Conflicts between commercial and scientific interests in pharmaceutical advertising for medical journals

International Journal of Health Services

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 751-768

  Tsai, Alexander C ^a  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC RESEARCH; MARKETING;

ATTITUDE; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; DRUG INDUSTRY; DRUG MARKETING; ETHICS; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MEDICAL LITERATURE; PUBLICATION; QUALITY CONTROL; REVIEW; UNITED STATES;

HEALTH CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH;

ADVERTISING; CONFLICT OF INTEREST; DRUG INDUSTRY; EDITORIAL POLICIES; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HUMANS; LOS ANGELES; PERIODICALS; UNITED STATES; UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 1642453586     PISSN: 00207314     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2190/K0JG-EXG1-FB12-0ANF     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Wilkes, M. S., Doblin, B. H., and Shapiro, M. F. Pharmaceutical advertisements in leading medical journals: Experts' assessments. Ann. Intern. Med. 116: 912-919, 1992.
2. Kessler, D. A. Addressing the problem of misleading advertising. Ann. Intern. Med. 116: 950-951, 1992.
3. Kunin, C. M. Blunder drug for pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med. 297: 113-114, 1977.
4. Tannock, I. F. Responsibility in advertising: An oncologist's view. N. Engl. J. Med. 301: 1004, 1979.
5. Potter, H. P., Jr. Costs of drug advertising. N. Engl. J. Med. 319: 798, 1988.
6. Schiff, G. Persantine advertisement: Artistic license or misleading implication? JAMA 263: 658-659, 1990.
7. Goldstein, J. H. Of mugs and marketing. JAMA 265: 2391-2392, 1991.
8. Prescott, L. Misleading drug advertising. BMJ 1: 572, 1975.
9. Stimson, G. V. Information contained in drug advertisements. BMJ 4: 508-509, 1975.
10. Collier, J. G., and New, L. Illegibility of drug advertisements. Lancet 1: 341-342, 1984.
11. Collier, J. G., and Pilkington, T. R. E. Human insulin: A misleading advertisement? BMJ 289: 191, 1984.
12. Collier, J. G. Misleading advertisements: Sanctions and corrections. Lancet 2: 1097-1098, 1984.
13. Collier, J. G., and Herxheimer, A. Roussel convicted of misleading promotion. Lancet 1: 113-114, 1987.
14. Herxheimer, A., and Collier, J. G. Promotion by the British pharmaceutical industry, 1983-8: A critical analysis of self regulation. BMJ 300: 307-311, 1990.
15. Nowolinski, G. A brief history of the HHS Office of the Inspector General. Office of Evaluation and Inspections, June 2001. http: //oig.hhs.gov/reading/history/ighistory. pdf (September 27, 2002).
16. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Promotion of prescription drugs through payments and gifts. Office of the Inspector General, Report No. OEI-01-90-00480, August 1991. http://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-01-90-00480. pdf (September 24, 2002).
17. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Prescription drug promotion involving payments and gifts: Physicians' perspectives. Office of the Inspector General, Report No. OEI-01-90-00481, July 1992. http: //oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-01-90-00481.pdf (September 24, 2002).
18. Scope of work agreement between Michael Wilkes and Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1990.
19. 1994 Medical/surgical ad spending review. Medical Marketing and Media, March 1995. www.cpsnet.com/repfints/1995/03/adspent.html (August 8, 2002).
20. Avom, J., Chen, M., and Hartley, R. Scientific versus commercial sources of influence on the prescribing behavior of physicians. Am. J. Med. 73: 4-8, 1982.
21. Wolfe, S. M. Drug advertisements that go straight to the hippocampus. Lancet (N. Am. Ed.) 348: 632, 1996.
22. Wang, T. J., Ausiello, J. C., and Stafford, R. S. Trends in antihypertensive drug advertising, 1985-1996. Circulation 20: 2055-2057, 1999.
23. McDonnell, P. J. Let the buyer (and reader) beware! Targeted advertising in medical journals. Arch. Ophthalmol. 117: 1077, 1999.
24. Neslin, S. ROI analysis of pharmaceutical promotion (RAPP): An independent study. RAPP Study, May 22, 2001. www.rappstudy.org (August 8, 2002).
25. Liebman, M. Listen up, publishers say - Journal advertising sells! Medical Marketing and Media, March 2000. www.cpsnet.com/reprints/2000/03/MedJournals.pdf (August 14, 2002).
26. Liebman, M. The right media mix is the key to maximizing ROI. Medical Marketing and Media, May 2001. www.cpsnet.com/reprints/2001/05/AMPResearch.pdf (August 8, 2002).
27. Huth, E. J., and Case, K. Annals of Internal Medicine at age 75: Reflections on the past 25 years. Ann. Intern. Med. 137: 34-45, 2002.
28. Moser, R. H. Advertising and our journal. Ann. Intern. Med. 87: 114-115, 1977.
29. Fletcher, R. H., and Fletcher, S. W. Letter from Robert H. Fletcher and Suzanne W. Fletcher, Editors, Annals of Internal Medicine, to David A. Kessler, Commissioner, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, May 8, 1992.
30. Fletcher, R. H., and Fletcher, S. W. Pharmaceutical advertisements in medical journals. Ann. Intern. Med. 116: 951-952, 1992.
31. Wolinsky, H. Medical journals full of misleading ads, study finds. Chicago Sun-Times, June 1, 1992, p. 3.
32. Scott, J. Many drug ads are misleading, study finds. Los Angeles Times, June 1, 1992, p. A1.
33. Altman, L. K. Study says drug ads in medical journals frequently mislead. New York Times, June 1, 1992, p. A1.
34. Study questions many drug ads; 10 medical journals screened. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 1, 1992, p. A1.
35. Rich, S. Medical journal ads called misleading; drug claims often undocumented, safety data omitted, study says. Washington Post, June 1, 1992, p. A1.
36. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Prescription Drug Advertisements in Medical Journals. Office of the Inspector General, Report No. OEI-01-90-00482. Washington, D.C., June 1992.
37. Kennedy, E. M., et al. Letter co-signed by 13 U.S. Senators to David A. Kessler, Commissioner, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, July 21, 1992.
38. Rudavsky, S. "Misleading" ads, drugs identified; 66 products named by consumer group. Washington Post, July 31, 1992, p. A21.
39. Steinbrook, R. Doctors dangerously misled by drug ads, consumer group says. Los Angeles Times, July 31, 1992, p. A3.
40. List of offending drug ads may spark FDA crackdown. Wall Street Journal, July 31, 1992, p. B5.
41. Associated Press. U.S. urged to require checking of drug ads. New York Times, July 31, 1992, p. A14.
42. SmithKline misleads in ads, group says. J. Commerce, August 3, 1992, p. A7.
43. Pub. L. No. 89-487, 80 Stat. 250 (1966), as amended 5 U.S.C. § 552 (1988).
44. Sharfstein, J. M., and Wolfe, S. M. Letter from Joshua M. Sharfstein, Researcher, Public Citizen's Health Research Group, and Sidney M. Wolfe, Director, Public Citizen's Health Research Group, to U.S. Senator Edward Kennedy. HRG Publication No. 1273, July 30, 1992.
45. Coalition for Healthcare Communications. www.cohealthcom.org (August 8, 2002).
46. Association of Medical Publications, Inc. www.amponline.org/AMP/AMP.html (August 8, 2002).
47. Beary, J. F., III. Pharmaceutical ads in journals. Ann. Intern. Med. 117: 616-619, 1992.
48. Angel, J. F. Pharmaceutical ads in journals. Ann. Intern. Med. 117: 616-617, 1992.
49. Liebman, M. Pharmaceutical ads in journals. Ann. Intern. Med. 117: 617-619, 1992.
50. Wilkes, M. S., Doblin, B. H., and Shapiro, M. F. Pharmaceutical ads in journals (reply). Ann. Intern. Med. 117: 618-619, 1992.
51. Coalition for Healthcare Communications. Scientific Exchange, Promotion, and Regulation: The Battle for the Mind. Meeting agenda, day 2, October 21, 1992.
52. Reviewers' Comments for JAMA Editorial Office. Manuscript No. SC2432, March 17, 1993.
53. Jacoby, J. Misleading research on the subject of misleading advertising: The Wilkes et al. investigation of pharmaceutical advertising in leading medical journals. Food and Drug Law 49: 21-36, 1994.
54. Rubin, P. H. Are pharmaceutical ads deceptive? Food and Drug Law J. 49: 7-20, 1994.
55. Advertising Research Foundation. www.arfsite.org/Webpages/PrimaryPages/ mission.htm (August 8, 2002).
56. Association of National Advertisers, Inc. www.ana.net/about/mission/mission.htm (August 8, 2002).
57. Dunn, T. F. Review of Wilkes, M. S. Doblin, B. H. Shapiro, M. F. Pharmaceutical Advertisements in Leading Medical Journals: Experts' Assessments. Advertising Research Foundation Report, February 18, 1993.
58. Beales, J. H., and MacLeod, W. C. Assessments of pharmaceutical advertisements: A critical analysis of the criticism. Food and Drug Law J. 50: 415-449, 1995.
59. American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine 1992 Media File. Philadelphia, 1992.
60. American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine 1995 Readership Data. Philadelphia, 1995.
61. Shapiro, M. F. Regulating pharmaceutical advertising: What will work? CMAJ 156: 359-361, 1997.
62. Levin, D. P. When car makers retaliate against critical magazines. New York Times, June 26, 1992, p. D9.
63. Whelan, E. M., et al. Analysis of coverage of tobacco hazards in women's magazines. J. Public Health Policy 2: 28-35, 1981.
64. Warner, K. E. Cigarette advertising and media coverage of smoking and health. N. Engl. J. Med. 312: 384-388, 1985.
65. Warner, K. E., Goldenhar, L. M., and McLaughlin, C. G. Cigarette advertising and magazine coverage of the hazards of smoking: A statistical analysis. N. Engl. J. Med. 326: 305-309, 1992.
66. Scott, J. Study links ads, coverage of smoking hazards. Los Angeles Times, June 30, 1992, p. A27.
67. Carmody, D. Coverage of smoking linked to tobacco ads. New York Times, June 30, 1992, p. D22.
68. 1994 specialty journal and non-journal media advertising review. Medical Marketing and Media, April 1995. www.cpsnet.com/reprints/1995/04/adrev.html (August 8, 2002).
69. Hueston, W. J., and Mainous, A. G., III. A comparison of the numbers of pharmaceutical advertising pages in family medicine research journals and journals in other medical disciplines. Acad. Med. 72: 804-806, 1997.
70. Weeks, W. B., Wallace, A. E., and Kimberly, B. C. The changing face of pharmaceutical advertising: A look at medical journals reveals a new era in advertising. Marketing Health Services 21: 27-30, 2001.
71. Nelson, C. P., and Bloom, D. A. Sales and science: Changing patterns of pharmaceutical and medical device advertising in peer reviewed urology publications, 1975-2000. J. Urol. 166: 2317-2320, 2001.
72. Landefeld, C. S., et al. A 4-year study of the volume of drug advertisements in leading medical journals. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 10: S111, 1995.
73. Altman, L. K. Inside medical journals, a rising quest for profits. New York Times, August 24, 1999, p. F1.
74. Foshay, P. M. JAMA 100 years ago: Medical ethics and medical journals. JAMA 283: 2080, 2000.
75. Relman, A. S. Who reviews the ads? (editor's reply). N. Engl. J. Med. 302: 296, 1980.
76. Rennie, D. Editors and advertisements: What responsibility do editors have for the advertisements in their journals? JAMA 265: 2394-2396, 1991.
77. Gartner, L. M. The "fourth part" of Pediatrics: 50 years of display advertising. Pediatrics 102: 177-185, 1998.
78. Altman, L. K. Woman is named editor of A.M.A. journal. New York Times, October 9, 1999, p. A14.
79. Glassman, P. A., Hunter-Hayes, J., and Nakamura, T. Pharmaceutical advertising revenue and physician organizations: How much is too much? West. J. Med. 171: 234-238, 1999.
80. Lexchin, J. Don't bite the hand that feeds you. West. J. Med. 171: 238-239, 1999.
81. Pellegrino, E. D., and Relman, A. S. Professional medical associations: Ethical and practical guidelines. JAMA 282: 984-986, 1999.
82. Persantine advertisements: Artistic license or misleading implication? (editor's reply). JAMA 263: 659, 1990.
83. Kassirer, J. P. Pharmaceutical advertising in the Journal (editor's reply). N. Engl. J. Med. 327: 1689, 1992.
84. Wilkes, M. S. Conflict, what conflict? West. J. Med. 172: 6-8, 2000.
85. Smith, R., and Woolf, S. H. The BMJ through American eyes. BMJ 325: 404, 2002.
86. Wilkes, M. S. The future of wjm. West. J. Med. 176: 221, 2002.
87. Goldsmith, M. F. George D. Lundberg ousted as JAMA editor. JAMA 281: 403, 1999.
88. Horton, R. The sacking of JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association. Lancet 353: 252-253, 1999.
89. Smith, R. The firing of brother George: The AMA has damaged itself by sacking JAMA's editor. BMJ 318: 210, 1999.
90. Kassirer, J. P. Should medical journals try to influence political debates? N. Engl. J. Med. 340: 466-467, 1999.
91. Kassirer, J. P. Editorial independence. N. Engl. J. Med. 340: 1671-1672, 1999.
92. Hoey, J., et al. Science, sex and semantics: The firing of George Lundberg. CMAJ 160: 507-508, 1999.
93. Associated Press. Ex-editor cites JAMA coerciort. Newsday, February 18, 1999, p. A37.
94. Rosenberg, R. N., and Anderson, E. R., Jr. Editorial governance of the Journal of the American Medical Association: A report. JAMA 281: 2239-2242, 1999.
95. Davies, H. T., and Rennie, D. Independence, governance, and trust: Redefining the relationship between JAMA and the AMA. JAMA 281: 2344-2346, 1999.
96. Massachusetts Medical Society. News release concerning the New England Journal of Medicine. MMS Press Release, July 25, 1999. www2.mms.org/pages/072599st_NEJM_Kassirer. asp (August 8, 2002).
97. Kno, R. A. Fired medical journal editor refused spinoff idea; disagreement over money-making plan led to his downfall. Boston Globe, July 27, 1999, p. A3.
98. Angell, M. The Journal and its owner - Resolving the crisis. N. Engl. J. Med. 341: 752, 1999.
99. Rennie, D. Editors and owners - Stretching reputation too far. JAMA 282: 783-784, 1999.
100. Hoey, J. When journals are branded, editors get burnt: The ousting of Jerome Kassirer from the New England Journal of Medicine. CMAJ 161: 529-530, 1999.
101. Horton, R. An unwilling exit from the NEJM, New England Journal of Medicine. Lancet 354: 358, 1999.
102. World Association of Medical Editors. WAME Policy Statement on Editorial Independence. June 19, 2000. www.wame.org/wamestmt.htm#independence (September 4, 2002).
103. Murray, J. Frank Davidoff named editor of Annals. Ann. Intern. Med. 122: 67, 1995.
104. Huth, E. J. "In the balance": Weighing the evidence. Ann. Intern. Med. 120: 889, 1994.
105. Garber, A. M., Browner, W. S., and Hulley, S. B. Cholesterol screening in asymptomatic adults, revisited. Part 2. Ann. Intern. Med. 124: 518-531, 1996.
106. LaRosa, J. C. Cholesterol agonistics. Ann. Intern. Med. 124: 505-508, 1996.
107. Davidoff, F. Evangelists and snails redux: The case of cholesterol screening. Ann. Intern. Med. 124: 513-514, 1996.
108. Davidoff, F. The heartbreak of drug pricing. Ann. Intern. Med. 134: 1068-1071, 2001.
109. Calfee, J. E. Pharmaceutical price controls and patient welfare. Ann. Intern. Med. 134: 1060-1064, 2001.
110. Wilkes, M. S., and Kravitz, R. L. Policies, practices, and attitudes of North American medical journal editors. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 10: 443-450, 1995.
111. Ahmad, S. R., and Wolfe, S. M. Advertising in Pediatrics. Pediatrics 95: 617-618, 1995.
112. Jefferson, B. K. Cal Ripken, Jr., and Prinivil. N. Engl. J. Med. 339: 2024-2025, 1998.
113. Gutknecht, D. R. Evidence-based advertising? A survey of four major journals. J. Am. Board Fam. Pract. 14: 197-200, 2001.
114. Cooper, R. J., et al. Graphics in pharmaceutical advertisements: Are they truthful, are they adequately detailed? Ann. Emerg. Med. 40: 338-339, 2002.
115. Neumann, P. J., et al. Economic messages in prescription drug advertisements in medical journals. Med. Care 40: 840-845, 2002.
116. Herxheimer, A., Lundborg, C. S., and Westerholm, B. Advertisements for medicines in leading medical journals in 18 countries: A 12-month survey of information content and standards. Int. J. Health Serv. 23: 161-172, 1993.
117. Vitry, A., and Mansfield, P. Promotion of Coversyl by Servier. Lancet 347: 1411, 1996.
118. Gray, S. Advertisements for donepezil (Aricept) in the BMJ: Advertisement suggests an unrealistic improvement in mental status. BMJ 314: 1555, 1997.
119. Vitry, A., and Mansfield, P. Drug advertisements in medical journals. Lancet 350: 1477-1478, 1997.
120. Mindell, J., and Kemp, T. Evidence based advertising? Only two fifths of advertisements cited published, peer reviewed references. BMJ 315: 1622, 1997.
121. Smart, S., and Williams, C. Evidence based advertising? Half of drug advertisements in BMJ over six months cited no supporting evidence. BMJ 315: 1622-1623, 1997.
122. Greenhalgh, T. Advertisements for donepezil: More convincing evidence of efficacy needs to be cited. BMJ 315: 1623, 1997.
123. Stein, K., Milne, R., and Best, L. Advertisements for donepezil: BMJ should require advertisements to detail actual state of evidence. BMJ 315: 1623-1624, 1997.
124. Vlassov, V., et al. Do drug advertisements in Russian medical journals provide essential information for safe prescribing? West. J. Med. 174: 391-394, 2001.
125. Hoaken, P. C. Misleading drug advertising. Can. J. Psychiatry 46: 660-661, 2001.
126. Cooper, R. J., et al. The quantity and quality of scientific graphs in pharmaceutical advertisements. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 18: 294-297, 2003.