Imperfections of the three-dimensional thermohaline circulation: Hysteresis and unique-state regimes

Journal of Physical Oceanography

Volumn 33, Issue 12, 2003, Pages 2796-2814

  Dijkstra, Henk A ^a   Weijer, Wilbert ^a   Neelin, J David ^b  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

THERMOHALINE CIRCULATIONS;

HEAT TRANSFER; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OCEAN CURRENTS; SALTS;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

FEEDBACK MECHANISM; OVERTURN; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING; WATER MASS;

EID: 1642538271     PISSN: 00223670     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<2796:IOTTTC>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Bice, K., and J. Marotzke, 2001: Numerical evidence against reversed thermohaline circulation in the warm Paleocene/Eocene ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 11 529-11 542.
2. Broecker, W. S., 1995: The Glacial World According to Wally. Eldigio Press, 318 pp.
3. Bryan, F. O., 1986: High-latitude salinity effects and interhemispheric thermohaline circulations. Nature, 323, 301-304.
4. Cessi, P., and W. R. Young, 1992: Multiple equilibria in two-dimensional thermohaline circulation. J. Fluid Mech., 241, 291-309.
5. Dijkstra, H. A., 2000: Nonlinear Physical Oceanography: A Dynamical Systems Approach to the Large Scale Ocean Circulation and El Niño. Kluwer Academic, 456 pp.
6. Dijkstra, H. A., and M. J. Molemaker, 1997: Symmetry breaking and over-turning oscillations in thermohaline-driven flows. J. Fluid Mech., 331, 195-232.
7. Dijkstra, H. A., and J. D. Neelin, 2000: Imperfections of the thermohaline circulation: Latitudinal asymmetry versus asymmetric freshwater flux. J. Climate, 13, 366-382.
8. Dijkstra, H. Öksüzǒglu, F. W. Wubs, and E. F. F. Botta, 2001: A fully implicit model of the three-dimensional thermohaline ocean circulation. J. Comput. Phys., 176, 685-715.
9. Fanning, A. F., and A. J. Weaver, 1996: An atmospheric energy-moisture balance model: Climatology, interpentadecal change and coupling to an ocean general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15 111-15 128.
10. Ganopolsky, A., S. Rahmstorf, V. Petoukhov, and M. Claussen, 2001: Rapid changes of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model. Nature, 409, 153-158.
11. Joseph, D. D., 1976: Stability of Fluid Motions. Vol. 1, Springer-Verlag, 282 pp.
12. Klinger, B. A., and J. Marotzke, 1999: Behavior of double-hemispheric thermohaline flows in a single basin. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 382-399.
13. Levitus, S., R. Burgett, and T. Boyer, 1994: Salinity. Vol. 3, World Ocean Atlas 1994, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 3, 99 pp.
14. Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer, 1988: Two stable equilibria of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 1, 841-866.
15. Marotzke, J., 2000: Abrupt climate change and thermohaline circulation: Mechanisms and predictability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 97, 1347-1350.
16. Marotzke, J., and P. Willebrand, 1991: Multiple equilibria of the global thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1372-1385.
17. Marotzke, P. Welander, and J. Willebrand, 1988: Instability and multiple steady states in a meridional-plane model of thermohaline circulation. Tellus, 40, 162-172.
18. McAvaney, B., 2001: Model evaluation. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, J. T Houghton et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 225-256.
19. Nayfeh, A. H., and B. Balachandran, 1995: Applied Nonlinear Dynamics. John Wiley and Sons, 685 pp.
20. North, G. R., R. F. Cahalan, and J. A. Coakley, 1981: Energy balance climate models, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 19, 19-121.
21. Quon, C., and M. Ghil, 1992: Multiple equilibria in thermosolutal convection due to salt-flux boundary conditions. J. Fluid Mech., 245, 449-484.
22. Rahmstorf, S., 1995: Multiple convection patterns and thermohaline flow in an idealized OGCM. J. Climate, 8, 3028-3039.
23. Rahmstorf, S., 1996: On the freshwater forcing and transport of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Climatic Dyn., 12, 799-811.
24. Rahmstorf, S., 2000: The thermohaline circulation: A system with dangerous thresholds. Climatic Change, 46, 247-256.
25. Rahmstorf, S., and M. England, 1997: Influence of Southern Hemisphere winds on North Atlantic Deep Water flow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 2040-2054.
26. Seydel, R., 1994: Practical Bifurcation and Stability Analysis: From Equilibrium to Chaos. Springer-Verlag, 407 pp
27. Spall, M., and R. S. Pickart, 2001: Where does dense water sink? A subpolar gyre example. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 810-826.
28. Stocker, T. F., 2000: Past and future reorganisations in the climate system. Quat. Sci. Rev., 19, 301-319.
29. Stommel, H., 1961: Thermohaline convection with two stable regimes of flow. Tellus, 13, 244-230.
30. Thual, O., and J. C. McWilliams, 1992: The catastrophe structure of thermohaline convection in a two-dimensional fluid model and a comparison with low-order box models. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 64, 67-95.
31. Toggweiler, J. R., and B. Samuels, 1995: Effect of Drake Passage on the global thermohaline circulation. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 477-500.
32. Trenberth, K. E., J. G. Olson, and W. G. Large, 1989: A global ocean wind stress climatology based on ECMWF analyses. National Center for Atmospheric Research Tech. Rep. NCAR/TN-338+STR, Boulder, CO, 93 pp.
33. Tziperman, E., 2000: Proximity of the present-day thermohaline circulation to an instability threshold. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 90-104.
34. Vellinga, M., 1998: Multiple equilibria of the thermohaline circulation as a side effect of convective adjustment. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 305-319.
35. Weijer, W., and H. A. Dijkstra. 2001: Bifurcations of the three-dimensional thermohaline circulation: The double hemispheric case. J. Mar. Res., 59, 599-631.
36. Weijer, W., W. P. M. De Ruijter, H. A. Dijkstra, and P. J. Van Leeuwen, 1999: Impact of interbasin exchange on the Atlantic overturning circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 2266-2284.
37. Weijer, W., W. P. M. De Ruijter, H. A. Dijkstra, and P. J. van Leeuwen, 2001: Stability of the Atlantic overturning circulation: Competition between Bering Strait freshwater flux and Agulhas heat and salt sources. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 2385-2402.