers to the NSF from around 38.4 per cent of an employee's salary to 23.5 per cent. See Al-Safir, 13 March 2001, p.8;
    • (2001) Al-Safir , pp. 8
  • 44
    • 0003991632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 23 March
    • The Daily Star, 23 March 2001, p.7;
    • (2001) The Daily Star , pp. 7
  • 45
    • 16644393905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 23 March
    • Al-Anwar, 23 March 2001, p.8.
    • (2001) Al-Anwar , pp. 8
  • 46
    • 16644381932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lebanese trade delegations to Iraq have been amongst the largest trade delegations sent by Lebanon to a foreign country. For example, the delegation that went in early December 1999 was led by Nageeb Mikati, Transportation Minister, and Nasser Sa'idi, Minister for the Economy and Trade and for Industry and included 80 businessmen who represented all major economic sectors. See Al-Safir, 6 Dec. 1999, p.7; Al-Mustaqbal (Beirut) 4 Dec. 1999, p.11; Al-Mustaqbal, 6 Dec. 1999, p.11; Al-Anwar, (Beirut) 8 Dec. 1999, p.9; and Al-Diyar 8 Dec. 2000, p.17. Minister Saidi was again in Baghdad in February 2000, at the head of another large delegation to inaugurate the 3rd Lebanese Expo for Industrial and Agricultural Technologies. See Al-Mustaqbal, 23 Feb. 2000, p.9. The delegation that went in February 2001 included some 123 companies and 260 businessmen (mainly industrialists). See Al-Safir, 20 March 2001, p.9.
  • 47
    • 16644377819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Between 1997 and February 2001, Lebanese businessmen (mainly industrialists) organized 8 trade fairs in the Iraqi capital. See 21 March
    • Between 1997 and February 2001, Lebanese businessmen (mainly industrialists) organized 8 trade fairs in the Iraqi capital. See Al-Safir, 21 March 2001, p. 9.
    • (2001) Al-Safir , pp. 9
  • 48
    • 0005216305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 27 Jan
    • The Daily Star, 27 Jan. 2000, p.7.
    • (2000) The Daily Star , pp. 7
  • 49
    • 16644387865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18 July
    • Al-Safir, 18 July 2001, p.6.
    • (2001) Al-Safir , pp. 6
  • 50
    • 16644382572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The first fair was held in September 2000 and the second in July 2001. See Al-Nahar, 15 Sept. 2000, p.8;
  • 51
    • 7244257144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 15 Sept
    • Al-Safir, 15 Sept. 2000;
    • (2000) Al-Safir
  • 52
    • 8344277833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 16 Sept
    • Al-Mustaqbal, 16 Sept. 2000, p.8;
    • (2000) Al-Mustaqbal , pp. 8
  • 53
    • 8344277833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 20 Sept
    • Al-Mustaqbal, 20 Sept. 2000, p.8;
    • (2000) Al-Mustaqbal , pp. 8
  • 54
    • 8344277833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 25 Sept
    • Al-Mustaqbal, 25 Sept. 2000, p.9;
    • (2000) Al-Mustaqbal , pp. 9
  • 55
    • 16644388314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18 July
    • Al-Diyar, 18 July 2001, p.11;
    • (2001) Al-Diyar , pp. 11
  • 56
    • 16644398338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18 July
    • Al-Mustaqbal, 18 July 2001, p.9;
    • (2001) Al-Mustaqbal , pp. 9
  • 57
    • 0003991632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18 July
    • The Daily Star, 18 July 2001, p.7
    • (2001) The Daily Star , pp. 7
  • 58
    • 16644378271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In an address to Lebanese industrialists participating in the Made in Lebanon expo in Baghdad in February 2001, the Iraqi Trade Minister, Mohammad Mahdi Salih, called on Lebanon to overcome its reluctance to expand trade and economic ties with Iraq; the Minister advised Lebanese officials to stop listening to what the Saudis and Kuwaitis tell them, reminding his Lebanese guests that Saudi exports to Iraq over the previous three years (estimated by the Minister at US$562 million) exceeded Lebanese exports for the same period. Al-Safir, 20 March 2001, p.9.
  • 59
    • 16644396865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Despite the re-establishment of full diplomatic ties, Lebanon is yet to send an ambassador to Baghdad. Al-Nahar, 12 March 2001, p.3; Al-Nahar, 14 March 2001.
  • 60
    • 16644397486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5 March
    • Al-Anwar, 5 March 2000, p.8;
    • (2000) Al-Anwar
  • 61
    • 16644367379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18 April
    • Al-Nahar, 18 April 2001, p.9.
    • (2001) Al-Nahar , pp. 9
  • 62
    • 16644387865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18 July
    • Al-Safir, 18 July 2001, p.6;
    • (2001) Al-Safir , pp. 6
  • 63
    • 16644398338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18 July
    • Al-Mustaqbal, 18 July 2001,
    • (2001) Al-Mustaqbal
  • 64
    • 16644388314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18 July
    • Al-Diyar, 18 July 2001, p.11.
    • (2001) Al-Diyar , pp. 11
  • 68
    • 0034758238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Conflict and cooneration within Lebanon's business community: Relations between merchants' and industrialists' associations'
    • S.E. Baroudi, 'Conflict and cooneration within Lebanon's business community: relations between merchants' and industrialists' associations', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.37, No.4 (2001), pp.71-100.
    • (2001) Middle Eastern Studies , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 71-100
    • Baroudi, S.E.1
  • 69
    • 16644403079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Text of the 1977 Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Lebanese Republic was provided to author courtesy of the Beirut Office of the Delegation of the Commission of the European Communities (Beirut, Dec. 1980).
  • 70
    • 16644369995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For example, the duty on 'dried, dehydrated or evaporated vegetables...' was lowered to 15 per cent.
  • 71
    • 16644388533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Article 13, para. 1 of the Agreement.
  • 72
    • 16644402779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Article 16 of the Agreement.
  • 73
    • 84974125636 scopus 로고
    • The Lomé Convention: Inching Toward Interdependence
    • For the 1975 Lomé Agreement see Spring
    • For the 1975 Lomé Agreement see IV. Gruhn, The Lomé Convention: Inching Toward Interdependence, International Organization, 30, Spring (1976), pp.240-62.
    • (1976) International Organization , vol.30 , pp. 240-262
    • Gruhn, I.V.1
  • 74
    • 16644380429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interview with Ms. Bouchra Shaheen at the Beirut Office of the Delegation of the Commission of the European Communities, 9 July 2001. Between 1996 and 2000 alone, the EU Commission provided Lebanon with a total of 200 million Euros in grants and a further 200 million Euros in loans for infrastructure projects. These figures do not include individual contributions by EU countries. See the remarks of Dimitris Kourkoulas, head of the Delegation of the European Commission to Lebanon, in an interview granted to Lebanon Opportunities (Beirut), Sept. 2001, p.7.
  • 75
    • 16644373445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Article 22, para. 3 and article 23, para. 2.
  • 76
    • 0003519164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 1975 Lomé Convention was renewed and revised in 1979 and 1984. See 5th Edition (New York: St. Martin's Press)
    • The 1975 Lomé Convention was renewed and revised in 1979 and 1984. See J. Spero & J. Hart, The Politics of International Economic Relations. 5th Edition (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997), p.246.
    • (1997) The Politics of International Economic Relations , pp. 246
    • Spero, J.1    Hart, J.2
  • 77
    • 16644389038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Writing about the trade arrangements provided for by the Lomé Conventions, Robert Gilpin observes: 'Without exception, however, these arrangements are interlaced with restrictions on both agricultural and industrial exports from the LDCs. In particular, they restrict exports that compete against EEC products, thereby limiting this type of regionalism as a vehicle of industrialization and a means of escaping the dependency relationship.' The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), p.296.
  • 78
    • 16644388532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The Barcelona Declaration was adopted by the 15 EU states and 11 states from the Eastern Mediterranean: Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey.
  • 79
    • 16644366017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, the interview by Bassel Fleihan, Minister for Economy and Trade, in (Beirut), Aug
    • See, for example, the interview by Bassel Fleihan, Minister for Economy and Trade, in Lebanon Opportunities (Beirut), Aug. 2001, p.51.
    • (2001) Lebanon Opportunities , pp. 51
  • 82
    • 16644398564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Author's interview with a ranking official at the Ministry of Economy and Trade, Beirut, 18 July 2001.
  • 83
    • 16644362900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Nasser Saidi, first Vice-President of BDL and former Minister for Industry and for Economy and Trade lists the following five benefits from the EU association agreement: 1) technical assistance via such EU sponsored projects as Med-Urbs, med-Media, Med-Campus and Med-Invest; 2) technology transfer; 3) foreign direct investment, particularly by EU firms that wish to capitalize on Lebanon open economy and its geographic proximity to other Mashriq countries; 4) financial assistance; and 5) the establishment of EU firms in Lebanon to service the Middle East region.
  • 84
    • 16644400759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Lebanon and the European Union at the Cross Roads: An Interim Assessment of the Partnership Agreement'
    • W. Shahin & K. Shehadi (eds.), (Beirut: The Lebanese Centre for Policy Studies)
    • N. Saidi, 'Lebanon and the European Union at the Cross Roads: An Interim Assessment of the Partnership Agreement', in W. Shahin & K. Shehadi (eds.), Pathways to Integration: Lebanon and the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (Beirut: The Lebanese Centre for Policy Studies, 1997), pp. 17-31.
    • (1997) Pathways to Integration: Lebanon and the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership , pp. 17-31
    • Saidi, N.1
  • 86
    • 16644368886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'How Can Lebanon Benefit from the Euro-Mediterranean Initiative'
    • Other estimates put the loss to the treasury at higher levels. According to Ishac Diwan, state revenues would drop by 30 per cent as a result of free trade with the EU. W. Shahin and K. Shchadi (eds.), (Beirut: Lebanese Center For Policy Studies)
    • Other estimates put the loss to the treasury at higher levels. According to Ishac Diwan, state revenues would drop by 30 per cent as a result of free trade with the EU. I. Diwan, 'How Can Lebanon Benefit from the Euro-Mediterranean Initiative', in W. Shahin and K. Shchadi (eds.), Pathways to Integration (Beirut: Lebanese Center For Policy Studies, 1997), pp.55-73.
    • (1997) Pathways to Integration , pp. 55-73
    • Diwan, I.1
  • 87
    • 0003234265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the Implications for Lebanon of Free Trade with the EU
    • Will Martin's calculations show a 57 per cent loss of tariff revenues (as a result of free trade with the EU) leading to 22.8 per cent loss in state revenue (assuming that customs represent 40 per cent of state revenue). B.M. Hoekman & J. Zarrouk (eds.) (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press)
    • Will Martin's calculations show a 57 per cent loss of tariff revenues (as a result of free trade with the EU) leading to 22.8 per cent loss in state revenue (assuming that customs represent 40 per cent of state revenue). Will Martin, Assessing the Implications for Lebanon of Free Trade with the EU, in B.M. Hoekman & J. Zarrouk (eds.), Catching Up With The Competition: Trade Opportunities and Challenges for Arab Countries (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000), p.125.
    • (2000) Catching Up With The Competition: Trade Opportunities and Challenges for Arab Countries , pp. 125
    • Martin, W.1
  • 88
    • 16644381532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In June 2001, the Hariri Government approved the VAT bill; parliament is expected to vote on the VAT before the end of 2001, so that the tax can be introduced at the beginning of 2002. Al-Safir, 9 June 2001, p.6; Al-Safir, 2 July 2001, p.6; The Daily Star, 5 July 2001, p.2; Al-Nahar, 5 July 2001, p.6; Al-Nahar, 1 Aug. 2001, p.6.
  • 89
    • 16644381117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Proposed Free Trade Agreement between Lebanon and the European Union Countries'
    • (note 71)
    • Iskandar Mokarbel, (note 71) 'The Proposed Free Trade Agreement between Lebanon and the European Union Countries', p.15.
    • Mokarbel, I.1
  • 90
    • 16644393714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The centre was established in 2000 with an initial EU grant of 11 million Euros. (Beirut) See also the interview of Dimitris Kourkoulas with Lebanon Opportunities, Sept. 2001, p.7
    • The centre was established in 2000 with an initial EU grant of 11 million Euros. Annual Report: Delegation of the European Commission to the Republic of Lebanon (Beirut, 1999), p. 18. See also the interview of Dimitris Kourkoulas with Lebanon Opportunities, Sept. 2001, p.7.
    • (1999) Annual Report: Delegation of the European Commission to the Republic of Lebanon , pp. 18
  • 91
    • 16644395927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See the remarks of Bassel Fuleihan, Minister for Economy and Trade in Lebanon Opportunities
  • 92
    • 85001746049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Assessing the Implications for Lebanon of Free. Trade with the European Union'
    • For a detailed discussion of this point see B. Hoekman and J. Zarrouk (eds.), (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press)
    • For a detailed discussion of this point see W. Martin, 'Assessing the Implications for Lebanon of Free. Trade with the European Union', in B. Hoekman and J. Zarrouk (eds.), Catching up with the Competetion: Trade Opportunities and Challenges for Arab Countries (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000), pp. 103-44
    • (2000) Catching Up With the Competetion: Trade Opportunities and Challenges for Arab Countries , pp. 103-144
    • Martin, W.1
  • 94
    • 16644400004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The two prime ministers are Rafik Hariri (1992-98 and 2000-present) and Salim Hjoss (1998 2000); the three ministers are Yasseen Jaber (1994-98); Nasser Saidi and Bassel Fleihan.
  • 95
    • 16644392038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Fadi Makki.
  • 96
    • 16644388093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lebanon's withdrawal from GATT became effective in February 1951. See 'Abd al-Hadi Yamout, Al-Iqtisad al-Lubnanai Amam Tahadiyyat al-GATT [The Lebanese Economy and the Challenges of the GATT] (Beirut: Al-Markarz al-Istishari lil-Dirasat Wa al-Tawtheeq, 1997).
  • 97
    • 16644383620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Syria, the only other Arab country that was a member of GATT, withdrew six months after Lebanon.
  • 98
    • 16644365790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Business Groups and the Representation of Business Interests: The case of the Association of Lebanese Industrialists'
    • S.E. Baroudi, 'Business Groups and the Representation of Business Interests: The case of the Association of Lebanese Industrialists', p.26.
    • Baroudi, S.E.1
  • 99
    • 0034758238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Conflict and Cooperation within Lebanon's Business Community: Relations between Merchants' and Industrialists' Associations'
    • S.E. Baroudi, 'Conflict and Cooperation within Lebanon's Business Community: Relations between Merchants' and Industrialists' Associations', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.37, No.4 (2001), pp.71-100.
    • (2001) Middle Eastern Studies , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 71-100
    • Baroudi, S.E.1
  • 100
    • 0034758238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Conflict and Cooperation within Lebanon's Business Community: Relations between Merchants' and Industrialists' Associations'
    • I b i d.
    • (2001) Middle Eastern Studies , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 71-100
    • Baroudi, S.E.1
  • 101
    • 80053513639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization'
    • For the text of the Marakesh Declaration formally known as the see:
    • For the text of the Marakesh Declaration formally known as the 'Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization' see: http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/04-wto.wpf
  • 102
    • 16644374839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • As a result of a disagreement between Hariri and newly elected President Emile Lahoud over the manner in which the President conducted the consultations with the deputies about naming a new Prime Minister, Hariri stepped down from the premiership and was replaced by Salim Hoss, whose Government received the parliament's vote of confidence on 14 Dec. 1998.
  • 103
    • 16644389037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ma Bayan al-Gatt wa Munazamah al-Tijarah al-'Alamiyyah: Lubnan Amama al-Istihqaq
    • (Beirut: Lebanese Centre for Policy Studies)
    • Fadi Makki, Ma Bayan al-Gatt wa Munazamah al-Tijarah al-'Alamiyyah: Lubnan Amama al-Istihqaq [Between GATT and the WTO: Lebanon Faces the Challenge] (Beirut: Lebanese Centre for Policy Studies, 2000).
    • (2000)
    • Makki, F.1
  • 104
    • 16644379614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The new tariffs structure and procedure for clearing goods from customs was approved by the Council of Ministers (Cabinet) at its 6 Dec. 2000 meeting and came into effect on 23 April 2001. See Al-Nahar, 4 Jan. 2001, p.8; Al-Nahar, 24 April 2001, p.6; and Al-Safir, 4 May 2001, p.6.
  • 105
    • 16644397096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The Memorandum provided detailed information on Lebanon's legal and economics systems, including its labour laws, commercial laws, and tax laws; as well as information about the tariffs system, international economic agreements and statistics about foreign trade. The submission of the memorandum represented a crucial step in the accession, setting the stage for the first meeting between Lebanon and the Working party (set for late 2001). Al-Nahar, 19 May 2001, p.6; and information supplied to the author by sources at Ministry of Economy and Trade and USAID Project on WTO Membership. The memorandum was based on a classified study prepared by USAID Technical Assistance project for Lebanon on WTO Membership entitled WTO Master Accession Plan for the Republic of Lebanon (Beirut, 2000). The Arab Translation of the Plan was provided to the author courtesy of the Ministry of Economy and Trade.
  • 106
    • 16644384923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For the Arabic texts of the 1999 Copyright and Artistic Property Act and the 2000 patents law see: The Lebanese Republic, Al-Jareedah al-Rasmiyyah (Official Gazette) year 139, No. 18, pp. 1104-20; and year 140, No. 35, pp.3183-94 respectively. English translation of Patents law provided to author courtesy of USAID Technical Assistance Project for Lebanon on WTO Accession.
  • 107
    • 16644381318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Beirut: July) A copy of Ms. Maier's report was provided to author courtesy of USAID Technical Assistance project for Lebanon on WTO Membership
    • P. Maier, Analysis of Lebanon's Existing and Draft Intellectual Property Laws and Legal Acts (Beirut: July 2000), p.5. A copy of Ms. Maier's report was provided to author courtesy of USAID Technical Assistance project for Lebanon on WTO Membership.
    • (2000) Analysis of Lebanon's Existing and Draft Intellectual Property Laws and Legal Acts , pp. 5
    • Maier, P.1
  • 108
    • 16644376552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USAID Technical Assistance Project for Lebanon on WTO Accession, (Beirut: Unpublished pamphlet provided to author courtesy of USAID Technical Assistance project, Dec.)
    • USAID Technical Assistance Project for Lebanon on WTO Accession, Why Should Lebanon Accede to the WTO (Beirut: Unpublished pamphlet provided to author courtesy of USAID Technical Assistance project, Dec. 2000), p. 1.
    • (2000) Why Should Lebanon Accede to the WTO , pp. 1
  • 109
    • 16644376552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USAID Technical Assistance Project for Lebanon on WTO Accession, (Beirut: Unpublished pamphlet provided to author courtesy of USAID Technical Assistance project, Dec.)
    • I b i d.
    • (2000) Why Should Lebanon Accede to the WTO , pp. 1
  • 110
    • 0346023439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Assessing the Implications for Lebanon of Free Trade with the EU
    • especially
    • Will Martin, 'Assessing the Implications for Lebanon of Free Trade with the EU, especially pp. 104-5.
    • Martin, W.1
  • 111
    • 16644363535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Other issues to be covered in the proposed dialogue include; the fate of the banned Lebanese Forces and its jailed leader, Samir Ja'jaja', the return of the exiled former Commander of the Army General Michael 'Aoun, a new electoral law, the status of Lebanese villagers from the South who fled to Israel in May 2000; and a timetable for the abolition of political confessionalism.
  • 112
    • 16644379372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The refusal to deploy the army on the border with Israel, constant squabbles with the United Nations over whether Israel has fully implemented UN Security Council Resolution 425 and over the 'blue line' demarcating the border between Israel and Lebanon, arrests of political opponents, and beating of young protestors all indicate that the Lebanese regime is not particularly sensitive to EU and western notions of democracy, human rights, and a state's international obligations. It remains to be seen how this rigid attitude on political issues will affect the partnership agreement with the EU. For the friction with the UN over Resolution 425 and the 'blue line' see inter alia: Al-Nahar 13 Oct. 2001, p.3; Al-Nahar, 7 Nov. 2001, p.2; Fawwaz Girgis editorial in Al-Safir, 19 Nov. 2000, p.19; Al-Nahar, 12 Jan. 2001, p.3; Al-Nahar, 4 May 2001.4; Al-Safir, 5 May 2001, p.2; Al-Safir, 11 May 2001, p.2; Al-Nahar, 22 May 2001, p.3; Al-Safir, 22 May 2001, p.2; Al-Nahar, 24 May 2001, p.2; Al-Mustaqbal, 24 May 2001, p.6; and Al-Nahar, 13 July 2001, p.24. For the arrests of opponents and the beatings of protestors see inter alia: Al-Nahar, 8 Aug. 2001, pp. 1, 2, 10, 16; Al-Nahar 9 Aug. 2001, pp. 1, 2, 6, 21; Al-Mustaqbal, 9 Aug. 2001, pp.1-5; Al-Nahar, 12 Aug. 2001, pp.5-8; Al-Nahar, 13 Aug. 2001, pp.1, 4; and Al-Safir, 13 Aug. 2001, pp.1, 5.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.