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Schaap AH, Wolf H, Bruinse HW, et al. Effects of antenatal corticosteroid administration on mortality and long-term morbidity in early pre-term, growth-restricted infants. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97:954-960. A case-control study that is important because it includes behavioural and physical development up to school age.
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Arad I, Durkin MS, Hinton VJ, et al. Long-term cognitive benefits of antenatal corticosteroids for prematurely born children with cranial ultrasound abnormalities. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186:818-825. An important prospective cohort study including verbal and nonverbal testing up to 8 years of age.
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Arad, I.1
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Willet, K.E.1
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Dunlop SA, Archer MA, Quinlivan JA, et al. Repeated prenatal corticosteroids delay myelination in the ovine central nervous system. J Matern Fetal Med 1997; 6:309-313.
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Huang WL, Harper CG, Evans SF, et al. Repeated prenatal corticosteroid administration delays myelination of the corpus callosum in fetal sheep. Int J Dev Neurosci 2001; 19:415-425. This is a detailed study of the development of the corpus callosum in sheep, demonstrating the effects of corticosteroids on myelination.
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Int J Dev Neurosci
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Huang, W.L.1
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Huang WL, Harper CG, Evans SF, et al. Repeated prenatal corticosteroid administration delays astrocyte and capillary tight junction maturation in fetal sheep. Int J Dev Neurosci 2001; 19:487-493. Detailed study of the blood-brain barrier in the developing sheep, giving insights into possible issues that need to be addressed with clinical use of corticosteroids.
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Int J Dev Neurosci
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Huang, W.L.1
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Quinlivan JA, Beazley LD, Archer M, et al. Repeated prenatal corticosteroids reduce glial fibrillary acidic protein in the ovine central nervous system. J Perinat Med 2002; 30:209-219. A further study showing profound effects of antenatal corticosteroids on various aspects of brain development in sheep.
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Quinlivan, J.A.1
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Sloboda DM, Newnham JP, Challis JRG. Repeated maternal glucocorticoid administration and the developing liver in fetal sheep. J Endocrinol (in press). This paper describes in the sheep model the effects of glucocorticoids on enzyme function in the fetal liver, providing fundamental information on the mechanisms by which these agents alter fetal metabolism.
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Thorp JA, Jones PG, Knox E, Clark RH. Does antenatal corticosteroid therapy affect birth weight and head circumference? Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99:101-108. A large study involving data from 100 neonatal intensive care units suggesting a preferential adverse effect of antenatal corticosteroids on head growth.
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Moss TJ, Sloboda DM, Gurrin LG, et al. Programming effects in sheep of prenatal growth restriction and glucocorticoid exposure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281:R960-R970. The first published study linking clinically relevant antenatal glucocorticoid treatments with outcomes to 1 year of age. Glucose metabolism was altered by antenatal glucocorticoids, regardless of their route of administration.
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Newnham JP. Is prenatal glucocorticoid administration another origin of adult disease? Clin Expert Pharmacol Physiol 2001; 28:957-961. This review outlines evidence from the perspective of the 'fetal origins of adult disease' that cortisol is a key intra-uterine trigger in prenatal programming.
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Chien LY, Ohlsson A, Seshia MM, et al. Variations in antenatal corticosteroid therapy: A persistent problem despite 30 years of evidence. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99:401-408. A study of antenatal corticosteroid administration conducted in 17 Canadian Neonatal Network intensive care units.
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Dirnberger DR, Yoder BA, Gordon MC. Single versus repeated-course antenatal corticosteroids: Outcomes in singleton and multiple-gestation pregnancies. Am J Perinatol 2001; 18:267-278. A 5-year review of preterm newborns in a single perinatal centre, finding no evidence of benefit from repeated courses of antenatal corticosteroids.
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Am J Perinatol
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Wijnberger LDE, Mostert JM, van Dam KI, et al. Comparison of single and repeated antenatal corticosteroid therapy to prevent neonatal death and morbidity in the pre-term infant. Early Hum Devel 2002; 67:29-36. A cohort study with matched controls showing that repeated courses of antenatal corticosteroids had no additional benefits over a single course in reducing rates of respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular haemorrhage or necrotizing enterocolitis.
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Vermillion ST, Bland ML, Soper DE. Effectiveness of a rescue dose of antenatal betamethasone after an initial single course. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185:1086-1089. A cohort study suggesting reduced frequency of respiratory distress syndrome after a single 'rescue' dose of betamethasone.
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Am J Obstet Gynecol
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Banks BA, Macones G, Cnaan A. Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids are associated with early severe lung disease in pre-term neonates. J Perinatol 2002; 22:101-107. A post-hoc analysis of newborns in the North American Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone trial, investigating further their previous finding that repeated courses of antenatal corticosteroids were associated with increased neonatal mortality.
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Caughey AB, Parer JT. Recommendations for repeat courses of antenatal corticosteroids: A decision analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186:1221-1229. A decision analysis based on existing data providing new insights into the strength of evidence.
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Am J Obstet Gynecol
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Guinn DA, Atkinson MW, Sullivan L, et al. Single vs weekly courses of antenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of pre-term delivery: A randomised controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 286:1581-1587. Publication of the first randomized study of repeated courses of antenatal corticosteroids. The study was stopped early due to safety concerns and no benefits were observed from repeated courses.
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JAMA
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Guinn, D.A.1
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McEvoy C, Bowling S, Williamson K, et al. The effect of a single remote course versus weekly courses of antenatal corticosteroids on functional residual capacity in pre-term infants: A randomised trial. Pediatrics 2002; 110:280-284. A study of functional residual capacity and lung compliance in infants previously randomized to single or repeated courses of antenatal corticosteroids.
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Pediatrics
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Shimoya K, Taniguchi T, Matsuzaki N, et al. Chorioamnionitis decreased incidence of respiratory distress syndrome by elevating fetal interleukin-6 serum concentration. Hum Reprod 2000; 15:2234-2240.
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Willet KE, Kramer BW, Kallapur SG, et al. Intra-amniotic injection of IL-1 induces inflammation and maturation in fetal sheep lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 282:L411-L420. This study in sheep describes improved lung function after prenatal interleukin-1 treatment, thus confirming that inflammatory factors can independently 'mature' the fetal lungs. Further research in this field may lead to ways in which the consistency of antenatal corticosteroids may be improved, or by which alternative strategies can be developed.
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