-
1
-
-
0035118785
-
-
A. H. Reid, J. K. Taubenberger, T. G. Fanning, Microbes Infect. 3, 81 (2001),
-
(2001)
Microbes Infect.
, vol.3
, pp. 81
-
-
Reid, A.H.1
Taubenberger, J.K.2
Fanning, T.G.3
-
2
-
-
1642310995
-
-
note
-
What distinguished this pandemic from all others was the high proportion of deaths among young adults. For a typical influenza epidemic, a plot of age versus death rate is usually U-shaped, meaning that the very young and old are in the high-risk groups. For the 1918 pandemic, the graph was "W"-shaped, with a sharp peak corresponding surprisingly to a high death rate among 15 to 34 year olds (3). Mortality rates were severe, over 2.5%, compared with 0.1% for more modern epidemics. Some isolated populations, such as communities of Alaskan Eskimos, experienced mortality rates above 70%. Most of these deaths occurred in young adults, between 15 and 34 years of age, around 20 times as high as in previous years, with 99% of excess deaths among people under 65 years of age.
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
0033574005
-
-
A. H. Reid, T. G. Fanning, J. V. Hultin, J. K. Taubenberger, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 1651 (1999).
-
(1999)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
, vol.96
, pp. 1651
-
-
Reid, A.H.1
Fanning, T.G.2
Hultin, J.V.3
Taubenberger, J.K.4
-
5
-
-
0034612379
-
-
A. H. Reid, T. G. Fanning, T. A. Janczewski, J. K. Taubenberger, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 6785 (2000).
-
(2000)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
, vol.97
, pp. 6785
-
-
Reid, A.H.1
Fanning, T.G.2
Janczewski, T.A.3
Taubenberger, J.K.4
-
7
-
-
0036838584
-
-
A. H. Reid, T. G. Fanning, T. A. Janczewski, S. McCall, J. K. Taubenberger, J. Virol. 10717 (2002).
-
(2002)
J Virol
, vol.76
, pp. 10717
-
-
Reid, A.H.1
Fanning, T.G.2
Janczewski, T.A.3
McCall, S.4
Taubenberger, J.K.5
-
8
-
-
14444284599
-
-
K. Subbarao et al., Science 279, 393 (1998).
-
(1998)
Science
, vol.279
, pp. 393
-
-
Subbarao, K.1
-
9
-
-
0033546991
-
-
M. Peiris et al., Lancet 354, 916 (1999).
-
(1999)
Lancet
, vol.354
, pp. 916
-
-
Peiris, M.1
-
13
-
-
0027173736
-
-
H. Kido, K. Sakai, Y. Kishino, M. Tashiro, FEBS Lett. 322, 115 (1993).
-
(1993)
FEBS Lett.
, vol.322
, pp. 115
-
-
Kido, H.1
Sakai, K.2
Kishino, Y.3
Tashiro, M.4
-
15
-
-
0035949581
-
-
Y. Ha, D. J. Stevens, J. J. Skehel, D. C. Wiley, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 11181 (2001).
-
(2001)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
, vol.98
, pp. 11181
-
-
Ha, Y.1
Stevens, D.J.2
Skehel, J.J.3
Wiley, D.C.4
-
18
-
-
1642349985
-
-
note
-
Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
-
-
-
-
19
-
-
1642341837
-
-
note
-
18HA0 at a concentration of 10 to 15 mg/ml was used to grow crystals in sitting drops with a precipitant solution of 1.68 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.32 M dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, and 0.1 M phosphate-citrate, with pH 5. 5 (18).
-
-
-
-
20
-
-
1642322499
-
-
note
-
13 in the HA2 chain. Occupancy and B values were set to zero for side-chain atoms that were uninterpretable from the electron density.
-
-
-
-
21
-
-
0036500549
-
-
Y. Ha, D. J. Stevens, J. J. Skehel, D. C. Wiley, EMBO J. 21, 865 (2002).
-
(2002)
EMBO J.
, vol.21
, pp. 865
-
-
Ha, Y.1
Stevens, D.J.2
Skehel, J.J.3
Wiley, D.C.4
-
22
-
-
1642294677
-
-
note
-
Angles of rotation reported here for the H5 and H9 subtypes are less than those in (21). Our method of analysis, as described in the legend for Fig. 1, was different but reports a similar trend and reveals a rotation for the 18HA0 as seen for the avian subtype.
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
18844470928
-
-
J. Chen et al., Cell 95, 409 (1998).
-
(1998)
Cell
, vol.95
, pp. 409
-
-
Chen, J.1
-
24
-
-
1642392196
-
-
note
-
329 was well defined and could be traced through to residue 10 in HA2, at which point the electron density became disordered through to residue 14.
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
1642319246
-
-
data not shown
-
J. Stevens et al., data not shown.
-
-
-
Stevens, J.1
-
26
-
-
1642284883
-
-
note
-
The pH ranges from almost neutral on exiting the endoplasmic reticulum to pH 5.9 within the trans-Golgi network and as low as PH 5.4 in the secretory vesicles (27, 28).
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
0031941594
-
-
N. Demaurex, W. Furuya, S. D'Souza, J. S. Bonifacino, S. Grinstein, J. Biol. Chem. 273, 2044 (1998).
-
(1998)
J. Biol. Chem.
, vol.273
, pp. 2044
-
-
Demaurex, N.1
Furuya, W.2
D'Souza, S.3
Bonifacino, J.S.4
Grinstein, S.5
-
29
-
-
1642377717
-
-
note
-
RMSD was calculated by overlapping Cα's at A312 to A324 and B1 to B22 of H3 (PDB ID code: 2hmg) with residues A309 to A321 and B1 to B22 of H5 (PDB ID code: 1jsm).
-
-
-
-
30
-
-
0037738967
-
-
C. Böttcher, K. Ludwig, A. Herrmann, M. van Heel, H. Stark, FEBS Lett. 463, 255 (1999).
-
(1999)
FEBS Lett.
, vol.463
, pp. 255
-
-
Böttcher, C.1
Ludwig, K.2
Herrmann, A.3
Van Heel, M.4
Stark, H.5
-
32
-
-
0028023726
-
-
P. A. Bullough, F. M. Hughson, J. J. Skehel, D. C. Wiley, Nature 371, 37 (1994).
-
(1994)
Nature
, vol.371
, pp. 37
-
-
Bullough, P.A.1
Hughson, F.M.2
Skehel, J.J.3
Wiley, D.C.4
-
33
-
-
0027988832
-
-
R. J. Connor, Y. Kawaoka, R. G. Webster, J. C. Paulson, Virology 205, 17 (1994).
-
(1994)
Virology
, vol.205
, pp. 17
-
-
Connor, R.J.1
Kawaoka, Y.2
Webster, R.G.3
Paulson, J.C.4
-
36
-
-
0020595851
-
-
G. N. Rogers et al., Nature 304, 76 (1983).
-
(1983)
Nature
, vol.304
, pp. 76
-
-
Rogers, G.N.1
-
37
-
-
0029134072
-
-
C. T. Hardy, S. A. Young, R. G. Webster, C. W. Naeve, R. J. Owens, Virology 211, 302 (1995).
-
(1995)
Virology
, vol.211
, pp. 302
-
-
Hardy, C.T.1
Young, S.A.2
Webster, R.G.3
Naeve, C.W.4
Owens, R.J.5
-
40
-
-
1642270388
-
-
note
-
A216 Cα for swine H9 (15.2 Å).
-
-
-
-
41
-
-
1642307698
-
-
note
-
Only one other sequence in the current influenza database of human H1, H2, H3, H5, and H9 subtypes possesses the same patch (H1; A/Alma-Ata/1417/84 virus) (42).
-
-
-
-
49
-
-
1642312648
-
-
thesis, University of Missouri
-
J. E. Stone, thesis, University of Missouri (1998).
-
(1998)
-
-
Stone, J.E.1
-
50
-
-
1642324101
-
-
note
-
Residues 311 to 324 and 350 to 357 from the human H3 subtype (PDB ID code: 1ha0) and A308 to A321 and B21 to B28 from the avian H5 subtype (PDB ID number: 1jsm) were aligned with residues A311 to A324 and B21 to B28 of 18HA0.
-
-
-
-
51
-
-
1642340271
-
-
note
-
Residues A95 to A99, A128 to A161, A179 to A200, and A220 to A230 from 18HA0; A95 to A99, A128 to A161, A179 to A200, and A220 to A230 from the human H3 subtype (PDB ID code: 2hmg); A87 to A92, A124 to A156, A175 to A196, and A216 to A226 from the avian H5 subtype (PDB ID code: 1jsm); A87 to A92, A122 to A150, A169 to A190, and A210 to A220 from the swine H9 subtype (PDB ID code: 1jsd) were aligned and surfaces were generated with MSMS (46) through the program VMD (47).
-
-
-
-
52
-
-
1642294676
-
-
note
-
I.A.W. is supported by NIH grants CA55896 and AI42266 and National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) grant P50-GM 62411. P.P. and C.F.B. are both supported by NIH grants. C.F.B. is an Ellison Medical Foundation New Scholar in Global Infectious Diseases. P.P. is an Ellison Medical Foundation Senior Scholar. J.K.T. is supported by NIH grant AI50619 and by the intramural funds of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. This work was carried out in the framework of a multidisciplinary influenza consortium with a pending NIH grant A1058113-01. We thank the staff of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) Beamline 9-2 for the beamline assistance; X. Dai and T. Horton (The Scripps Research Institute) for expert technical assistance; and R. Stanfield, M. Elsliger, and D. Zajonc (The Scripps Research Institute) for helpful discussions. This is publication 16185-MB from The Scripps Research Institute. Coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the PDB (ID code 1RD8).
-
-
-
|